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The introduction of ‘Leniency Plus’ as a Tool for the European Commission in the Fight Against Cartels : - A Study in the Development of the Commission’s Leniency NoticeResvik, Axel January 2015 (has links)
Through the current public enforcement powers, the Commission has the possibility to request information and perform inspections in order to collect such evidence that can prove an infringement of Article 101 TFEU. However, undertakings involved in cartels, that are willing to inform the Commission of the existence of such activity, should not be deterred from doing so by the high fines which they might face. Voluntary assistance from cartel participants is of great importance since cartels are secret and therefore by their very nature extremely difficult to detect and investigate without the cooperation of at least one of the participants. Immunity and reduction of fines for ‘whistle blowers’ has been considered justified with regard to the great reduction of cartels that follows. The EU has introduced the Leniency Notice, which aim is to fulfil these goals, and at the same time fulfil the overriding aims of competition law enforcement. The Leniency Notice has been considered necessary as a tool for the Commission to enforce competition law and has proven to be a great success. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether it may be justified to modify and extend the Leniency Notice further by introducing Leniency Plus. Leniency Plus is a method with the primary objective to detect more cartels. It functions by rewarding cartel participants with additional lenient treatment for disclosing other cartels. Leniency Plus have to be able to fulfil the goals of effective public enforcement of competition law, and at the same time operate under the general principles of EU law, mainly the principles of proportionality, equal treatment, effectiveness and legal certainty. It will be argued that an introduction of Leniency Plus in the Leniency Notice should be welcomed, subject to certain further modifications for it to function in the EU, such as limitations in the number of undertakings eligible for immunity, increase the standard of evidence provided, or to complement it with a negative sanction to enforce disclosure.
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Rule-based automatic PID controller tuningMcCluskey, Emmet Gerard January 1989 (has links)
No description available.
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Gestion décentralisée de réseaux continus à forte disponibilité en aéronautique / Decentralized Management of the Strong Availability Aircraft DC Power NetworkZhang, He 24 June 2010 (has links)
L’évolution vers des systèmes toujours plus électriques concerne tous les moyens de transport. En particulier, les prochaines générations d’avions commerciaux. Cette tendance, amorcée avec l’Airbus A380 et le Boeing 787, devrait se poursuivre et s’amplifier. Un avion de constitution plus électrique, où l’axe de transmission principal de puissance de nature électrique se substituerait, au moins en partie, aux axes de types pneumatique, hydraulique et mécanique, pourrait être source d’amélioration au regard de critères écologiques et économiques (gain en masse, accroissement de l’efficacité énergétique, réduction des coûts de maintenance, etc.).Le développement de réseaux électriques locaux, de type continu à échange d’énergie, pourrait favoriser cette démarche. Des sources locales de production d’électricité, des charges bidirectionnelles en puissance, ainsi que des systèmes de stockage d’énergie et de dissipation, seraient alors interconnectés par un bus continu de tension, associés à des protections électriques adaptées.Plusieurs stratégies de gestion énergétique sont proposées. En fonction des objectifs, des contraintes et des moyens d’action envisagés, différents outils ont été mis en œuvre. Dans le cas d’une stratégie visant plusieurs objectifs simultanément, la logique floue apparaît comme étant un outil bien adapté. De plus, étant basée sur des règles, cet outil permet de développer naturellement une stratégie de gestion énergétique intégrant plusieurs contraintes. Deux indicateurs pour évaluer les performances de ces stratégies de supervision ont été proposés (efficacité énergétique et variation de tension). Ces indicateurs permettent de choisir une stratégie de supervision, et donnent des critères pour le dimensionnement du système de stockage et de dissipation. Ces startégies de supervision ont été testées expérimentalement.La stabilité du réseau DC local a été analysée en petit signal. Il est montré que le système hybride avec la stratégie de gestion énergétique associée peut contribuer à augmenter la marge de stabilité de ce type de réseau.Les liaisons en continu mises actuellement en œuvre dans les systèmes embarqués en aéronautique ne sont pas réversibles en puissance. La volonté de les rendre réversibles nécessite donc de revoir complètement les protections de ce type de réseau. La problématique des protections de court-circuit et de défaut d’isolation a été investiguée. Une méthode pour sélectionner la branche en défaut d’isolation est proposée. Elle est testée au moyen de l’outil de simulation Saber qui prend en compte les caractéristiques des composants réels.Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse peuvent être généralisés pour s’appliquer dans d’autres domaines d’application tels que les véhicules électriques ou hybrides, les systèmes ferroviaires, etc... / The electrification trend is for all modes of transportation, particularly in the next generation of commercial aircrafts. This trend began with the Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 and it will continue. The replacement of mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic power transfers by an electrical one is one of the most important innovations of the More Electric Aircraft in the aspect of ecologic and economic (weight reduction, energy efficiency increasing, maintenance costs reduction, etc..). The development of a local power exchange network, like a DC one, should facilitate this process. Some local electricity production, bi-directional loads and energy storage and dissipation system, are then interconnected by a DC bus, via some appropriate protections. Several power management strategies are proposed. Depending on the objectives, constraints and means of action envisaged, some tools have been implemented. In the case of a multiple objectives strategy, fuzzy logic appears to be a well suited tool . Moreover, being based on rules, this tool allows to develop naturally a power management strategy in considering several constraints. Two indicators to evaluate performance of these supervision strategies have been proposed (energy efficiency and voltage variation). These indicators help to choose a strategy of supervision, and provide criteria for sizing the storage and dissipation system. These supervision strategies were tested experimentally. The stability of the local DC network was analyzed in small signal. It is shown that the hybrid system with the associated energy management strategy can help to increase the stability margin of this type of network. The currently power connection being implemented in on-board systems is not reversible in power. To make it reversible necessitates a complete redesign of the protections. The problem of short-circuit protection and fault isolation has been investigated. A method to select the branch in insulation failure is proposed. It is tested using the Saber simulation tool that takes into account the characteristics of real components. The work in this thesis can be generalized and to be applied in other fields such as electric or hybrid vehicles, rail systems …etc.
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Performance Analysis of Two Alternative Hvac Systems for the Unt Zero Energy LabHasib, Naimee 08 1900 (has links)
This paper covers the simulation and comparison among three different HVAC (heating, ventilation & air conditioning)systems to achieve the goal of finding the most effective HVAC among these three in terms of human comfort, efficiency and cost considering North Texas climate. In the Zero Energy Lab at the University of North Texas, Denton, TX, the HVAC system of the building assembles with geothermal heat source. Here, water to water heat pump with radiant floor and water to air heat pump with air ducts provide heating & cooling of the building. In this paper electricity consumption, comfort, cost & efficiency analysis is done for the existing system using Energy Plus simulation software. Calibration of the simulated data of the existing system is done comparing with the actual data. Actual data is measured using 150 sensors that installed in Zero Energy Lab. After the baseline model calibration, simulation for ground source water to water heat pump, evaporative cooler with baseboard electric heater and water cooled electric chiller with baseboard electric heater (as a conventional system) is shown. Simulation results evaluate the life cycle cost (LCC) for these HVAC systems. The results of the comparison analysis among all the three HVAC systems show the most effective HVAC system among these three systems in North Texas weather. The results will make UNT Zero Energy lab a standard model towards a sustainable green future.
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Hold on to the good, a qualitative research on the discernment of prophecies in the Bewegung Plus, SwitzerlandZúñiga, Franziska. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.)--Global University, Springfield, Missouri, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.
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Costing and prices in British industrySaxton, Clifford Clive January 1941 (has links)
No description available.
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Language structures for modular multiplanningBustard, W. D. January 1980 (has links)
No description available.
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Azimutal anisotrope Emission von K+-Mesonen in Au- + Au-Stössen bei 1 AGeVShin, Yang-Hwan Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 1998
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Azimutal anisotrope Emission von K+-Mesonen in Au- + Au-Stößen bei 1 AGeVShin, Yang-Hwan. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 1998--Frankfurt (Main).
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Análisis estadístico de datos usando S-PLUS y ROBETHMalla, Marta Susana 10 November 2005 (has links)
Se analizan tres aspectos relacionados con los procedimientos robustos, especialmente en el modelo de regresión lineal simple y multivariada. El primer aspecto se refiere a los funda- mentos teóricos de los métodos robustos presentándose un resumen de la notación adoptada en los problemas a tratar. El segundo aspecto trata sobre la implementación del "software" ROBETH sobre plataforma S-PLUS con aplicaciones a conjuntos de datos. El tercer aspecto trata de la realización de una pequeña guía explicativa de los principales rasgos de programación y convenciones del ROBETH. Esta tesis está organizada de la siguiente manera: el Capítulo 1 trata sore el análisis de los problemas de locación de una y dos muestras; el Capítulo 2 se refiere a soluciones robustas de los problemas de regresión lineal basadas en M-estimadores; el Capítulo 3 se refiere al cálculo de la estimación de la matriz de cavarianza de los coeficientes estimados según el Capítulo 2. Y finalmente el Capítulo 4 ser refiere al cálculo de estimadores con alto punto de ruptura en regresión lineal. Se incluye, además, apéndices que contienen rasgos de programación y convenciones del ROBETH. Se adjunta un CD, en donde se detalla el desarrollo de cada una de las subrutinas tratadas en los capítulos anteriores y algunas subrutinas de servicio mencionadas en el apéndice A.
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