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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / All the poems of Catullus and Tibullus and the first three books of Horace's Odes are investigated tor structures of parallelism and inverse paralelism (chiasmus) and thus the extent to which these devices were used is determined. Such structures are demonstrated for the first time for several poems. Sometimes additions or modifications are made to the structural analyses of other scholars, and sometimes their findings are confirmed. The notion that inverse parallelism was seldom used by Roman authors is dispelled. The freedom with which these devices were used, resulting in a great variety of deviations from strictly symmetrical structures, is demonstrated Both common and idiosyncratic features in the use of the devices by the three authors are shown. Several poems of each author are discussed to illustrate that the demonstration of a structure of parallelism or inverse parallelism is in itself an interpretative act, which can at the same time serve as a basis for further interpretation. In particular it is shown that structures of inverse parallelism often, if not always, iconically reflect the meaning of the poem (hence the title of the thesis) This ability or structures of inverse parallelism to reflect the meaning of the poem may partly account for the fact that they are used more frequently than are structures of parallelism. In the poems discussed structures of inverse parallelism iconically reflect the ideas of reversal, cyclical movement, non-progression/deadlock, balance and/or contrast and enclosure, as well as combinations of the above, such as a spiral (both progression and non-progression) or the combination of reversal and nonprogression. Continuity between the structural methods of Greek and Roman authors is demonstrated, and a theoretical framework is provided, which answers the questions how such structures can be determined, and what purposes, both practical and poetic, they serve. A literary-critical awareness of inverse parallelism in Antiquity is demonstrated. St. Augustine, especially, has a fairly developed theoretical frame of reference on the subject, in his De Genest ad Litteram / Andrew Chakane 2019

本文以「從禮樂到生民:論中唐樂府的復興與新變」為題，試圖將中唐樂府放入當時思想、政治與文化的新格局中，探討其創作及觀念之特徵，並對盛、中唐之際的文學發展與中唐樂府的革新提出新的解釋。 / 已往之研究往往強調中唐樂府「刺時」的一面，而歸因於中唐的政治狀況。但本文認為，就題材來說，中唐樂府並非僅有「刺時」的內容，亦有大量的風俗描寫; 就原因而言，政治固然是因素之一，然絶非唯一因素。其背後還涉及詩學觀念的轉向與文人身份的變化。 / 本文指出，盛、中唐之際文人對於「風雅」或者「詩教」的觀念發生了變化。盛唐以前對「教化」的理解總與「禮樂」相伴，認為只要行禮樂便可以達到教化的目的，強調「禮樂」的作用自然凸顯《詩經》「上以風化下」的一端，而非「下以風刺上」的一面。至盛唐末期，這種觀念受到挑戰，文人對詩教的理解從頌讚的雅頌走向諷刺的國風，而最後刺時之文也獲得了正當性。中唐樂府的興盛與這種詩學觀念的轉變有著密切的關係。 / 本文認為，中唐文人的政治身分變化與中唐樂府的變化亦有密切關係。初盛唐文人少做地方官，至中唐，長期擔任地方官的文人比例大增。他們在觀念上調和「儒」、「吏」關係，更多地認同「循吏」的價值與傳統，使得地方官文人與漢良二千石的傳統銜接。他們以「循吏」的眼光在地方進行創作，為樂府的「觀風」職能提供良好的背景。 / 觀念的轉向、文人身份的變化，加之當時的政治狀況，造成了中唐樂府的興盛，也造就其獨特之特徵。本文對張籍、王建樂府在盛中唐樂府演變中的作用與地位提出了新的論述，認為張、王的樂府唱和，繼承、改造了盛唐李白和杜甫新、古題樂府的創作形式，體現了盛唐末年所開啟的「風雅」詮釋方式，而以興諷刺時作為樂府的主要內容，為其後的元、白樂府提供了借鏡。本文指出，中唐樂府雖然繼承了漢樂府「觀風」的傳統，但在題材內容上有所擴大。漢代，「樂府」作為中央官署，其「采詩」的主要目的是考察地方吏治，對於地方風土風俗則沒有太大興趣，但中唐樂府對此一題材卻有大量的書寫。「風俗」題材的興起與當代儒學關注點從「禮樂」轉向「生民」有關。「生民」既成為評判政治優劣的標準，「生民」的活動自然被納入創作的視野。論文認為，從文體角度說，中唐的樂府作者雖在主觀上排斥六朝傳統，但在樂府的命題以及表現方式上依然深受六朝的影響。 / 論文還考察了與新樂府創作相應的一套詩學論述，發現中唐詩人提出了所謂樂府「正聲」的觀念，以對抗初、盛唐樂府的觀念。不僅如此，中唐的樂府觀念還與「史官」、「諫官」的意識相互滲透，使得本為詩歌所獨有的「采風」觀念擴散到詩歌以外的文類，而本為樂府所關注的獨特題材也進入其他文體的書寫當中。 / This thesis focusing on Yuefuin the Mid-Tang dynasty,discusses its characteristicsin the new pattern of thought, politics and culture. The thesis tries to provide a new explanation for the literature development in the Mid-Tang. / Existing researches often emphasized the relation between yuefu and political reality. However, political reality was not the only theme reflected in yuefu, the description of customs was included. Politic was not the mere reason. Literati’s political identitywas changed and the existing tradition of "praise and criticize" from the Han dynasty was also transformed. / The thesis pointed out that the idea of "Fengya" or "poetic education" was changed from the High-Tang to the Mid-Tang dynasty. "Civilization", usually relating to "rites and music", was considered to be successful in the High-Tang dynasty. Therefore, literature was encouraged to praise the dynasty while criticism was ignored. This idea faced challenged from the end of the High-Tang dynasty, and the "poetic education" was lead to "criticize" instead of "praise". The prosperity of yuefu in the Mid-Tang dynasty was closely allied to the new idea. / Meanwhile, literati’s political identity changed. Most of them were local officials.Travelling within a wider area activated them to identify the "liangqiandan" tradition from the Han dynasty and to write in a "moral official’s" sight. / The change of idea, literati identity as well as political reality provided an environment for yuefu creation in the Mid-Tang dynasty. The thesis provides a new exposition for Zhang Ji and Wang Jian’s positions in this literature development. Zhang and Wang wrote poems in replies. They continued or reformed Li Bai and Du Fu’s yuefu works and represented the new idea of "Fengya" in their works, which provided experience for Yuen Zhen and Bai Juyi later. At the same time, the concept of "Guan Feng" was broadened. Han "Yuefu", as a central office, collected poems to look at local politics with no interest in local customs. However, yuefu in the Mid-Tang dynasty viewed customs as a mean subject of writing. The literati subjectively excluded the tradition of the Six dynasties, but were in fact influenced by this tradition. Besides, customs as a literary subject related to the transform of contemporary Confucianism. When literati viewed "people", not "ritesand music" as the basic of civilization in the political field, people’s activities became a literary theme with justification. / Finally, yuefu developed a standard for itself as poets concerned their works on the field. Poets raised "canon" of yuefu againstthe verse written in the Early and High-Tang dynasty. And the idea about yuefu penetrated with the sense of both historian and remonstrating officials when it came to mature. The idea of "folk song collection", coming down from yuefu was broadened and literary themes originally belonged to yuefu were written by other literary forms. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 呂家慧 = From rising "rites and music" to viewing "people": the research on yuefu poem in the Mid-Tang dynasty / Lu Chia Hui. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 251-256). / Abstracts also in English. / Lü Jiahui = From rising "rites and music" to viewing "people" : the research on yuefu poem in the Mid-Tang dynasty / Lu Chia Hui.

張櫻. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 197-206. / 中英文提要. / Zhang Ying. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1-24 / Chapter 第一節 --- 元詞研究回顧 --- p.1-10 / Chapter 壹 --- 研究進路 / Chapter 一 --- 主觀的點評 / Chapter 二 --- 客觀的考證 / Chapter 三 --- 宏觀的整理 / Chapter 四 --- 微觀的論述 / Chapter 貳 --- 研究成果 / Chapter 一 --- 資料的整理 / Chapter 二 --- 觀點的建立 / Chapter 三 --- 觀念的啟發 / Chapter 1 --- 元詞的風格 / Chapter 2 --- 元詞的主題 / Chapter 3 --- 元詞的韻調 / Chapter 第二節 --- 元初詞研究 --- p.10-24 / Chapter 壹 --- 研究意義 / Chapter 貳 --- 研究範圍 / Chapter 一 --- 時間範圍 / Chapter 1 --- 歷史時間 / Chapter 2 --- 文學史時間 / Chapter 二 --- 文體範圍 / 小結 / Chapter 第二章 --- 元初詞的背景 --- p.25-58 / Chapter 第一節 --- 政治環境 --- p.25-30 / Chapter 壹 --- 漢化政策 / Chapter 貳 --- 科舉制度 / Chapter 第二節 --- 社會環境 --- p.30-33 / Chapter 壹 --- 社會階級 / Chapter 貳 --- 宗教氛圍 / Chapter 參 --- 地理環境 / Chapter 第三節 --- 文壇環境 --- p.33-58 / Chapter 壹 --- 詞曲發展 / Chapter 一 --- 前期「散曲化」的發展一一詞向曲靠攏 / Chapter 二 --- 後期「雅詞化」的發展一一曲向詞靠攏 / Chapter 貳 --- 從「散曲化」到「雅詞說」的變素 / Chapter 一 --- 雖倚曲調，仍用詞腔 / Chapter 二 --- 作家身兼兩職 / Chapter 三 --- 專論出現 / 小結 / Chapter 第三章 --- 元初詠物詞 --- p.59-95 / Chapter 第一節 --- 詠物詞的選材、擇調與定韻 --- p.59-78 / Chapter 壹 --- 選材 / Chapter 一 --- 花草 / Chapter 二 --- 樓臺 / Chapter 三 --- 山河 / Chapter 四 --- 雨雪 / Chapter 五 --- 器物 / Chapter 六 --- 其它 / Chapter 貳 --- 擇調 / Chapter 參 --- 用韻 / Chapter 第二節 --- 詠物詞内涵述析 --- p.78-95 / Chapter 壹 --- 賦物 / Chapter 一 --- 優美翔實 / Chapter 二 --- 氣勢豪壯 / Chapter 貳 --- 寓情 / Chapter 一 --- 關懷個體 / Chapter 1 --- 襯寫形象 / Chapter 2 --- 烘托人格 / Chapter 3 --- 肯定自我 / Chapter 4 --- 表達心境 / Chapter 二 --- 感觸歷史 / Chapter 1 --- 慨嘆廢興 / Chapter 2 --- 申怨遭遇 / 小結 / Chapter 第四章 --- 元初雜紀詞 --- p.96-126 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雜紀詞的選材、擇調與定韻 --- p.96-105 / Chapter 壹 --- 選材 / Chapter 一 --- 紀人物 / Chapter 二 --- 載行藏 / Chapter 三 --- 記時事 / Chapter 1 --- 書瑣事 / Chapter 2 --- 誌國事 / Chapter 3 --- 錄異事 / Chapter 4 --- 釆風物 / Chapter 5 --- 敘心得 / Chapter 四 --- 識天候 / Chapter 五 --- 吟情志 / Chapter 貳 --- 擇調 / Chapter 參 --- 用韻 / Chapter 第二節 --- 雜紀詞内涵述析 --- p.106-126 / Chapter 壹 --- 追慕才逸刻劃時人 / Chapter 貳 --- 喜好山水記載行藏 / Chapter 參 --- 家事國事釆以紀誌 / Chapter 肆 --- 感時識節悲春憂秋 / Chapter 伍 --- 追逐事功企慕隱逸 / 小結 / Chapter 第五章 --- 元初離別詞 --- p.127-158 / Chapter 第一節 --- 離別詞的選材、擇調與定韻 --- p.127-137 / Chapter 壹 --- 選材 / Chapter 一 --- 寄示 / Chapter 二 --- 悼懷 / Chapter 三 --- 羈旅 / Chapter 四 --- 歸別 / Chapter 五 --- 送餞 / Chapter 貳 --- 擇調 / Chapter 參 --- 用韻 / Chapter 第二節 --- 離別詞内涵述析 --- p.138-158 / Chapter 壹 --- 書素往來 / Chapter 一 --- 寄思念 / Chapter 二 --- 表感激 / Chapter 三 --- 問求事 / Chapter 貳 --- 悼懷親友 / Chapter 一 --- 懷友人 / Chapter 二 --- 悼紅顏 / Chapter 三 --- 念親友 / Chapter 參 --- 羈旅鄉思 / Chapter 肆 --- 離別送餞 / Chapter 一 --- 離別親人 / Chapter 二 --- 離別朋友 / Chapter 三 --- 送親人 / Chapter 四 --- 送友人 / Chapter 五 --- 送幕職 / 小結 / Chapter 第六章 --- 元初贈酬詞 --- p.159-186 / Chapter 第一節 --- 贈酬詞的選材、擇調與定韻 --- p.159-172 / Chapter 壹 --- 選材 / Chapter 一 --- 題材 / Chapter 1 --- 「賡唱」作品 / Chapter 2 --- 「貺贈」作品 / Chapter 3 --- 「慶贊」作品 / Chapter 二 --- 贈酬對象 / Chapter 貳 --- 擇調 / Chapter 參 --- 用韻 / Chapter 第二節 --- 贈酬詞内涵述析 --- p.172-186 / Chapter 壹 --- 抒懷式贈酬 / Chapter 一 --- 身不由己的哀傷 / Chapter 二 --- 官事無窮的嘮叨 / Chapter 三 --- 羈旅客懷的無奈 / Chapter 四 --- 未許投閒的願望 / Chapter 五 --- 儒冠誤身的反省 / Chapter 貳 --- 慶賀式贈酬 / Chapter 一 --- 歌筵酒宴 / Chapter 二 --- 嫁娶添丁 / Chapter 三 --- 應制 / Chapter 四 --- 壽辰生朝 / Chapter 五 --- 會飲 / 小結 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.187-196 / Chapter 第一節 --- 元初詞特色 --- p.187-195 / Chapter 壹 --- 主題：與傳統閨閣之詞拉開距離 / Chapter 貳 --- 思想：以道家的隱逸引領潮流 / Chapter 參 --- 語言：雜夾在新舊文學之間 / Chapter 一 --- 新興的曲體語言 / Chapter 二 --- 傳統的詞體語言 / Chapter 肆 --- 風格：以蘇辛詞風為主導 / Chapter 第二節 --- 元初詞的評價與總結 --- p.195-196 / 參考書目 --- p.197-206 / 附錄： / Chapter 一 --- 元初詞人生平簡介 --- p.207-213 / Chapter 二 --- 《詞話叢編》輯錄之元詞話簡目索引 --- p.214-222 / Chapter 三 --- 近六十年元詞研究書目/論文篇目 --- p.223-226 / Chapter 四 --- 元初詞分類列目 --- p.227-260 / Chapter 1 --- 詠物詞 / Chapter 2 --- 雜紀詞 / Chapter 3 --- 離別詞 / Chapter 4 --- 贈酬詞

張櫻. / 呈交日期: 2006年5月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 193-215). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2006 nian 5 yue. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 193-215). / Zhang Ying.

劉喜儀. / "二〇〇八年七月". / "2008 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-157). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Xiyi. / 提要 --- p.i / 目錄 --- p.v / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究動機與目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 前人硏究之槪況 --- p.3 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究範圍及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 清代廣東的詞論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 清代廣東詞論的批評形式 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二節 --- 清代廣東詞論的特色 --- p.12 / Chapter 第三章 --- 譚瑩的生平、性格、交遊及文學風格 / Chapter 第一節 --- 譚瑩的生平 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二節 --- 譚瑩的性格 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三節 --- 譚瑩的交遊 --- p.30 / Chapter 第四節 --- 譚瑩的文學風格 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四章 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》審美旨趣探析 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兼重婉約、豪放的詞風 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節 --- 重視詞的情感內容 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三節 --- 重視詞人的品格 --- p.78 / Chapter 第四節 --- 提出異於前人的見解 --- p.85 / Chapter 第五節 --- 餘論 --- p.95 / Chapter 第五章 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》的詞史觀 / Chapter 第一節 --- 論唐五代詞 --- p.104 / Chapter 第二節 --- 論北宋詞 --- p.108 / Chapter 第三節 --- 論南宋詞 --- p.109 / Chapter 第四節 --- 餘論 --- p.114 / Chapter 第六章 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》的表現手法 / Chapter 第一節 --- 造句的承襲 --- p.116 / Chapter 第二節 --- 以詞調名入詩 --- p.119 / Chapter 第三節 --- 用意翻案 --- p.121 / Chapter 第四節 --- 論人的對比 --- p.122 / Chapter 第五節 --- 以詩家喻詞人 --- p.123 / Chapter 第七章 --- 厲鶚、譚瑩論詞絶句比較 / Chapter 第一節 --- 厲鶚生平及其論詞主張槪述 --- p.126 / Chapter 第二節 --- 厲鶚、譚瑩論詞絶句體制比較 --- p.127 / Chapter 第三節 --- 厲鶚、譚瑩論詞絶句審美旨趣比較 --- p.131 / Chapter 第四節 --- 譚瑩《論詞絶句》與厲鶚〈論詞絶句〉的承傳關係 --- p.143 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.146 / 參考書目 / Chapter 一、 --- 專著 --- p.149 / Chapter 二、 --- 論文 --- p.154 / Chapter 三、 --- 網站 --- p.156 / 附錄 / 譚瑩《論詞絶句一百首》簡注

黃小蓉. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 411-430) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Huang Xiaorong.

劉喜儀. / Six poets are: 朱彝尊、李良年、李符、沈皞日、沈岸登、龔翔麟. / Six poets are: Zhu Yizun, Li Liang'nian, Li Fu, Shen Haori, Shen Andeng, Gong Xianglin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-245) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Xiyi.

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A study of poetry by six contemporary women in the Afrikaans and Dutch-speaking worlds points toward a multi-focal approach. While texts by poets of a marked diversity are presented as aesthetic objects, the scope of my research has been determined by considerations of gender, language and culture. The central line of investigation concerns the interplay between the poem as an artefact and the changing socio-cultural contexts by which the respective poets have been informed. My dissertation was inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's argument in favour of a fusion between the close reading practices of the New Critics (and in this case, their Dutch counterparts, the Merlinists) and the contextual approach advocated by literature sociologists. Concomitantly the art philosophical standpoint of Marcia Eaton and the views on the écriture féminine or "women's style of writing" held by Helene Cixous are applied to poetry. By incorporating insights from adjacent disciplines and thereby decentering the relative autonomy of the poetic text, I hope to demonstrate how the study of literature could acquire new relevance, either by expanding its own parameters, or by enriching the field of cultural and gender studies. In conclusion I regard the poetry written by contemporary women as a polyphonic discourse voicing women's newly-found position as subjects and challenging notions such as a monolithic "female identity" and the marginalization of "women's poetry". From this perspective, the aesthetic value of the poetic genre is paralleled by its function as a source of knowledge and a cultural agency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Ondersoek na die poësie van ses eietydse vroue in die Afrikaanse en Nederlandse taalgebiede veronderstel reeds 'n multifokale invalshoek. Nie alleen word tekste van uiteenlopende digters as estetiese objekte aan die orde gestel nie, maar staan oorwegings soos geslag, taal en kultuur sentraal by die afbakening van die ondersoeksterrein. Daarby vorm die wisselwerking tussen die gedig as artefak en die veranderende sosio-kulturele konteks die riglyn van die betoog. Pierre Bourdieu se aandrang op 'n fusie tussen die stipleesmetode van die New Critics (in Nederland nagevolg deur die Merlinisten) en die kontekstuele benadering van literatuur wat deur literatuursosioloë voorgestaan word, het as aanset tot hierdie studie gedien. Terselfdertyd word die kunsfilosofiese standpunte van Marcia Eaton en die siening van Héléne Cixous omtrent die écriture féminine ("vroulike skryfwyse") op die poësie betrek. Deur insigte uit naasliggende dissiplines te betrek en die outonomie van die poësieteks te relativeer, wil die ondersoek aantoon dat literatuurstudie 'n nuwe relevansie verkry wanneer die parameters van die vakgebied versit, of kultuur- en genderstudies daardeur verryk word. Uiteindelik beskou ek die digkuns van eietydse vroue as In polifoniese diskoers waarin vroue op uiteenlopende wyses stem gee aan hul nuutverworwe subjekposisie, en wat daarmee die nosie van In monolitiese "vroulike identiteit" en dié van "damespoësie" as afsonderlike en gemarginaliseerde kategorie dekonstrueer. Naas die estetiese waarde daarvan, verkry die poësie uit hierdie perspektief ook In nuts- of instrumentele waarde as 'n alternatiewe bron van kennis en In kultuurskeppende agens.

陳煒舜. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (p. 501-528). / 中英文摘要. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Chen Weishun. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (p. 501-528).