La pile à combustible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (PAC-SOFC) est un système de production d’énergie « propre » qui permet de convertir de l’hydrogène en énergie électrique en ne rejetant que de l’eau. Une nouvelle configuration appelée « monochambre » semble être particulièrement attrayante compte tenu de ces nombreux avantages sur la configuration bi-chambre classique : simplification de fabrication, baisse de la température de fonctionnement, utilisation d’hydrocarbures comme combustible… La mise en place d’un tel système implique le développement de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes satisfaisants à de nouveaux critères. L’évaluation en condition réaliste de 7 matériaux de cathode potentiels par diverses caractérisations structurale, texturale et catalytique à mis en évidence la difficulté de développer un matériau possédant toutes les caractéristiques requises. Ainsi, un matériau présentant le meilleur compromis est proposé. Une bibliothèque de 15 catalyseurs supportés (3 métaux et 5 supports différents) a ensuite été développée. Ces catalyseurs, ayant pour but d’être intégrés dans l’anode de la pile pour réaliser le reformage d’hydrocarbures, ont été évalués selon une approche combinatoire en condition réaliste (présence d’hydrocarbure, d’eau, de dioxyde de carbone), ce qui a permis de sélectionner les catalyseurs imprégnés de platine, plus robuste notamment en présence d’eau. Finalement, le couplage de la spectroscopie d’impédance avec la chromatographie en phase gaz a permis d’évaluer le comportement électrochimique d’une nouvelle architecture anodique comportant un catalyseur issu de la bibliothèque. Les tests ont montré que l’ajout d’un catalyseur est bénéfique pour la diminution des résistances de polarisation anodiques par production localisée d’hydrogène à partir d’hydrocarbure. / Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is a device for “clean” electricity production from chemical energy. The new configuration called “single-chamber” seems to be very attractive with several advantages over bi-chamber conventional configuration: easier manufacturing, lowering of working temperature, possible use of hydrocarbons as fuel… Such configuration involves the development of new electrode materials satisfying new requirements. The evaluation of 7 potential cathode materials through several characterizations has shown that a compromise has to be found since one material does not exhibit all the requested features. A library of 15 supported catalysts (3 metals and 5 supports) was developed. These catalysts, aimed at be located inside the anodic cermet, were evaluated through a combinatorial approach in realistic condition (presence of hydrocarbon, water, carbon dioxide). Platinum-based catalysts are found the most robust, especially in presence of water. Finally, innovative coupling of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with gas chromatography measurements was carried out to characterise a new anodic architecture with an enclosed Pt-based catalyst previously evaluated. Tests revealed the beneficial effect of the catalyst insertion over anodic polarisation resistance by hydrogen production from hydrocarbon.

Extensive research has shown that electrochemistry is one of the factors that govern the flotation of sulfide minerals. Flotation is often adversely affected by uncontrolled oxidation, which is also an electrochemical process. The interest in pyrrhotite recovery arose after observing that there is a substantial loss of PGM due to the depression of pyrrhotite and the subsequent loss of any PGMs associated with it. The first part of this study focuses on the influence of chemical composition and crystal structure on the electrochemical behaviour of pyrrhotite in a 0.05 M Na2B4O7 solution. Rest potential and polarisation resistance measurements, as well as anodic polarisation diagrams, showed that the magnetic 4C type pyrrhotite is anodically more reactive than the non-magnetic 6C type pyrrhotite. It was also shown in cathodic polarisation diagrams that the non-magnetic 6C type pyrrhotite is a better substrate for oxygen reduction and is less susceptible to oxidation. ToF-SIMS showed the formation of an oxide layer on the pyrrhotite surface after oxidation. In the second part of this work, the influence of galvanic interactions on the electrochemical behaviour of pyrrhotite in contact with pentlandite was investigated. It was observed that, under oxygen-saturated conditions, as the amount of pentlandite increases, the reactivity towards oxidation of the mixed mineral system is reduced. Impedance measurements showed a decrease in capacitance values, indicating the formation of a continuous oxide layer on the surface and an increase in oxide layer thickness with decreasing pentlandite content. Anodic polarisation diagrams showed that under oxygen-deficient conditions and in the low potential region, pentlandite behaves as an inert material and does not have an influence on the oxidation behaviour of pyrrhotite. Hence, the anodic activities of the different magnetic 4C type pyrrhotites from Sudbury Gertrude, Phoenix and Russia were compared. It was shown that the oxidation reactivity decreased in the following order: Sudbury Gertrude magnetic 4C pyrrhotite > Phoenix magnetic 4C pyrrhotite > Russian magnetic 4C pyrrhotite; it also varied according to location. In the transpassive region, higher anodic currents were observed on the mixed samples because both pentlandite and pyrrhotite reacts. The reactivity increased in the order: pure pyrrhotite (Russia) < medium-pentlandite (Sudbury Gertrude) < high-pentlandite (Phoenix). In the presence of potassium ethyl xanthate, there was no change in the initial anodic reactivities of the different pyrrhotites. The anodic polarisation diagrams of the pure and mixed samples showed a reduction in the maximum anodic peak current, suggesting the presence of xanthate on the surface, which hinders oxidation of the mineral surface. In addition, the influence of cleaning of oxidised pyrrhotite with gaseous carbon dioxide was studied, using electrochemical and microflotation measurements. Electrochemical measurements indicated that CO2 treatment resulted in depassivation of the oxidised surfaces; this was supported by ToF-SIMS measurements that demonstrated a reduction in the oxide layer thickness after CO2 treatment. Anodic polarisation diagrams showed a higher anodic peak current, indicating that the surface is more reactive. Gaseous carbon dioxide conditioning of oxidised pyrrhotite resulted in improved flotation response of pyrrhotite with the aid of copper activation and higher air flow rate. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted