This dissertation investigates the design of a quarter-wave polarization transformer and presents some options for a high-performance polarizer in both normally incident and obliquely incident cases. Then, a novel concept for investigating polarization transformation is presented. Based on this concept, the broad axial ratio bandwidth polarizer, composed by anisotropic and chiral media, is accomplished using genetic algorithm. For the normally incident case, we present some methods to eliminate the reflection for designing novel high-performance polarizer in two situations. The polarizers provide perfect linear-to-circular polarization transformation without insertion loss at the center frequency. Then, two novel designs are presented for a high-performance quarter-wave polarizer in the obliquely incident case. In these designs, the material parameters of uniaxial media can be arbitrary. The polarizer is achieved by using only one layer of the uniaxial anisotropic medium without conventional anti-reflection coatings because of the unique property of the oblique incidence. The polarizer can produce a perfect linear-to-circular polarization transformation without any insertion loss at the center frequency. The equivalent circuit concept is presented to study polarization transformations. This concept is more convenient when dealing with polarization transformation problems in multiple layers. The anisotropic medium and the chiral medium can be regarded as circuit elements. Specifically, we show that anisotropic media can be seen as transformers and chiral media as transmission lines. Once the equivalent circuits are determined, the microwave network theory can be used to investigate the polarization transformation. An example is used to demonstrate the transformation from the horizontally polarized wave to the circularly polarized wave employing the equivalent circuit concept. Based on the equivalents concept, we present broad axial ratio bandwidth quarter-wave polarizer composed of mutilayered uniaxial anisotropic media and chiral media using genetic algorithm. In our design, the constitutive parameters of materials can be arbitrary. This broadband polarizer can be realized through the adjustment of the thickness of materials. The nearly optimal and suitable thickness of each cell is determined by using a genetic algorithm. Two numerical examples with three and five cells are presented to validate the design. The axial ratio bandwidths of about 84.1% and 92.8% can be achieved, more than double the maximum theoretical bandwidth for the case of the single uniaxial anisotropic slab.

In recent years, with industry changes and fierce competition in the international market, and many enterprises in order to enhance their competitiveness, reduce costs and risk, have adopted various strategies and improvement of production activities, outsourcing is often one of the strategies used. However, outsourcing has its risks and shortcomings, and mainly in the outsourcing relationship management to minimize these deficiencies, outsourcing benefits to the greatest play. And good relationship management, to ensure that the contract called for quality products, if problems can be found and for the improvement of rapid response. Outsourcing operation mechanism of the organization members and organizational communication link will be good or bad, what means of communication where organizations do a good communication? In this paper, to investigate the case by the actual communication with the outsourcing strategy of the Organization for the impact of organizational goals. In this study, a polarized version of the manufacturer as an example, the customer response to quality problems, problems by analyzing causes and find out the internal management mechanism and organization of the problem arising from the consultation mechanism to identify its organizational communication problems. Stressed as a result of the longitudinal structure function of information communication, and business structure to emphasize the horizontal flow of information, quality assurance is therefore proposed to replace the matrix organization structure as a boundary intermediary role of the contact person, you can put these two information flows At the same time, the realization of the enterprise. Because of the obstacles facing enterprises as a message to communicate time-sensitive and difficult to grasp the feelings of the limitations of communication, it is proposed to import information bulletin recommendations, resource sharing and document management to communicate its impact on organizations to increase opportunities for communication, information and equal power to foster active communication attitude, work to enhance coordination and cooperation, environmental protection will help to increase the breadth of content of communication to reduce communication processes and reduce the frequency of communication and the provision of repeat members strong logistical support.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Infrared (IR) polarizers have been widely used in military and commercial applications. Controlling the polarization of incident light is one of major issues in the detector systems. However, conventional polarimetric IR detectors require series of polarizers and optical components, which increase the volume and weight of the system. In this research, stacked 1-dimensional (1-D) subwavelength grating structures were studied to develop compact size IR polarimetric detector by using surface plasmonic polariton. Experimental parameters were optimized by Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation. Effects of gold (Au) grating size, numbers of stacked gratings, and dielectric space height were tested in the FDTD study. The fabrication of grating layers was conducted by using nanoimprint lithography. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. IR transmissions in transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Hybrid waveguides based on antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) structure on Si substrates is investigated. The core layer of the waveguide is separated from the Si substrate by interference cladding which consists of a high index first cladding layer and a low index second cladding layer. The Ta2O5 first cladding layer was grown by rf magnetron sputtering system. The SiON second cladding layer was deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) based on the reaction of SiH4/N2O mixtures. Typical propagation losses of the waveguides using this SiON material system are less than 0.15 dB/cm. The high quality cladding layers are prepared to form the Fabry-Perot cavities to ensure low loss operation of the ARROW device at antiresonant conditions. Two methods were proposed to demonstrate the enormous applications of hybrid ARROW waveguides. First, polyimide/Ta2O5/SiON ARROWs were fabricated to achieve high extinction ratio waveguide polarizers. This is accomplished by tuning the operating point of the TM0 mode from antiresonant condition toward high-order antiresonance of the second cladding layer utilizing birefringence of the waveguide core. The measured extinction ratio and insertion loss of a 2-cm-long ARROW polarizer are 40 dB and 2.2 dB, respectively. In addition, the temperature dependence of refractive index of organic-inorganic sol-gel glasses was measured by Mach-Zehnder interferometry using the ARROW waveguides. The Sol-gel/Ta2O5/SiO2 ARROWs were fabricated to characterize index-to-temperature coefficients (dn/dT) of the sol-gel glasses because the optical confinement factor of the ARROW is very close to 1. The measured index-to-temperature coefficients of the sol-gel glasses with different compositions are negative and are on the order of 10-4.

¡§Mura¡¨ is a local lightness variation without a clear contour on a uniform surface image, which imparts an unpleasant sensation to human vision. In this study, a Haar wavelet transform (WT) method is proposed to detect the mura of the polarizer. Because of the WT capability of multi-resolution analysis for digital images, the difference of gray level between neighbor pixels in different scale of an image can be analyzed by the WT high frequency coefficient. As a result, different size muras at different location can be segmented. Because the Haar WT cannot extract all the high frequency coefficient from an image at one time, the original image is decomposed into an main image and a subimage at the beginning. The applying the WT technique to extract all the high frequency coefficients from these two images. There exist three types of mura consisting of line mura, band mura, and area mura. Experiments were extensively conducted on different frequencies and sizes of these muras. Experimental results show that the presented approach is able to detect all the line muras, but some band and area muras. The result of this study can be extended to the future researches regarding mura properties and detection methods.

This thesis prompt a theoretical analysis of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) and a TE-pass polarizer based on HPWG has been designed, fabricated and characterized. A combination of low propagation loss, high power density, and large confinement is useful for many applications. The analysis results in this thesis show that the HPWG offers a better compromise between loss and confinement as compared to pure plasmonic waveguides. Another interesting property of the HPWG is its polarization diversity. In the HPWG the transverse electric and the transverse magnetic modes reside in different layers. We have designed a very compact hybrid TE-pass polarizer using this property. The polarizer was fabricated and characterized. The device shows low insertion loss for the TE mode with a high extinction ratio at telecommunication wavelength range for a 30 µm long HPWG section. Its performance compares favorably against previously reported silicon based integrated optic TE-pass polarizers.

This thesis prompt a theoretical analysis of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) and a TE-pass polarizer based on HPWG has been designed, fabricated and characterized. A combination of low propagation loss, high power density, and large confinement is useful for many applications. The analysis results in this thesis show that the HPWG offers a better compromise between loss and confinement as compared to pure plasmonic waveguides. Another interesting property of the HPWG is its polarization diversity. In the HPWG the transverse electric and the transverse magnetic modes reside in different layers. We have designed a very compact hybrid TE-pass polarizer using this property. The polarizer was fabricated and characterized. The device shows low insertion loss for the TE mode with a high extinction ratio at telecommunication wavelength range for a 30 µm long HPWG section. Its performance compares favorably against previously reported silicon based integrated optic TE-pass polarizers.

Initial investigation of Moxtek wire grid polarizers composed of Al and coated with SiO2 - SiX - SiO2 (where SiX is used to indicate a Si rich layer whose complete composition is not to be disclosed for proprietary reasons) showed a growth of 3x in the inner (closest to Al) SiO2 layer after baking. Upon removing the X and varying rib composition and layering composition and geometries in 12 sets of before and after samples, no obvious growth was observed. Even baking the original unbaked sample yielded no growth. Our data suggest that the initial conclusion of buried oxide growth was flawed and that the observed changes in optical properties upon baking are either very sensitive to layer thicknesses (smaller than we can confidently observe) or due to some other mechanism. Here we present our sample preparation and analysis using the Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), and Energy Dispersive Xray Spectroscopy (EDXS).

Major efforts have been spent during recent years in worldwide attempts to achieve an electronic paper technology; the common name for novel flexible displays utilizing substrates such as paper, plastics or thin metal sheets. Various kinds of technology are available that potentially will be used for an electronic paper, which differs from each other mainly with respect to the choice of active materials, substrates and manufacturing techniques. There are many applications for electronic paper technology, ranging from high-resolution displays used in electronic books to updateable large-area billboards. The latter suggests a novel electronic display function that could extend the utilization of cellulose-based paper, which is one of the most common materials ever produced by mankind, by using the paper as a thin and flexible carrier. The requirement for fast update speed in such large area applications would probably be a bit more relaxed compared to traditional display technologies, while low-power consumption and bi-stability are among the factors that should be further emphasized, together with the utilization of well-established printing techniques to enable low-cost manufacturing of the displays. The choice of active materials is therefore crucial in order to reach these objectives in reality and this paves the way for printable conjugated polymers with electrochromic properties. Chemical synthesis of these materials during the last decades has resulted in a vast variety of electrochromic polymers with custom-tailored functionality covering a broad range of optical absorption and electrical conductivities. This thesis review the studies done on the electrochemical switching of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). For this material both the electrical conductivity and the optical absorption is controlled by the oxidation state. Active matrix addressed displays that are printed on flexible substrates have been obtained by arranging electrochemical smart pixels, based on the combination of electrochemical transistors and electrochromic display cells, into cross-point matrices. The resulting polymer-based active-matrix displays are operated at low voltages and the same active material can be used in electrochemical transistors and conducting lines and in electrochromic display cells employing the electronic and the opto-electonic properties of the material, respectively. In addition to this, a switchable optical polarizer is briefly discussed. This is a device utilizing electrochromism of stretch-aligned polyaniline (PANI). The combination of two identical devices in a vertical architecture, orthogonally oriented with respect to each other, results in a filter in which the orientation of the polarized optical absorption is governed by the voltage polarity applied to the device. / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC- 2006:18

The Polarizer-Sample-Analyzer (PSA) arrangement with the optical components P and A rotating with a fixed speed ratio (3:1) was originally introduced to determine nine Mueller matrix elements from Fourier analysis of the output signal of a photodetector. The arrangement is modified to the P'PSAA' arrangement where P' and A' represent fixed polarizers that are added at both ends with the speed ratio of the rotating components (P and A) remaining the same as before. After determination of the partial Mueller matrix in the ideal case, azimuthal offsets and imperfection parameters are introduced in the straight-through configuration and the imperfection parameters are determined from the Fourier coefficients. Finally, the sample is reintroduced and the full Mueller matrix elements are calculated to show the deviation from the ideal case and their dependency on the offsets and imperfection parameters.