Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1999-10-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fc_me_araiq.pdf: 556953 bytes, checksum: 7bcebc47bc5a71dfcab59fba15f66e20 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O comportamento voltamétrico de dois agentes antifúngicos denominados de Clotrimazol e Miconazol foi investigado em meio hidrometanólico sobre eletrodo de mercúrio. Clotrimazol e miconazol são reduzidos em potencial bastante negativo em solução tampão B-R pH > 6 através da transferência reversível de 1 elétron à ligação C-Cl, cujo mecanismo de redução foi investigado através de PPD e VC. Para a determinação destes compostos em meio aquoso, recomenda-se a adição de 0,001% de Triton X-100 através da qual obteve-se uma curva de calibração linear entre 5x10- 6 a 2,8x10- 4 mol.L- 1 para clotrimazol em solução tampão fosfato pH 6,9 e para miconazol 192,0 a 718,5 ng.mL- 1 em solução tampão B-R pH 8,0 Um novo método para determinação indireta de clotrimazol através da técnica polarográfica de pulso diferencial foi investigado através da reação de derivatização do fármaco com o corante reativo Procion Red HE-3B (RR 120). O produto da reação entre a função clorotriazina do corante e clotrimazol... / Clotrimazole is reduced at mercury electrode above pH 6 involving a reversible one-electron process. The electrodic process presents a large contribution of the adsorption effects. For the differential pulse polarographic determination is recommended the addition of Triton X-100, which promotes a linear calibration curve from 5x10- 6 mol.L- 1 to 2,8x10- 4mol. L- 1. In addition, clotrimazole can be determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry at 5ng.mL- 1 level when pre-accumulated for 1 min at an accumulation potential of -0,2V. The proposed method have shown a linear calibration curve from 103 to 345ng.mL- 1 and can be applied successfully for the determination of the clotrimazole in commercial formulations. Interaction of the clotrimazole with reactive dye Procion Red HE-3B (RR 120) was investigated in aqueous solution by differential pulse polarography. The clotrimazole derivatized with the reactive dye in B-R buffer (pH 2) yielded a sensitive polarographic response at -0,38V (vs Ag/AgCl). Analytical parameters such as pH, buffer compositions, temperature, reaction time and concentration of dye have been optimised. Linear calibration curves for clotrimazole have been construted from 10-34 μg.mL- 1 using 1x10- 4 mol.L- 1 of the dye at room temperature. The method has been applied to the determination of clotrimazole in pharmaceutical preparations...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

The precipitation of thorium with certain organic reagents has been shown to afford a basis for polarographic methods for the determination of thorium. Appropriate conditions for the precipitation of thorium by certain reagents have been determined, and the advantages of a homogeneous precipitation of thorium 8-quitnolinate have been demonstrated. The precipitate that thorium forms with m-nitrobenzoic acid has been found to be the tetra-m-nitrobenzoate. The new polarographic methods tor thorium have been proven to be directly applicable to zirconium-free magnesium-base alloys . When zirconium is present, a simple anion exchange procedure will eliminate the interference of zirconium, and allow it's subsequent determination.The satisfactory nature of the precision and accuracy of the proposed methods, and their applicability to substances other than magnesium-base alloys, have been demonstrated. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Orientador: Maria Valnie Boldrin Zanoni / Banca: Hideko Yamanaka / Banca: Mauro Bertotti / Resumo: O comportamento voltamétrico de dois agentes antifúngicos denominados de Clotrimazol e Miconazol foi investigado em meio hidrometanólico sobre eletrodo de mercúrio. Clotrimazol e miconazol são reduzidos em potencial bastante negativo em solução tampão B-R pH > 6 através da transferência reversível de 1 elétron à ligação C-Cl, cujo mecanismo de redução foi investigado através de PPD e VC. Para a determinação destes compostos em meio aquoso, recomenda-se a adição de 0,001% de Triton X-100 através da qual obteve-se uma curva de calibração linear entre 5x10- 6 a 2,8x10- 4 mol.L- 1 para clotrimazol em solução tampão fosfato pH 6,9 e para miconazol 192,0 a 718,5 ng.mL- 1 em solução tampão B-R pH 8,0 Um novo método para determinação indireta de clotrimazol através da técnica polarográfica de pulso diferencial foi investigado através da reação de derivatização do fármaco com o corante reativo Procion Red HE-3B (RR 120). O produto da reação entre a função clorotriazina do corante e clotrimazol...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Clotrimazole is reduced at mercury electrode above pH 6 involving a reversible one-electron process. The electrodic process presents a large contribution of the adsorption effects. For the differential pulse polarographic determination is recommended the addition of Triton X-100, which promotes a linear calibration curve from 5x10- 6 mol.L- 1 to 2,8x10- 4mol. L- 1. In addition, clotrimazole can be determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry at 5ng.mL- 1 level when pre-accumulated for 1 min at an accumulation potential of -0,2V. The proposed method have shown a linear calibration curve from 103 to 345ng.mL- 1 and can be applied successfully for the determination of the clotrimazole in commercial formulations. Interaction of the clotrimazole with reactive dye Procion Red HE-3B (RR 120) was investigated in aqueous solution by differential pulse polarography. The clotrimazole derivatized with the reactive dye in B-R buffer (pH 2) yielded a sensitive polarographic response at -0,38V (vs Ag/AgCl). Analytical parameters such as pH, buffer compositions, temperature, reaction time and concentration of dye have been optimised. Linear calibration curves for clotrimazole have been construted from 10-34 μg.mL- 1 using 1x10- 4 mol.L- 1 of the dye at room temperature. The method has been applied to the determination of clotrimazole in pharmaceutical preparations...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

The purpose of this investigation is to study the polarographic characteristics of p-nitroacetophenone.

A redução polarográfica de ácido azotídrico, HN3, se da com formação de NH+4 como produto principal, com outras reações secundárias. Ocorre em potencias mais anódico que a descarga de hidrogênio em tampões de ácido acético e acetato. A presença de cobalto(II) em tampões de N-3/HN>sub>3 leva à antecipação da descarga do HN3, com aumento no rendimento de NH+4. Fizeram-se numerosos estudos dos diversos fatores, usando-se coulometria galvamostática e potenciostática, para que se pudessem analisar os produtos da reação de eletrodo. Cobalto(I) é o intermediário que reage rapidamente com HN3, dando origem à primeira onda catalítica. A segunda onda está associada com a modificação da velocidade de reação de eletrodo do HN3, como principal fator. A cinética da reação do cobalto(II) foi estudada, obtendo-se a seguinte constante de velocidade para o processo catódico global, em azoteto 0,40 M: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1 Níquel(II) dá duas ondas catalíticas a primeira de pequena intensidade, ocorre justamente com a descarga de níquel(II). A segunda onda ocorre em potenciais mais negativos e tem como causa a formação de nucleos ativos que aceleram a reação de eletrodo à semelhança com os metais do grupo da platina. / The polarographic reduction of hydrazoic acid, HN3, occurs with the formation of NH+4 cations as the main product, with others side reactions. This reduction takes place at more anodic potentials than the hydrogen discharge from acetate/acetic acid buffers mixtures. The presence of cobalt(II) in N-3/HN3 buffers solutions cause the antecipation of HN3 reductions, with increase in the NH+4 yield. A number of factors has been studied, by use of galvanostatic and potentiostatic coulometry, as auxiliary tools, in order to analyse the products from electrode reactions. Cobalt(I) is the intermediate which fastly reacts with HN3 giving rise to the first catalytic wave. The second one is joined with change of the reaction rate of HN3 at mercury electrode, as the main factor. The kinetics of electrode reduction of cobalt(II) was studied and the following rate constant for the overall cathodic process in sodium azide 0,40 M, was determined: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1. Nickel(II) gives two catalytic Wawes. The first one occurs together with the niekel discharge and is of low intensity. The second catalytic wave occurs at more negative potentials and is based upon the formation of active nuclei at the mercury surface wich acelerate.

A redução polarográfica de ácido azotídrico, HN3, se da com formação de NH+4 como produto principal, com outras reações secundárias. Ocorre em potencias mais anódico que a descarga de hidrogênio em tampões de ácido acético e acetato. A presença de cobalto(II) em tampões de N-3/HN>sub>3 leva à antecipação da descarga do HN3, com aumento no rendimento de NH+4. Fizeram-se numerosos estudos dos diversos fatores, usando-se coulometria galvamostática e potenciostática, para que se pudessem analisar os produtos da reação de eletrodo. Cobalto(I) é o intermediário que reage rapidamente com HN3, dando origem à primeira onda catalítica. A segunda onda está associada com a modificação da velocidade de reação de eletrodo do HN3, como principal fator. A cinética da reação do cobalto(II) foi estudada, obtendo-se a seguinte constante de velocidade para o processo catódico global, em azoteto 0,40 M: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1 Níquel(II) dá duas ondas catalíticas a primeira de pequena intensidade, ocorre justamente com a descarga de níquel(II). A segunda onda ocorre em potenciais mais negativos e tem como causa a formação de nucleos ativos que aceleram a reação de eletrodo à semelhança com os metais do grupo da platina. / The polarographic reduction of hydrazoic acid, HN3, occurs with the formation of NH+4 cations as the main product, with others side reactions. This reduction takes place at more anodic potentials than the hydrogen discharge from acetate/acetic acid buffers mixtures. The presence of cobalt(II) in N-3/HN3 buffers solutions cause the antecipation of HN3 reductions, with increase in the NH+4 yield. A number of factors has been studied, by use of galvanostatic and potentiostatic coulometry, as auxiliary tools, in order to analyse the products from electrode reactions. Cobalt(I) is the intermediate which fastly reacts with HN3 giving rise to the first catalytic wave. The second one is joined with change of the reaction rate of HN3 at mercury electrode, as the main factor. The kinetics of electrode reduction of cobalt(II) was studied and the following rate constant for the overall cathodic process in sodium azide 0,40 M, was determined: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1. Nickel(II) gives two catalytic Wawes. The first one occurs together with the niekel discharge and is of low intensity. The second catalytic wave occurs at more negative potentials and is based upon the formation of active nuclei at the mercury surface wich acelerate.

No abstract provided. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Os primeiros estudos sobre a utilização do azoteto de sódio, NaN3, como eletrólito de suporte em polarografia, revelaram a existência de onda catalítica quando o meio era acidulado, contendo HN3, na presença de íons de cobalto(II). O presente trabalho procurou esclarecer a natureza da onda catalítica com os íons de cobalto(II). Para isto foram estudados diversos fatores como ânions indiferentes, a presença de íons de hidrogênio, a influência do oxigênio, composição da solução em relação à concentração de azoteto, de cobalto(II) e papel da substância tensoativa. Os resultados experimentais levaram à conclusão de que se tratava de onda catalítica com evolução de hidrogênio, cujo mecanismo se assemelha muito ao observado no sistema CO(II)/CN-. Há evidências de participação de fenômenos de adsorção de complexos de cobalto(II) com azoteto, passando intermediariamente ao estado de oxidação (I) e reoxidação a hidreto complexo de cobalto(III). Este por ação catalítica de espécie neutra Co(N3)2 se decompõe liberando hidrogênio molecular e regenerando o complexo de cobalto(II). Verificou-se também corrente catalítica no sistema HN3N-3 na presença de níquel(II). / Previous studies about sodium azide as suporting electrolyte in polarography showed existence of a catalytic wave in acidic media, HN3, in the presence of cobalt(II). The aim of this work was to elucidate the nature of the catalytic wave obtained with cobalt(II) ions. For this purpose several factors were studied such as: indifferent anions, the presence of hydrogen protons, the influence of oxygen, composition of the solution concerning the azide ion concentration, cobalt(II) and the role of surface active substances (Triton X-100). From the experimental data it was concluded that there is a catalytic wave with hydrogen libertion whose mechanism is very similar to the one observed in the Co(II)/CN- system. There is evidences of adsorption phenomena of cobalt(II) azide complexes going through an oxidation state(I) and reoxidation to cobalt(III) hydride complex. This complex is then decomposed catalytically by the neutral species Co(N3)2 with molecular hydrogen liberation and regeneration of the cobalt(II) complex. Catalytic wave has been found to occur in HN3/N-3 buffer as caused by the presence of nickel(II).

Os primeiros estudos sobre a utilização do azoteto de sódio, NaN3, como eletrólito de suporte em polarografia, revelaram a existência de onda catalítica quando o meio era acidulado, contendo HN3, na presença de íons de cobalto(II). O presente trabalho procurou esclarecer a natureza da onda catalítica com os íons de cobalto(II). Para isto foram estudados diversos fatores como ânions indiferentes, a presença de íons de hidrogênio, a influência do oxigênio, composição da solução em relação à concentração de azoteto, de cobalto(II) e papel da substância tensoativa. Os resultados experimentais levaram à conclusão de que se tratava de onda catalítica com evolução de hidrogênio, cujo mecanismo se assemelha muito ao observado no sistema CO(II)/CN-. Há evidências de participação de fenômenos de adsorção de complexos de cobalto(II) com azoteto, passando intermediariamente ao estado de oxidação (I) e reoxidação a hidreto complexo de cobalto(III). Este por ação catalítica de espécie neutra Co(N3)2 se decompõe liberando hidrogênio molecular e regenerando o complexo de cobalto(II). Verificou-se também corrente catalítica no sistema HN3N-3 na presença de níquel(II). / Previous studies about sodium azide as suporting electrolyte in polarography showed existence of a catalytic wave in acidic media, HN3, in the presence of cobalt(II). The aim of this work was to elucidate the nature of the catalytic wave obtained with cobalt(II) ions. For this purpose several factors were studied such as: indifferent anions, the presence of hydrogen protons, the influence of oxygen, composition of the solution concerning the azide ion concentration, cobalt(II) and the role of surface active substances (Triton X-100). From the experimental data it was concluded that there is a catalytic wave with hydrogen libertion whose mechanism is very similar to the one observed in the Co(II)/CN- system. There is evidences of adsorption phenomena of cobalt(II) azide complexes going through an oxidation state(I) and reoxidation to cobalt(III) hydride complex. This complex is then decomposed catalytically by the neutral species Co(N3)2 with molecular hydrogen liberation and regeneration of the cobalt(II) complex. Catalytic wave has been found to occur in HN3/N-3 buffer as caused by the presence of nickel(II).

<p>One of the main problems in curing cancer resides in the different microenvironment existing in tumours compared to the normal tissues. The mechanisms of failure are different for radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but they all relate to the poor blood supply known to exist in tumours. It is therefore very important to know the tumour microenvironmental conditions in order to devise techniques that will overcome the problems and will therefore improve the result of the treatment.</p><p>The aims of the thesis were the modelling of tumour oxygenation and the simulation of polarographic oxygen measurements in order to assess and possibly to improve the accuracy of the electrode in measuring tumour oxygenation. It also aimed to evaluate the implications of tumour microenvironment for the radiotherapy outcome.</p><p>The project used theoretical modelling as the main tool. The processes of oxygen diffusion and consumption were described mathematically for different conditions, the result being very accurate distributions of oxygen in tissues. A first simple model of tissue oxygenation was based on the oxygen diffusion around a single blood vessel. A more complex model built from the basic physical processes and measurable parameters allowed the simulation of realistical tissues with heterogeneous vasculature. This model also allowed the modelling of the two types of hypoxia known to appear in tumours and their influence on the tumour microenvironment. The computer simulation of tissues was also used for assessing the accuracy of the polarographic technique for measuring tumour oxygenation.</p><p>The results of this study have shown that it is possible to model theoretically the tissue oxygenation starting from the basic physical processes. The particular application of our theoretical simulation to the polarographic oxygen electrode has shown that this experimental method does not give the oxygen values in individual cells. Because the electrode measures the average oxygenation in a relatively large tissue volume, the resulting oxygen distributions are different from the real ones and the extreme high and low values are not detected. It has further been found that the polarographic electrode cannot make distinction between various types of hypoxia existing in tumours, the geometrical distribution of the hypoxic cells influencing mostly the accuracy of the measurement.</p><p>It was also shown that because of the averaging implied by the measurement process, electrode results should not be used directly to predict the response to radiation. Thus, the differences between the predictions in clinical tumour control obtained from the real or the measured oxygenations are of the order of tens of percents in absolute value. A method to improve the accuracy of the electrode, i.e. to improve the correlation between the results of the measurements and the actual tissue oxygenation, was proposed.</p><p>In conclusion, theoretical modelling has been shown to be a very powerful tool for predicting the outcome of radiotherapy and it has the advantage of describing the tumour oxygenation in the least invasive manner. Furthermore it allows the investigation of the invasiveness and the accuracy of various experimental methods.</p>