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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudos polarográficos envolvendo aquo-íons de molibdênio em meio sulfúrico e caracterização de processo catalítico na presença de ácido azotídrico / Polarographic studies on molybdenum aquo-ions in sulphuric solutions and characterization of a catalytic process in the presence of hydrazoic acid

Bertotti, Mauro 31 January 1992 (has links)
A literatura cita o aparecimento de onda catalítica polarográfica do Mo(VI) na presença de NO-3. Há menção na literatura sobre comportamento semelhante entre o ácido azotídrico e o ácido nítrico em relação ao poder de oxidação. Seguindo uma linha de pesquisa da área de Química Analítica deste Instituto, procedeu-se a estudos envolvendo a existência de onda polarográfica de natureza catalítica do Mo(VI) na presença de HN3. Os trabalhos foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se técnicas como espectrofotometria, polarografia TAST e de pulso (normal e diferencial) e coulometria a potencial controlado, com o intuito de interpretar-se os diferentes equilíbrios existentes entre espécies de molibdênio em solução e na superfície do eletrodo. Foi analisado o equilíbrio entre as espécies Mo(V)2 e Mo(V)amarelo formadas em reações de condensação de uma espécie de Mo(V) gerada a nível de eletrodo. Algumas evidências experimentais permitiram concluir que a redução eletroquímica deste precursor de Mo(V) origina a onda polarográfica denominada B1. Por análise computacional foi proposto que a redução da espécie Mo(V) ocorresse por transferência de 1 elétron, adotando-se modelo onde há formação de uma espécie de Mo(IV}. Nos estudos envolvendo a técnica de pulso reverso foram caracterizadas diferentes formas de Mo(III), e algumas especulações a respeito de suas estruturas foram feitas com base numa forma já conhecida de Mo(lll) (Mo ( III)2 ). Procurou-se esclarecer o mecanismo relacionado ao ciclo catalítico quando HN3 está presente, evidenciando-se a formação de amônio e nitrogênio no processo de redução do ácido azotídrico. As possíveis implicações da participação desta espécie nos sítios ativos de algumas molibdoenzimas como nitrato reductase também foram consideradas. / The catalytic polarographic wave in the system Mo(VI) and nitrate is mentioned in the literature. The hydrazoic acid (HN3 ) has a similar behavior to nitric acid under redox properties. In this way the system containing Mo(VI) and hydrazoic acid presents the possibility to develop a catalytic process in polarographic studies. The techniques used were spectrophotometry, TAST polarography, normal and differential pulse polarography and controlled potential coulometry. The works done showed the differents equilibria between the molybdenum specie in the bulk of solution as well in the surface of mercury electrode during the electrolysis. The catalytic cycle was characterized by several criteria in the presence of HN3 . The main oxidation molybdenum responsible by catalytic activity was state of determined. Finally, speculation on this intermediate state as active center in molybdoenzymes (nitrate reductase) was proposed.
2

Estudos sobre a redução polarográfica de ácido azotídrico e das condições de aparecimento de ondas catalíticas / Studies on polarographic reduction of hydrazoic acid and conditions for emerging catalytic waves

Tokoro, Roberto 08 October 1976 (has links)
A redução polarográfica de ácido azotídrico, HN3, se da com formação de NH+4 como produto principal, com outras reações secundárias. Ocorre em potencias mais anódico que a descarga de hidrogênio em tampões de ácido acético e acetato. A presença de cobalto(II) em tampões de N-3/HN>sub>3 leva à antecipação da descarga do HN3, com aumento no rendimento de NH+4. Fizeram-se numerosos estudos dos diversos fatores, usando-se coulometria galvamostática e potenciostática, para que se pudessem analisar os produtos da reação de eletrodo. Cobalto(I) é o intermediário que reage rapidamente com HN3, dando origem à primeira onda catalítica. A segunda onda está associada com a modificação da velocidade de reação de eletrodo do HN3, como principal fator. A cinética da reação do cobalto(II) foi estudada, obtendo-se a seguinte constante de velocidade para o processo catódico global, em azoteto 0,40 M: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1 Níquel(II) dá duas ondas catalíticas a primeira de pequena intensidade, ocorre justamente com a descarga de níquel(II). A segunda onda ocorre em potenciais mais negativos e tem como causa a formação de nucleos ativos que aceleram a reação de eletrodo à semelhança com os metais do grupo da platina. / The polarographic reduction of hydrazoic acid, HN3, occurs with the formation of NH+4 cations as the main product, with others side reactions. This reduction takes place at more anodic potentials than the hydrogen discharge from acetate/acetic acid buffers mixtures. The presence of cobalt(II) in N-3/HN3 buffers solutions cause the antecipation of HN3 reductions, with increase in the NH+4 yield. A number of factors has been studied, by use of galvanostatic and potentiostatic coulometry, as auxiliary tools, in order to analyse the products from electrode reactions. Cobalt(I) is the intermediate which fastly reacts with HN3 giving rise to the first catalytic wave. The second one is joined with change of the reaction rate of HN3 at mercury electrode, as the main factor. The kinetics of electrode reduction of cobalt(II) was studied and the following rate constant for the overall cathodic process in sodium azide 0,40 M, was determined: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1. Nickel(II) gives two catalytic Wawes. The first one occurs together with the niekel discharge and is of low intensity. The second catalytic wave occurs at more negative potentials and is based upon the formation of active nuclei at the mercury surface wich acelerate.
3

Estudos sobre a redução polarográfica de ácido azotídrico e das condições de aparecimento de ondas catalíticas / Studies on polarographic reduction of hydrazoic acid and conditions for emerging catalytic waves

Roberto Tokoro 08 October 1976 (has links)
A redução polarográfica de ácido azotídrico, HN3, se da com formação de NH+4 como produto principal, com outras reações secundárias. Ocorre em potencias mais anódico que a descarga de hidrogênio em tampões de ácido acético e acetato. A presença de cobalto(II) em tampões de N-3/HN>sub>3 leva à antecipação da descarga do HN3, com aumento no rendimento de NH+4. Fizeram-se numerosos estudos dos diversos fatores, usando-se coulometria galvamostática e potenciostática, para que se pudessem analisar os produtos da reação de eletrodo. Cobalto(I) é o intermediário que reage rapidamente com HN3, dando origem à primeira onda catalítica. A segunda onda está associada com a modificação da velocidade de reação de eletrodo do HN3, como principal fator. A cinética da reação do cobalto(II) foi estudada, obtendo-se a seguinte constante de velocidade para o processo catódico global, em azoteto 0,40 M: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1 Níquel(II) dá duas ondas catalíticas a primeira de pequena intensidade, ocorre justamente com a descarga de níquel(II). A segunda onda ocorre em potenciais mais negativos e tem como causa a formação de nucleos ativos que aceleram a reação de eletrodo à semelhança com os metais do grupo da platina. / The polarographic reduction of hydrazoic acid, HN3, occurs with the formation of NH+4 cations as the main product, with others side reactions. This reduction takes place at more anodic potentials than the hydrogen discharge from acetate/acetic acid buffers mixtures. The presence of cobalt(II) in N-3/HN3 buffers solutions cause the antecipation of HN3 reductions, with increase in the NH+4 yield. A number of factors has been studied, by use of galvanostatic and potentiostatic coulometry, as auxiliary tools, in order to analyse the products from electrode reactions. Cobalt(I) is the intermediate which fastly reacts with HN3 giving rise to the first catalytic wave. The second one is joined with change of the reaction rate of HN3 at mercury electrode, as the main factor. The kinetics of electrode reduction of cobalt(II) was studied and the following rate constant for the overall cathodic process in sodium azide 0,40 M, was determined: k0 = 9,9 x 10-7 cm-1 seg-1. Nickel(II) gives two catalytic Wawes. The first one occurs together with the niekel discharge and is of low intensity. The second catalytic wave occurs at more negative potentials and is based upon the formation of active nuclei at the mercury surface wich acelerate.
4

Estudos polarográficos envolvendo aquo-íons de molibdênio em meio sulfúrico e caracterização de processo catalítico na presença de ácido azotídrico / Polarographic studies on molybdenum aquo-ions in sulphuric solutions and characterization of a catalytic process in the presence of hydrazoic acid

Mauro Bertotti 31 January 1992 (has links)
A literatura cita o aparecimento de onda catalítica polarográfica do Mo(VI) na presença de NO-3. Há menção na literatura sobre comportamento semelhante entre o ácido azotídrico e o ácido nítrico em relação ao poder de oxidação. Seguindo uma linha de pesquisa da área de Química Analítica deste Instituto, procedeu-se a estudos envolvendo a existência de onda polarográfica de natureza catalítica do Mo(VI) na presença de HN3. Os trabalhos foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se técnicas como espectrofotometria, polarografia TAST e de pulso (normal e diferencial) e coulometria a potencial controlado, com o intuito de interpretar-se os diferentes equilíbrios existentes entre espécies de molibdênio em solução e na superfície do eletrodo. Foi analisado o equilíbrio entre as espécies Mo(V)2 e Mo(V)amarelo formadas em reações de condensação de uma espécie de Mo(V) gerada a nível de eletrodo. Algumas evidências experimentais permitiram concluir que a redução eletroquímica deste precursor de Mo(V) origina a onda polarográfica denominada B1. Por análise computacional foi proposto que a redução da espécie Mo(V) ocorresse por transferência de 1 elétron, adotando-se modelo onde há formação de uma espécie de Mo(IV}. Nos estudos envolvendo a técnica de pulso reverso foram caracterizadas diferentes formas de Mo(III), e algumas especulações a respeito de suas estruturas foram feitas com base numa forma já conhecida de Mo(lll) (Mo ( III)2 ). Procurou-se esclarecer o mecanismo relacionado ao ciclo catalítico quando HN3 está presente, evidenciando-se a formação de amônio e nitrogênio no processo de redução do ácido azotídrico. As possíveis implicações da participação desta espécie nos sítios ativos de algumas molibdoenzimas como nitrato reductase também foram consideradas. / The catalytic polarographic wave in the system Mo(VI) and nitrate is mentioned in the literature. The hydrazoic acid (HN3 ) has a similar behavior to nitric acid under redox properties. In this way the system containing Mo(VI) and hydrazoic acid presents the possibility to develop a catalytic process in polarographic studies. The techniques used were spectrophotometry, TAST polarography, normal and differential pulse polarography and controlled potential coulometry. The works done showed the differents equilibria between the molybdenum specie in the bulk of solution as well in the surface of mercury electrode during the electrolysis. The catalytic cycle was characterized by several criteria in the presence of HN3 . The main oxidation molybdenum responsible by catalytic activity was state of determined. Finally, speculation on this intermediate state as active center in molybdoenzymes (nitrate reductase) was proposed.
5

Crosslinking of polyaniline with aryl azides and the photolysis of vinyl azides and azidopropanones

Jadhav, Abhijit V. 22 April 2008 (has links)
No description available.
6

Synthesis and Reactions of α-Azido Alcohols

Firdous, Samia 13 April 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung von a-Azidoalkoholen, welche über die Reaktion von aliphatischen sowie aromatischen Aldehyden mit HN3 leicht zugänglich sind und die im Gleichgewicht mit den jeweiligen Ausgangsstoffen vorliegen. Bei Raumtemperatur stellt sich dieses Gleichgewicht sehr schnell ein und man erhält spezifische Konzentrationen an Eduktaldehyd, Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure und a-Azidoalkohol. Die Reaktion von Aldehyden mit HN3 generiert dabei ein neues Chriralitätszentrum, wodurch die Umsetzung chiraler Aldehyde, wie z. B. von Zuckerderivaten, zwei anomere Produkte hervorbringt. Die erstmalig erfolgreichen Synthesen zur Erzeugung von 4-Brom-4-methylpentanal sowie 4-Azido-4-methylpentanal werden ebenfalls beschrieben. Letztere Verbindung reagiert dabei ebenso wenig via einer intramolekularen 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition zum entsprechenden 4,5-Dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazol-Derivat wie das analoge-Azidobutanal, was im Gegensatz zu Literaturangaben steht. Des Weiteren werden einige interessante Reaktionen der a-Azidoalkohole untersucht. Die Oxidation mit Pyridiniumchlorochromat (PCC) bei –60°C führt zu Carbonylaziden. Die Photolyse bei –50°C generiert unter Stickstofffreisetzung Nitrene, welche mittels Wasserstoffwanderung und anschließender Tautomerisierung des resultierenden Intermediats zu Säureamiden umlagern. Die ebenfalls mögliche 1,2-Wanderung einer Gruppe R in a-Position führt dabei zu einem Intermediat, aus welchem sofort das entsprechende Formamid-Derivat entsteht. a-Azidoalkohole reagieren mit PBr3 in einer sauberen Reaktion durch die Substitution der Hydroxylfunktion unter Bildung der jeweiligen 1-Azido-1-brom-Verbindung. / In this work, α-azido alcohols which exist in equilibrium with the starting materials have been studied by the reactions of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with HN3. In some cases the title compounds can be isolated from the mixture at low temperature. At room temperature, however, the equilibrium is fast and there are again specific concentrations of the aldehyde, hydrazoic acid, and the α-azido alcohol. The reaction of aldehydes with HN3 creates a new chiral center and a chiral aldehyde, e.g. sugar derivatives, produces two anomeric products. The first procedures to prepare 4-bromo-4-methylpentanal and 4-azido-4-methylpentanal are also reported. The latter compound and also the parent 4-azidobutanal do not lead to 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazoles by intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, although it was claimed in the literature. Furthermore, some interesting reactions of the α-azido alcohols have been investigated. The oxidation of α-azido alcohols with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) at −60 °C leads to formation of carbonyl azides. The photolysis of α-azido alcohols at −50 °C generates nitrenes with liberation of dinitrogen, which lead to the formation of acid amides after the migration of hydrogen and subsequent tautomerism of the intermediate. 1,2-Migration of a group R in the α-position can produce an intermediate stage which is rapidly converted into formamide derivative. α-Azido alcohols react with PBr3 to give 1-azido-1-bromo derivatives in a clean reaction by substitution of hydroxyl group at the α-position.
7

Synthesis and Reactions of α-Azido Alcohols

Firdous, Samia 27 January 2012 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung von a-Azidoalkoholen, welche über die Reaktion von aliphatischen sowie aromatischen Aldehyden mit HN3 leicht zugänglich sind und die im Gleichgewicht mit den jeweiligen Ausgangsstoffen vorliegen. Bei Raumtemperatur stellt sich dieses Gleichgewicht sehr schnell ein und man erhält spezifische Konzentrationen an Eduktaldehyd, Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure und a-Azidoalkohol. Die Reaktion von Aldehyden mit HN3 generiert dabei ein neues Chriralitätszentrum, wodurch die Umsetzung chiraler Aldehyde, wie z. B. von Zuckerderivaten, zwei anomere Produkte hervorbringt. Die erstmalig erfolgreichen Synthesen zur Erzeugung von 4-Brom-4-methylpentanal sowie 4-Azido-4-methylpentanal werden ebenfalls beschrieben. Letztere Verbindung reagiert dabei ebenso wenig via einer intramolekularen 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition zum entsprechenden 4,5-Dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazol-Derivat wie das analoge-Azidobutanal, was im Gegensatz zu Literaturangaben steht. Des Weiteren werden einige interessante Reaktionen der a-Azidoalkohole untersucht. Die Oxidation mit Pyridiniumchlorochromat (PCC) bei –60°C führt zu Carbonylaziden. Die Photolyse bei –50°C generiert unter Stickstofffreisetzung Nitrene, welche mittels Wasserstoffwanderung und anschließender Tautomerisierung des resultierenden Intermediats zu Säureamiden umlagern. Die ebenfalls mögliche 1,2-Wanderung einer Gruppe R in a-Position führt dabei zu einem Intermediat, aus welchem sofort das entsprechende Formamid-Derivat entsteht. a-Azidoalkohole reagieren mit PBr3 in einer sauberen Reaktion durch die Substitution der Hydroxylfunktion unter Bildung der jeweiligen 1-Azido-1-brom-Verbindung. / In this work, α-azido alcohols which exist in equilibrium with the starting materials have been studied by the reactions of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with HN3. In some cases the title compounds can be isolated from the mixture at low temperature. At room temperature, however, the equilibrium is fast and there are again specific concentrations of the aldehyde, hydrazoic acid, and the α-azido alcohol. The reaction of aldehydes with HN3 creates a new chiral center and a chiral aldehyde, e.g. sugar derivatives, produces two anomeric products. The first procedures to prepare 4-bromo-4-methylpentanal and 4-azido-4-methylpentanal are also reported. The latter compound and also the parent 4-azidobutanal do not lead to 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazoles by intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, although it was claimed in the literature. Furthermore, some interesting reactions of the α-azido alcohols have been investigated. The oxidation of α-azido alcohols with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) at −60 °C leads to formation of carbonyl azides. The photolysis of α-azido alcohols at −50 °C generates nitrenes with liberation of dinitrogen, which lead to the formation of acid amides after the migration of hydrogen and subsequent tautomerism of the intermediate. 1,2-Migration of a group R in the α-position can produce an intermediate stage which is rapidly converted into formamide derivative. α-Azido alcohols react with PBr3 to give 1-azido-1-bromo derivatives in a clean reaction by substitution of hydroxyl group at the α-position.
8

Bildungstendenz und Reaktionen von α-Azidoalkoholen

Berndt, Christian 24 April 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese von α-Azidoalkoholen durch die Reaktion von aliphatischen sowie aromatischen Aldehyden mit Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure. Dabei stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht ein, dessen Lage durch die Ermittlung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten quantitativ bestimmt wird. In jedem Fall besteht die Möglichkeit, den α-Azidoalkohol in der Gleichgewichtsmischung zu charakterisieren und teilweise gelingt die Isolierung der reinen α-Azidoalkohole bei tiefen Temperaturen sowie deren Charakterisierung mittels Tieftemperatur-NMR-Spektroskopie. Die Ausgangsaldehyde für die Synthese der α-Azidoalkohole besitzen elektronenschiebende oder elektronenziehende Substituenten oder sind prochiral oder besitzen funktionelle Gruppe für intramolekulare Reaktionen. Die Titelverbindungen werden mit Cyclooctin im Sinne einer 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition abgefangen oder mit Carbonsäurechloriden in die entsprechenden Ester der α-Azidoalkohole überführt. Das nur aus theoretischen Arbeiten bekannte Formylazid wird erstmals aus den α-Azidoalkoholen durch Oxidation hergestellt und in Lösung vollständig charakterisiert. Es werden zudem zahlreiche Alternativsynthesen für Formylazid erfolgreich durchgeführt.
9

Bildungstendenz und Reaktionen von α-Azidoalkoholen

Berndt, Christian 26 March 2013 (has links)
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese von α-Azidoalkoholen durch die Reaktion von aliphatischen sowie aromatischen Aldehyden mit Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure. Dabei stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht ein, dessen Lage durch die Ermittlung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten quantitativ bestimmt wird. In jedem Fall besteht die Möglichkeit, den α-Azidoalkohol in der Gleichgewichtsmischung zu charakterisieren und teilweise gelingt die Isolierung der reinen α-Azidoalkohole bei tiefen Temperaturen sowie deren Charakterisierung mittels Tieftemperatur-NMR-Spektroskopie. Die Ausgangsaldehyde für die Synthese der α-Azidoalkohole besitzen elektronenschiebende oder elektronenziehende Substituenten oder sind prochiral oder besitzen funktionelle Gruppe für intramolekulare Reaktionen. Die Titelverbindungen werden mit Cyclooctin im Sinne einer 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition abgefangen oder mit Carbonsäurechloriden in die entsprechenden Ester der α-Azidoalkohole überführt. Das nur aus theoretischen Arbeiten bekannte Formylazid wird erstmals aus den α-Azidoalkoholen durch Oxidation hergestellt und in Lösung vollständig charakterisiert. Es werden zudem zahlreiche Alternativsynthesen für Formylazid erfolgreich durchgeführt.

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