水資源保護區與國土開發利用，都是國家重要政策，但兩者在本質上會有衝突，限制水資源保護區的土地開發利用，對受限制區的經濟、產業發展有一定程度的負面影響，為了讓全國的水源區及保護區，都有公平的回饋，並且落實「使用者付費、限制者受益」的社會公平正義暨有效的水資源管理及違法取締，於民國九十三年六月十一日，立法院三讀通過「自來水法」第十二條之一修正。臺北水源特定區居民希望將現行由台北市自來水水費每度徵收兩毛錢做為協助地方建設經費之「協建經費」名稱改為「回饋金」，因為水源特定區內的地方建設項目，本來就是政府應該做的工作，目前的「協建經費」是把應拿來補償水源區居民受到權益限制及損失的回饋金，用來做政府本來應該做的地方建設，等於變相剝削了水源特定區居民的權益。而依照水利署對目前自來水法修正的解釋中說明，自來水法於九十三年六月修正通過後屆時將訂定施行細則，並在各地成立運用小組，可依各地方需求在保育費使用上，於社福、文化、教育、產業推廣、土地徵收補償等相關項目上各自訂立適當使用比例，而未來保育費的徵收，在施行細則中回饋金的徵收費率將是隨水費附徵百分之五到百分之十五，若以百分之五徵收比例計算，目前每年協建經費的金額約一億多元，而未來開徵的「水源保育與回饋費」預期可達目前金額一倍以上。而一旦「水源保育與回饋收費辦法」暨相關施行細則通過後，開徵後經費的使用，更需有效率的執行與管理與監督功能，才能落實水資源回饋金的功用，達到政府照顧臺北水源特定區內居民的美意。 臺北水源特定區協建經費政策於臺北水源特定區內實施，從民國八十七年第一期經費撥入至今的這段期間，協建經費使用的績效是否能達到當初政策目的，符合多元利益相關人的期待，值得做相關的研究與探討，期能透過此研究讓國人更瞭解協建經費之意涵及效益。

Efforts to meet the needs of poverty stricken Americans have resulted in the passage of numerous federal and state policies. Current Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) policy emphasizes sharing the responsibility for meeting citizens’ needs through partnerships with those in poverty. Such reforms challenge local administrators to define and assess the terms of welfare policy reform success. This study’s adaptation of the theory of positionality examines how position in public organizations can inform employees’ views of welfare policy performances. Specifically, it seeks to determine if the type of administrative responsibility and interaction (positionality) with citizens leads to differing views of performance policy success, needed policy reforms, and varying views on the importance of including welfare clients in welfare policy reform discussions, development and evaluation. The study finds that current TANF policy is effective at meeting clients’ needs, but administrators differ in how they define and apply self-sufficiency, and they are not supportive of involving clients in the administration of welfare policies.

This study contributes to the developing countries' public policy discourse by linking outcomes of the past and present urban housing policies in Tanzania to both the organisational structures and work methods of the state and to environmental factors. By tracing the historical development of urban housing policy formulation and implementation in Tanzania, the study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the factors responsible for the poor performance of urban housing policies in Tanzania. The study is also important because it locates the policy development within the general literature of urbanisation and housing in the developing countries and within theoretical debates relating to policy explanation in these countries. The study documents a detailed case study of a specific project (the National Sites and Services and Squatter Upgrading Project - NSSP) aimed at addressing urban housing problems in Tanzania and uses this to identify a range of politico-administrative issues which affect policy formulation and implementation in Tanzania. In pursuing this task the study adds to the understanding of the factors affecting policy performance in developing countries experiencing constraints and contextual variables similar to those of Tanzania.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aline.pdf: 524731 bytes, checksum: 1c203d57034615c92964e7377b4aeee3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research intended to evaluate the law s 10.820/2003 performance, policy implemented in 2003 that regulated payroll debit loans for the employees subordinated to CLT s regimen, retireds and pensioners of the INSS. To perform it, first it was held the identification of the objectives of the policy in study, through the theory of economic policies and the analysis of the previous conjuncture to its implementation. It was noted that, during the period of the law s implementation, the basic interest rate of the economy was high, and it was not possible to reduce it immediately; interest rates to borrowers, therefore, were expressive, considered as a factor limiting the liquidity; the volume of Brazilian credit was reduced (especially when compared to developed countries) and defaults on credit to individuals was a factor that helped to raise its cost, and, finally, the level of consumption in Brazil was low. Three objectives had been identified: the increase of credit for natural person; the increase of the consumption; and the reduction of interest rates. After that, it was made the choice of indices that represented the goals identified and the verification of the results for these indices by March 2007; and evaluation of results against the goals. Four hypotheses had been formulated after the identification of the objectives of the politics: that the credit supply for natural people increased; that the spread had reduced and, consequently, the cost to the borrower; that the consumption had increased and the reduction of the default event. Only three of these hypotheses had been observed; the reduction of the default event hadn t happened, being steady in the observed period. It was concluded that the three objectives of the politcy had been verified, with modest results in the reduction of the interest rates to the borrower / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a performance da Lei 10.820/2003, medida que entrou em vigor em 2003 e regulamentou o crédito consignado para empregados subordinados ao regime da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, aposentados e pensionistas do Instituto Nacional de Seguridade Social, em relação aos seus principais objetivos. Para a avaliação da performance da política primeiramente foi realizada a identificação dos objetivos da política em estudo, dos motivos que levaram o governo a implementar tal medida. Isto foi feito por meio da teoria de políticas econômicas, da análise da medida e da conjuntura anterior à sua implementação. Constatou-se que, no período de implementação da lei, a taxa de juros básica da economia estava elevada, e não era possível sua redução imediata; as taxas de juros ao tomador, conseqüentemente, eram expressivas, consideradas como um fator restritivo à liquidez; o volume de crédito brasileiro era reduzido (principalmente quando comparado a países desenvolvidos) e a inadimplência nas operações de crédito à pessoa física era um fator que auxiliava a elevar seu custo, e, por fim, o nível de consumo no Brasil estava baixo. Assim, foram identificados três objetivos para a política: o aumento no volume de crédito à pessoa física; o aumento do consumo; e a redução das taxas de juros ao tomador. Posteriormente, foi efetuada a escolha de índices que representassem os objetivos identificados e a verificação dos resultados encontrados para estes índices até março de 2007; e a avaliação dos resultados constatados frente aos objetivos. Com base nesses objetivos, foram formulados quatro pressupostos sobre seus resultados: a verificação do aumento no volume de crédito à pessoa física; a redução do spread bancário e, conseqüentemente, do custo ao tomador; a elevação do consumo; e a redução da inadimplência bancária. Dos pressupostos elencados, apenas três se verificaram, visto que a inadimplência bancária permaneceu estável. Concluiu-se que os três objetivos da política se constataram na prática, embora com resultados modestos no aspecto da redução da taxa de juros ao tomador

<p>An investigation of the dynamics governing the growth and development of the space industry with forecasts of the expected state and trajectory of the space industry under various policy tests and scenarios.</p>