MA, Dissertation in Development Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / This research was encouraged by the recent developments in migration patterns in the world. Though immigration is not new to South Africa, with people migrating to the country from as early as the 1600s, there has been a notable increase post – 1994 at the fall of apartheid. The profile of migrants has also changed considerably to include refugees, asylum seekers and other forced migrants (Landau 2007; Jacobsen 2006). It is the emergence of a new group of immigrants in the form of asylum seekers and their relationship with the state, economy and society which makes for interesting analysis. This thesis argues that the continual framing of migration as a security issue, in relation to crime and unemployment overlooks the positive brain gain for the recipient countries (Mawadza 2007). Framing forced migration in this manner disregards the important question of why people migrate and what service they (can) provide to their countries of asylum and in the process violates their rights.

This thesis seeks to develop a fresh approach on immigration history in post-war Britain by focusing on public administration in a contract labour programme. The orthodox approach towards studies of immigration has been to concentrate upon the outcomes of state activity rather than the process. Consequently the experiences and reactions of volunteer workers have received much attention. This thesis offers new perspectives based on an analysis of the frameworks developed to deliver the Displaced Persons and European Voluntary Worker programmes after the Second World War. It is argued that the mundane aspects of government bureaucracy, normally unremarkable and unimportant, are indeed crucial to an understanding of how post-war labour and refugee policies were managed. With an abundance of government records extant, it is feasible to revise an important chapter of immigration history by exploring the architecture of public administration in an era of expanding bureaucracy. This study analyses the techniques and systems deployed by civil servants to provide a clearer understanding of the organisational character of a contract labour scheme that also granted political asylum to refugees. Although some political ambitions guiding the programmes were questionable, the method of their delivery suggests greater consideration was given towards participants than has previously been claimed. Emphasis is given to the origins of the immigration schemes within the wider framework of state activity, and towards the government machinery and resources available to implement policy. The state expanded dramatically during the Second World War and the civil service gained invaluable experience in managing complex new tasks. By analysing the application of this knowledge, it is possible to gain an insight into the culture of bureaucracy, explore how projects involving tens of thousands of individuals were conducted, and how the programmes affected the frame of reference of civil servants overseeing immigration and political asylum.

Ce travail de recherche plonge ses racines dans l’analyse de la typologie d’accueil particulière dont ont bénéficié les exilés politiques italiens des années 1970-1980. La problématique à la base de cette thèse se propose de comprendre si la politique française d’accueil de ces années-là peut être considérée comme un fait nouveau ou si, au contraire, elle est à interpréter comme un geste dont les racines remontent à une plus longue histoire : celle de l’asile politique. Nous analyserons selon une perspective de longue période le rapport existant entre les institutions politiques et administratives des Etats et les groupes sociaux. Avec cette analyse, nous voudrions contribuer à reconstruire l’origine des pratiques, des instruments et finalement des conceptions politiques et juridiques que la France et l’Italie ont appliquées au groupe d’émigrés politiques italiens en France. La thèse se compose des deux parties, (avant et après deuxième guerre mondiale). Nous allons d’abord reconstruire la naissance des principes constitutifs de l’asile politique en Europe tout au long du XIX siècle. Nous allons donc analyser la gestion étatique de la présence en France d’une grande partie de l’opposition italienne pendant les années Vingt et Trente, d’abord selon une perspective bilatérale, et ensuite internationale. Dans la deuxième partie du travail nous allons reconstruire les changements du cadre juridique de référence au lendemain de la deuxième guerre mondiale. Nous allons ensuite analyser la façon dont les Etats ont géré la présence en France de l’opposition extra-parlementaire italienne des années soixante-dix, d’abord d’un point de vue bilatéral, et ensuite multilatéral. / This thesis analyses how Italy and France dealt with handling and controlling Italian opposition in France. Chosen time interval elapses from 1920 to 1986. During these years two political opponents’ migratory waves were monitored by the two nations: anti fascist emigration and several revolutionary left wing former militants of the Seventies emigration. The thesis analysis by a long period perspective how French and Italian institutions confronted with such a phenomenon, particularly considering the issue of juridical status conferred to Italian opponents abroad. During analysed period Italy and France operated in a precise diplomatic context characterised by the multiplication of bilateral and multilateral interrelations that progressively became more and more crucial with regards to the states’ management of political emigration. Carried out analysis will underline continuity and breaches of this relation. Thesis first part analyses Italian Reign period from 1870 to end of Second World War. Introduction will mark the origin of asylum key principles that precedes chosen historical period but is fundamental to analyse the juridical frame of France and Italy future steps. First and Second Chapter focus on years between 1920 and 1940, with particular attention to political emigration handling by a bilateral (Chap. 1) and by a multilateral perspective (Chap. 2). Thesis Second part focuses on Republican Italy. The Introduction retraces juridical frame partial changes and focuses on asylum debate in the Italian Constituent. Analysis of political emigration handling will be carried out both from a bilateral (Chap. 3) and multilateral perspective (Chap. 4).

This thesis deals with the international law institute of diplomatic asylum. Introduction analyzes early history of asylum law, focusing primarily on the period of ancient Greece and Rome, and later on the asylum practice of the Church, which as an influential institution of the medieval world greatly influenced development of asylum law. To be able to put diplomatic asylum in broader context of asylum law, thesis also deals with territorial asylum - classic form of asylum. There is also a marginal consideration on refugee issues. General discussion is followed by the analysis of diplomatic asylum itself. Diplomatic asylum as a Latin American legal particularism is a special form of asylum provided in the premises of diplomatic missions or in other suitable places. Thesis deals mainly with the interpretation of the necessary attributes that shaped diplomatic asylum and analyzes significant codification achievements in Latin America. A milestone in development of diplomatic asylum was the ruling of the International Court of Justice in Asylum case, put forward by Colombia and Peru, after a peruvian revolutionary, Mr. Haya de la Torre, was granted asylum in Colombian embassy in Lima, Peru in 1948. Negative attitude of the Court instigated legislative action of South American republics. During the...

L’exigence de l’ordre public interne et internationale justifie une limitation du droit fondamental à l’asile. Le Code de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d’asile, la convention de Genève du 28 juillet 1951et la législation européenne dessinent les contours de cette clause d’ordre public. Pourtant, le candidat à l’asile ou le bénéficiaire d’une protection peuvent craindre d’être persécutés en cas de retour dans leur pays d’origine. Comment dès lors comprendre un refus de protection ou le retrait d’un statut protecteur et la mise en œuvre de cette clause ? / The requirement of the internal and international public order justifies a limitation of the basic right to asylum. The Code of the entry and the stay from abroad and the right of asylum, the Geneva Convention of July 28th, 1951 and the EU law draw contours of this clause of public order. However, the candidate with asylum or the recipient of a protection can fear to be persecuted in the event of return in their country of origin. How consequently to understand a refusal of protection or withdrawal of a protective statute and the implementation of this clause?