No presente estudo contextualizamos a relação política entre os Sateré-Mawé e o Estado na Microrregião de Parintins-AM. Analisamos as estruturas políticas do poder público e as dos Sateré-Mawé, refletimos sobre as atitudes dos indígenas e do poder público a partir das ações da FUNAI, SESAI e das instituições de educação e ponderamos sobre o comportamento dos agentes e de suas instituições frente às demandas indígenas. Para tanto, recorremos ao paradigma comportamentalista centrado na cultura política para analisarmos o universo político, a relação entre os Sateré-Mawé e o poder público e para compreendermos o sentido e significado dos aspectos culturais, bem como conhecermos as estruturas que ordenam as ações políticas. Como hipótese para consolidar nossa reflexão, centramo-nos na ideia de que a cultura define e organiza a relação entre os agentes no campo político, a cultura mantém a estrutura e consolida o sistema político, e por fim, os empreendimentos estatais atingem seus objetivos na medida em que criam fortes demandas administrativas e políticas com o objetivo de esvaziar as demandas políticas indígenas. Organizamos a reflexão em torno do campo de poder, cultura e comportamento, visando problematizar a questão do campo político e sua relação com a estratégia política. Discutimos aspectos relativos à cultura e à estrutura política e, por fim, abordamos e tematizamos as estratégias de reprodução e o comportamento político. Destacamos os processos históricos que marcaram a relação entre indígenas, Igreja e Estado brasileiro, centrando atenção também em questões relativas à cultura e à política, interligando-as aos sistemas e à linguagem política, bem como à questão da mediação política e participação. Além disso, procuramos discutir aspectos relacionados ao comportamento político indígena e indigenista. Nesse contexto, tecemos considerações sobre a objetividade e atitude política, questões relativas ao cognitivo e ação política e discorremos sobre história e cultura, abordando ainda aspectos relativos a diferenças. / The present study contextualizes the political relationship between the Sateré-Mawé people and State in the Parintins Micro-region in Amazonas state (AM), Brazil. We analyze the political structures of the government and the Sateré-Mawé, reflect on government and indigenous attitudes based on the actions of FUNAI (The National Indian Foundation), SESAI (Indigenous Health Division) and educational institutions and consider the behavior of agents and their institutions in relation to indigenous demands. To that end, we use the behaviorist paradigm centered on political culture to analyze the political universe, the relationship between the Sateré-Mawé people and the government and to understand the meaning and significance of cultural aspects, in addition to learning about the structures that regulate political action. As a hypothesis to consolidate our reflection, we focus on the idea that culture defines and organizes the relationship between agents in the political arena, maintains structure and consolidates the political system and, finally, that government enterprises achieve their objectives insofar as they create strong administrative and political demands aimed at meeting indigenous political needs. Reflection is organized around the fields of power, culture and behavior, aimed at investigating the issue of the political arena and its relationship with political strategy. We discuss aspects related to political culture and structure, addressing and conceptualizing implementation strategies and political behavior. We highlight the historical processes that have marked the relationship between indigenous peoples, the church and the Brazilian government and focus on issues pertaining to culture and politics, interlinking them with political systems and languages, as well as the issue of political mediation and participation. Elements related to political and indigenous behavior are also discussed. In this context, we compile considerations on political objectivity and attitudes, which are related to cognitive aspects and political action. History and culture are also addressed, in addition to elements pertaining to differences.

No presente estudo contextualizamos a relação política entre os Sateré-Mawé e o Estado na Microrregião de Parintins-AM. Analisamos as estruturas políticas do poder público e as dos Sateré-Mawé, refletimos sobre as atitudes dos indígenas e do poder público a partir das ações da FUNAI, SESAI e das instituições de educação e ponderamos sobre o comportamento dos agentes e de suas instituições frente às demandas indígenas. Para tanto, recorremos ao paradigma comportamentalista centrado na cultura política para analisarmos o universo político, a relação entre os Sateré-Mawé e o poder público e para compreendermos o sentido e significado dos aspectos culturais, bem como conhecermos as estruturas que ordenam as ações políticas. Como hipótese para consolidar nossa reflexão, centramo-nos na ideia de que a cultura define e organiza a relação entre os agentes no campo político, a cultura mantém a estrutura e consolida o sistema político, e por fim, os empreendimentos estatais atingem seus objetivos na medida em que criam fortes demandas administrativas e políticas com o objetivo de esvaziar as demandas políticas indígenas. Organizamos a reflexão em torno do campo de poder, cultura e comportamento, visando problematizar a questão do campo político e sua relação com a estratégia política. Discutimos aspectos relativos à cultura e à estrutura política e, por fim, abordamos e tematizamos as estratégias de reprodução e o comportamento político. Destacamos os processos históricos que marcaram a relação entre indígenas, Igreja e Estado brasileiro, centrando atenção também em questões relativas à cultura e à política, interligando-as aos sistemas e à linguagem política, bem como à questão da mediação política e participação. Além disso, procuramos discutir aspectos relacionados ao comportamento político indígena e indigenista. Nesse contexto, tecemos considerações sobre a objetividade e atitude política, questões relativas ao cognitivo e ação política e discorremos sobre história e cultura, abordando ainda aspectos relativos a diferenças. / The present study contextualizes the political relationship between the Sateré-Mawé people and State in the Parintins Micro-region in Amazonas state (AM), Brazil. We analyze the political structures of the government and the Sateré-Mawé, reflect on government and indigenous attitudes based on the actions of FUNAI (The National Indian Foundation), SESAI (Indigenous Health Division) and educational institutions and consider the behavior of agents and their institutions in relation to indigenous demands. To that end, we use the behaviorist paradigm centered on political culture to analyze the political universe, the relationship between the Sateré-Mawé people and the government and to understand the meaning and significance of cultural aspects, in addition to learning about the structures that regulate political action. As a hypothesis to consolidate our reflection, we focus on the idea that culture defines and organizes the relationship between agents in the political arena, maintains structure and consolidates the political system and, finally, that government enterprises achieve their objectives insofar as they create strong administrative and political demands aimed at meeting indigenous political needs. Reflection is organized around the fields of power, culture and behavior, aimed at investigating the issue of the political arena and its relationship with political strategy. We discuss aspects related to political culture and structure, addressing and conceptualizing implementation strategies and political behavior. We highlight the historical processes that have marked the relationship between indigenous peoples, the church and the Brazilian government and focus on issues pertaining to culture and politics, interlinking them with political systems and languages, as well as the issue of political mediation and participation. Elements related to political and indigenous behavior are also discussed. In this context, we compile considerations on political objectivity and attitudes, which are related to cognitive aspects and political action. History and culture are also addressed, in addition to elements pertaining to differences.

No presente estudo contextualizamos a relação política entre os Sateré-Mawé e o Estado na Microrregião de Parintins-AM. Analisamos as estruturas políticas do poder público e as dos Sateré-Mawé, refletimos sobre as atitudes dos indígenas e do poder público a partir das ações da FUNAI, SESAI e das instituições de educação e ponderamos sobre o comportamento dos agentes e de suas instituições frente às demandas indígenas. Para tanto, recorremos ao paradigma comportamentalista centrado na cultura política para analisarmos o universo político, a relação entre os Sateré-Mawé e o poder público e para compreendermos o sentido e significado dos aspectos culturais, bem como conhecermos as estruturas que ordenam as ações políticas. Como hipótese para consolidar nossa reflexão, centramo-nos na ideia de que a cultura define e organiza a relação entre os agentes no campo político, a cultura mantém a estrutura e consolida o sistema político, e por fim, os empreendimentos estatais atingem seus objetivos na medida em que criam fortes demandas administrativas e políticas com o objetivo de esvaziar as demandas políticas indígenas. Organizamos a reflexão em torno do campo de poder, cultura e comportamento, visando problematizar a questão do campo político e sua relação com a estratégia política. Discutimos aspectos relativos à cultura e à estrutura política e, por fim, abordamos e tematizamos as estratégias de reprodução e o comportamento político. Destacamos os processos históricos que marcaram a relação entre indígenas, Igreja e Estado brasileiro, centrando atenção também em questões relativas à cultura e à política, interligando-as aos sistemas e à linguagem política, bem como à questão da mediação política e participação. Além disso, procuramos discutir aspectos relacionados ao comportamento político indígena e indigenista. Nesse contexto, tecemos considerações sobre a objetividade e atitude política, questões relativas ao cognitivo e ação política e discorremos sobre história e cultura, abordando ainda aspectos relativos a diferenças. / The present study contextualizes the political relationship between the Sateré-Mawé people and State in the Parintins Micro-region in Amazonas state (AM), Brazil. We analyze the political structures of the government and the Sateré-Mawé, reflect on government and indigenous attitudes based on the actions of FUNAI (The National Indian Foundation), SESAI (Indigenous Health Division) and educational institutions and consider the behavior of agents and their institutions in relation to indigenous demands. To that end, we use the behaviorist paradigm centered on political culture to analyze the political universe, the relationship between the Sateré-Mawé people and the government and to understand the meaning and significance of cultural aspects, in addition to learning about the structures that regulate political action. As a hypothesis to consolidate our reflection, we focus on the idea that culture defines and organizes the relationship between agents in the political arena, maintains structure and consolidates the political system and, finally, that government enterprises achieve their objectives insofar as they create strong administrative and political demands aimed at meeting indigenous political needs. Reflection is organized around the fields of power, culture and behavior, aimed at investigating the issue of the political arena and its relationship with political strategy. We discuss aspects related to political culture and structure, addressing and conceptualizing implementation strategies and political behavior. We highlight the historical processes that have marked the relationship between indigenous peoples, the church and the Brazilian government and focus on issues pertaining to culture and politics, interlinking them with political systems and languages, as well as the issue of political mediation and participation. Elements related to political and indigenous behavior are also discussed. In this context, we compile considerations on political objectivity and attitudes, which are related to cognitive aspects and political action. History and culture are also addressed, in addition to elements pertaining to differences.

L’objet de la présente étude est de comprendre comment une entité sociale devient partie prenante d’une entreprise. En effet, les différentes méthodes de détermination des parties prenantes sont critiquées sur leur portée heuristique. Une de ces nombreuses difficultés est leur incapacité à dire "qui" est partie prenante et "qui" ne l’est. Pour le dire autrement, la théorie des parties prenantes manque d’un critère de falsifiabilité. Dès lors, comprendre le processus par lequel une entité devient partie prenante revient implicitement à admettre que cette dernière au préalable ne l’est pas. De ce fait, étudier le processus par lequel un groupe d’individus devient partie prenante d’une entreprise revient à énoncer un critère de falsification puisqu’il devient possible de dire comment être partie prenante comment ne pas l’être. Telle est la problématique générale de ce projet de recherche.Pour comprendre ce processus, la réflexion part donc du postulat qu’une catégorie ne "nait" pas partie prenante mais le devient. La phase empirique de cette recherche repose sur une enquête multi cas. Trois entreprises sont étudiées. Les données traitées selon une analyse de contenu parviennent à faire ressortir une conception de l’entreprise comme nœud de quatre liens. Ces liens sont : un lien partenarial, un lien juridico-politique, un lien commercial et un lien sociétal. Selon le lien par lequel un individu ou un groupe d’individus est lié à l’organisation, il-cet individu- endosse un rôle particulier.Les personnes liées à l’entreprise par un lien partenarial sont des partenaires ou des contractants. Les individus liés à l’entreprise par le lien marchand sont des clients. Le lien juridico-politique met une personne en relation avec l’entreprise via des institutions judiciaires ou politiques. Les individus liés à l’entreprise par le lien sociétal sont des parties prenantes. Tout rôle étant provisoire, alors les individus sont provisoirement des parties prenantes. Le processus par lequel un groupe d’individus peut devenir partie prenante débute par la survenue d’un élément à enjeu (décision, comportement organisationnel). Le processus est aléatoire, imprévisible, contextuel et temporaire puisque tout acte de l’entreprise ne suscite pas de mobilisations. / The purpose of this study is to understand how a social entity becomes a stakeholder. The various methods of determining the stakeholders are criticized on their heuristic value. One of these problems is their inability to say "who" is a stakeholder and "who" is not. In other words, the stakeholder theory lacks a criterion of falsifiability. Therefore, understanding the process by which an entity becomes a stakeholder means that this entity is not a priori a stakeholder. Consequently, studying the process by which a group of individuals becomes a stakeholder of a company returns to state a criterion of falsification. This is the general problem of this research.To understand this process, it is said that any group cannot be considered at beginning as a stakeholder but it can become a stakeholder. The empirical phase is based on a multiple- case study. Three companies are studied. The study reveals three main results. First, the firm is seen as a four-relationship node. Second, all parties cannot be consider as stakeholders. Finally, according to the link through which an individual or group of individuals is related to the organization, it assumes a special role. These links are: the partnership relationship, the legal-political relationship, the commercial relationship and the societal relationship. Persons related to the company by a partnership relationship are partners. Individuals related to the company by the commercial relationship are clients. The legal and political relationship puts a person in connection with the company through legal or political institutions. Individuals related to the company by the societal relationship are stakeholders.The process by which a group of individuals can become stakeholders begins with the occurrence of an element in issue (decision, organizational behavior). The process is random, unpredictable, and temporary because any decision of a company do not cause mobilizations.

L’objet de la présente étude est de comprendre comment une entité sociale devient partie prenante d’une entreprise. En effet, les différentes méthodes de détermination des parties prenantes sont critiquées sur leur portée heuristique. Une de ces nombreuses difficultés est leur incapacité à dire "qui" est partie prenante et "qui" ne l’est. Pour le dire autrement, la théorie des parties prenantes manque d’un critère de falsifiabilité. Dès lors, comprendre le processus par lequel une entité devient partie prenante revient implicitement à admettre que cette dernière au préalable ne l’est pas. De ce fait, étudier le processus par lequel un groupe d’individus devient partie prenante d’une entreprise revient à énoncer un critère de falsification puisqu’il devient possible de dire comment être partie prenante comment ne pas l’être. Telle est la problématique générale de ce projet de recherche.Pour comprendre ce processus, la réflexion part donc du postulat qu’une catégorie ne "nait" pas partie prenante mais le devient. La phase empirique de cette recherche repose sur une enquête multi cas. Trois entreprises sont étudiées. Les données traitées selon une analyse de contenu parviennent à faire ressortir une conception de l’entreprise comme nœud de quatre liens. Ces liens sont : un lien partenarial, un lien juridico-politique, un lien commercial et un lien sociétal. Selon le lien par lequel un individu ou un groupe d’individus est lié à l’organisation, il-cet individu- endosse un rôle particulier.Les personnes liées à l’entreprise par un lien partenarial sont des partenaires ou des contractants. Les individus liés à l’entreprise par le lien marchand sont des clients. Le lien juridico-politique met une personne en relation avec l’entreprise via des institutions judiciaires ou politiques. Les individus liés à l’entreprise par le lien sociétal sont des parties prenantes. Tout rôle étant provisoire, alors les individus sont provisoirement des parties prenantes. Le processus par lequel un groupe d’individus peut devenir partie prenante débute par la survenue d’un élément à enjeu (décision, comportement organisationnel). Le processus est aléatoire, imprévisible, contextuel et temporaire puisque tout acte de l’entreprise ne suscite pas de mobilisations. / The purpose of this study is to understand how a social entity becomes a stakeholder. The various methods of determining the stakeholders are criticized on their heuristic value. One of these problems is their inability to say "who" is a stakeholder and "who" is not. In other words, the stakeholder theory lacks a criterion of falsifiability. Therefore, understanding the process by which an entity becomes a stakeholder means that this entity is not a priori a stakeholder. Consequently, studying the process by which a group of individuals becomes a stakeholder of a company returns to state a criterion of falsification. This is the general problem of this research.To understand this process, it is said that any group cannot be considered at beginning as a stakeholder but it can become a stakeholder. The empirical phase is based on a multiple- case study. Three companies are studied. The study reveals three main results. First, the firm is seen as a four-relationship node. Second, all parties cannot be consider as stakeholders. Finally, according to the link through which an individual or group of individuals is related to the organization, it assumes a special role. These links are: the partnership relationship, the legal-political relationship, the commercial relationship and the societal relationship. Persons related to the company by a partnership relationship are partners. Individuals related to the company by the commercial relationship are clients. The legal and political relationship puts a person in connection with the company through legal or political institutions. Individuals related to the company by the societal relationship are stakeholders.The process by which a group of individuals can become stakeholders begins with the occurrence of an element in issue (decision, organizational behavior). The process is random, unpredictable, and temporary because any decision of a company do not cause mobilizations.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux décisions de production des agriculteurs et plus particulièrement des producteurs de thé au Vietnam. Plus précisément, le Chapitre 1 donne un aperçu rapide de l’évolution observée dans le monde et au Vietnam. Le Chapitre 2 porte sur l’analyse de l'efficacité technique de la production de thé au Vietnam. Il permet de conclure que l'efficacité technique moyenne de la production de thé est très faible (seulement 41\%). Le Chapitre 3 de cette thèse présente un modèle théorique analysant les décisions d’agriculteurs dans le cadre d’une conversion à la production biologique. Il s'agit de déterminer les conditions optimales pour la conversion compte tenu des contraintes concernant l'allocation des terres pour les produits conventionnels et biologiques. Il montre notamment l'importance de (i) la quantité disponible de terres consacrées aux produits biologiques, (ii) la productivité de la technologie de production de produits biologiques, (iii) les mécanismes d'incitation et enfin (iv) les contraintes inhérentes à la production de produits biologiques. Le Chapitre 4 compare deux modèles économétriques, l'un avec une hétérogénéité individuelle non observable et l'autre sans hétérogénéité. Les résultats obtenus révèlent certains facteurs importants qui influent sur l'adoption des différentes variétés de thé: le revenu, la présence de personnages âgées au sein du ménage, la taille du ménage et l'usage d'engrais biologique. Le Chapitre 5, enfin, s'intéresse aux impacts des relations politiques sur le revenu total et le revenu issu de la production de thé des ménages. Nos résultats soulignent le rôle important des relations politiques sur l'amélioration des revenus des agriculteurs. / The aim of this thesis is to identify and investigate some limits regarding recent empirical and theoretical contributions in the field of farmers' behavior as related to tea production in Vietnam. Chapter 1 provides a quick overview about tea production in the world and in Vietnam. Chapter 2 in our thesis analyzes the technical efficiency of the tea production in Vietnam. This study finds that the average technical efficiency of tea production is very low (only about 41\%). Chapter 3 presents a theoretical model in order to figure out the farmer's decision to adopt for organic production. The decision concerns the allocation of lands for conventional and organic products.It shows the importance of (i) the available quantity of land devoted to agricultural plants, (ii) the productivity of the organic products, (iii) the incentive mechanism, and finally (iv) the constraints on output of organic products. In Chapter 4, we compared two version of econometric model: a model with household's unobserved heterogeneity and a model without unobserved heterogeneity. We found that the former model is preferred. The results revealed that some important factors which influence the adoption of tea varieties included tea income, presence of elderly, household size and use of organic fertilizers. In Chapter 5, we focus on investigating the impacts of political connections both farmer's total income and tea income. The findings indicate the significant role of political connection on improving farming households' income.