Katika kuangalia lugha ya Kiswahili, utaona kuwa uchaguzi wa lugha hii kama lugha ya taifa nchini Kenya na kama lugha ya taifa na lugha rasmi nchini Tanzania unatokana na mambo mengi ya kihistoria, kisiasa, kidini na hata kijamii. Mambo haya yamesaidia katika kukubalika kwa lugha hii na watu wengi katika nchi hizi na nchi nyinginezo ulimwenguni. Makala haya yananuiwa hasa kuangalia namna ambavyo vita mbalimbali vilivyosaidia katika uenezaji na ukuaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili katika ule makabala wa kuangalia historia ya Kiswahili.

朱宇晶. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-326) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhu Yujing.

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This diploma thesis deals with the famous controversy concerning interpretation of the French Revolution between Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke. This controversy is put into context with English debate on the revolution, which commenced with Price´s sermon (On the Love of our Country, 1789). Burke responded with his work Reflections on the revolution in France to that and subsequently Paine reacted with a text Rights of Man, in which he expounded his philosophy of the rights of man. The focus concentrates in the diverse interpretation of the concept of human rights with both authors.

吳昶興. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 191-245) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Wu Changxing. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 191-245) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

In this dissertation, the phrase 'Christian Citizen' refers to those Christians who possess a strong sense of identity, believing in Christianity and upholding the corresponding faith while fulfilling civic responsibility and loving one's country. Through gathering and investigating into the personal letters, works and reports and so on of Liu, this dissertation renders an in-depth exploration of Liu's analysis on national character, views on citizenship and his blueprint of the Civic Education Movement. More importantly, Liu did not resort to empty talk but walked the talk, integrating faith with daily life. Throughout his whole life, including, in the early days, the Career Guidance Movement and his work at the Y.M.C.A., his presidency at the University of Shanghai and fmally the righteous action in defending against Japanese invasion during the latter days, the quality of Liu, in being loyal to one's nation, displaying care and concern for the society, living out and walking one's faith whole-heartedly was evident. His life manifested the unification of the roles and functions of a Christian citizen of one's nation, with Christian citizenship vividly lived out. Special investigation would be made into a rarely noted work headed by Liu, Y.M.C.A.'s Civic Education Movement in the 1920s, under the slogan 'Saving Nation through Character'. The origins, effectiveness and characteristics of the Movement would be explored. This study concludes with revealing, through Liu's life, the characteristics of being a Christian citizen and examines the choice of the advocators of 'Saving Nation through Character'. / There is a saying: "One more Christian, one fewer Chinese". It implies a conflict between an Ascribed Identity (Chinese) and an Achieved Identity (Christian). The former is an inherited and irreversible blood relationship while the latter is acquired after birth, being a self-converted social role. Undeniably, conflict of identities brought about bewilderment and impact to Chinese Christians in late Qing and Early Republican eras, causing identity crisis. Role identification is a process of getting to know oneself in terms of cognition, attitude and behavior, affecting daily life and instilling meaning of life. Quite a number of researches in the past emphasized the mental struggle and torture suffered by Chinese Christians under the seemingly incompatibility of the two identities. However, identity crisis is by no means impossible to do away with or integrated. This research attempts to show that ascribed identity and achieved identity can be integrated harmoniously through identify negotiation. The case of Liu Zhan-en (1896--1938) clearly demonstrated roles of being a citizen on earth and that of heavenly kingdom need not be an either-or option. Christians are not only citizens of the eternal heavenly kingdom, but also contemporary citizens on earth. One can live in serving the Lord with piety while obeying legal requirements stipulated by the government. Devoted and sound citizenship could be harmoniously integrated to be 'Christian Citizen'. / 黃錦暉. / Adviser: Yuen Sang Leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-252). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Huang Jinhui.

何翰庭 = The life and thought of Liu Liang-mo, a Pro-Communist Christian / Ho Hon-ting Johnson. / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 105-119. / 中英文摘要. / He Hanting = The life and thought of Liu Liang-mo, a Pro-Communist Christian / Ho Hon-ting Johnson. / 論文撮要 --- p.ii / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章´Ø --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 硏究動機 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 硏究回顧略述 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 參考資料與硏究方法 / Chapter 第二章´Ø --- 劉良模的生平略述 --- p.16 / Chapter 第三章´Ø --- 劉良模的救國思想 --- p.23 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 引言 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 劉良模早期的改良思想 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 對共產黨的認識和支持 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 留美九年的經歷 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章´Ø --- 劉良模的教會改造思想 --- p.57 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 引言 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 中共建國前中國基督徒對政治的態度 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 劉良模對新中國的認同 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 劉良模的三自改造思想 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 劉良模與基督教的改造 / Chapter 六´Ø --- 劉良模的「基督教思想」 / Chapter 七´Ø --- 小結 / Chapter 第五章´Ø --- 總結 --- p.99 / Chapter 一 ´Ø --- 「紅色基督徒」在新政權中的作用 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 宗教信仰對劉良模的意義 / 參考資料 --- p.105 / 附錄 --- p.120 / 劉良模的生平照片 / 民眾歌詠會情況 / 三十年代基督教青年會舊址現貌 / 美國賓夕凡尼亞大學圖書館檔案部回覆筆者信函：關於劉良模的檔案

《北洋官报》于1902 年12 月创刊发行，至1912 年5 月随清王朝的覆灭而寿终正寝。纵观清末十年《北洋官报》的刊行，可见其应新政而生，又以报道和宣传新政为第一要务。本研究旨在透过《北洋官报》来看清末北洋新政。具体而言，首先要探讨的是作为新政喉舌的《北洋宮报》的创刊背景，即清末新政与北洋独特的政治文化;同时，也要梳理这份新式官报与晚清业已存在的报纸之间的文本联系。其次要具体探讨的是北洋官报局的局务，包括《官报》的发行、书籍为主的印刷业务的开展，以及"官纸印刷"的筹划与争论等。其三是《北洋官报》对新政的展示和宣传。其四是《北洋官报》在展示新政与启蒙民众过程中对日本的借鉴与推崇。通过以上四方面的研究，本论文主要探讨了《北洋官报》及官报局在北洋新政中的作用《官报》在展示新政、启蒙民智上所形成的官方新政话语和所体现的官方与非官方之间的互动关系，以及北洋与中央之间的复杂关系等。 / 就时间的划分而言， 1906 年之前，清末新政主要集中在经济、教育、军事等诸领域的改革， 1906 年之后转为以中央与地方推行的宪政改革为主要内容。依此，本论文讨论《北洋官报》对新政的展示和宣传就以1906 年为界，分为两个峙段:新政时期和宪政时代。前者侧重于《北洋官报》中的不同部分如何展示新政;后者侧重于从《官报》中看到的清末宪政推进情况。论文正文的末章则对宪政时代作详细论析。 / 综合言之， 《北洋官报》从其创刊之际，即与晚清的变局、北洋政治文化以及清末新政息息相关。《官报》为新政产物和应新政而生的同时，又以宣扬新政与开民智为己任，塑造了呈现于《官报》上的新政话语。作为官方报纸上的新政话语，并非纯然代表官方立场表达官方意志，而是既有官方的一面，又有非官方的一面，更有官方与非官方之间互动的一面。《官报》的语境既与一个多元与过渡的时代息息相关，同样，这个多元与过渡的时代也呈现在《宮报》的各种不同文本空间之中。体现在《北洋官报》中的北洋新政，在某种程度上也预示了北洋政治左右民初政局的现象，这是多元变化和过渡形态的一个方面。 / The Beiyang Gazette (Beiyang guanbao) published its first issue in December, 1902, and stopped publication in May, 1912, following the fall of the Qing Dynasty. From an overview of its ten-year publication and circulation, it is clear that the gazette was born to serve the late Qing reform, and publicizing and reporting on the reform became its top priority. This thesis aims at studying the reform through textual and contextual analyses of the Beiyang Gazette. In details, the author first investigates the background of the gazette as the mouthpiece of the reform, to understand the unique political culture of the reform under the Beiyang authorities in the late Qing. This study also traces the textual links between the new-style Beiyang Gazette and other contemporary newspapers. Second, the thesis examines the Bureau of the Beiyang Gazette in length. Details include the distribution of the gazette, the development of its book-based printing business, the controversy of "official paper" printing, and so forth. Third, the representation ofthe reform in the Beiyang Gazette is studied through textual analysis. Fourth, Japan as an enlightening model for the Chinese reform as portrayed in the Beiyang Gazette is discussed. In sum, the thesis examines the function of the Beiyang Gazette and its bureau in the Beiyang reform, the official discourse of the reformed in the gazette and its role in demonstrating the reform and enlightening the people, the interaction between the official and the unofficial realms, and the complicated relations between the Beiyang and the central governments, and other related topics. / It is found that the year 1906 was a watershed between two stages of the Beiyang reform. Before 1906, areas of the reform were mainly economy, education, military, etc. After 1906, the main concern was constitutional implementation by the central and local authorities. Chapter 6 of the thesis focuses on the second period and demonstrates in details the advancement of constitutional implementation. / In sum, the Beiyang Gazette was under the influence of the Beiyang political culture ever since it started publication. To serve the Beiyang authorities, the gazette took priority in publicizing the reform and enlightening the people. The reform discourse, as formed by the Beiyang Gazette, contained not only official, but also unofficial factors which interacted with each other. The context of the discourse had been closely related to the backdrop of an age of multiplicity and transition which was in turn represented in different textual spaces of the gazette. The Beiyang reform embodied in the Beiyang Gazette, to a certain extent, heralded the Beiyang politics that came to affect China for some time after 1911. This vicissitude can be seen as one dimension of the phenomenon of multiple changes in a transitional era. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 姜海龍. / Sumitted date: 2011年11月. / Sumitted date: 2011 nian11 yue. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-275) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Jiang Hailong. / Chapter 第一章 --- 绪论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一 --- 选题意义 --- p.1 / Chapter 二 --- 概念界说 --- p.4 / Chapter 三 --- 学术史回顾 --- p.6 / Chapter 一 --- 关于清末民初天津史的研究 --- p.6 / Chapter 二 --- 关于晚清报纸的研究 --- p.9 / Chapter 三 --- 清末《官报》的研究 --- p.15 / Chapter 四 --- 清末新政研究 --- p.16 / Chapter 四 --- 研究思路及史料支撑 --- p. 25 / 研究思路 --- p.25 / 论文所使用的史料 --- p.27 / Chapter 五 --- 研究方法与论文结构 --- p.28 / 研究方法 --- p.28 / 论文结构 --- p.28 / 论文大致内容 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 语境与文本: 《北洋官报》之创刊 --- p.35 / Chapter 第一节 --- 历史语境:《新政上谕》与《江楚会奏变法三折》之间 --- p.35 / 《新政上谕》的解读 --- p.35 / 《江楚会奏变法三折》的出台 --- p.38 / Chapter 第二节 --- 内陆码头式的北洋政治文化 --- p.41 / 内陆码头"北洋"政治地理版图的生成 --- p.41 / 内陆码头与北洋政治文化 --- p.45 / Chapter 第三节 --- 两种文本: 《京报》与《申报》 --- p.52 / 《京报》 :前官报形态? --- p.53 / 从《申报》到《北洋官报》 :官方的模仿和对抗? --- p.58 / Chapter 第四节 --- 《北洋官报》的创刊 --- p.65 / 《北洋官报》创办 --- p.65 / 北洋官报局的章程 --- p.67 / 晚清新式官报的起点? --- p.69 / Chapter 本章结语 --- p.70 / Chapter 第三章 --- 新政展示(1902-1906): 从文牍到新闻 --- p.71 / Chapter 第一节 --- 皇权秩序的"象征性存在" --- p.71 / Chapter 第二节 --- 文牍中的新政展示 --- p.76 / 从章奏到官文牍 --- p.76 / 文牍与新政 --- p.78 / 文牍中的袁世凯 --- p.85 / Chapter 第三节 --- 新闻中的"新政纪事" --- p.90 / 新政报道:文牍的延续 --- p.90 / 新政报道:与私家之报的共识 --- p.93 / Chapter 本章结语 --- p.98 / Chapter 第四章 --- 局:官方与非官方之间 --- p.101 / Chapter 第一节 --- 官报局:清末新政中的"局" --- p.101 / 晚清以来的"局" --- p.101 / 天津的"局" --- p.103 / 北洋官报局 --- p.111 / Chapter 第二节 --- 《官报》发行 --- p.113 / 首创《官报》派销模式 --- p.114 / 第一份邮发报纸 --- p.119 / Chapter 第三节 --- 兼营印刷出版业 --- p. 122 / 官方印刷与出版机构 --- p.122 / 官方书籍出版 --- p.126 / 官方与非官方之间 --- p.129 / Chapter 第四节 --- "官纸印刷"的争论 --- p.134 / 官纸印刷会详 --- p.134 / 咨议局对"官纸印刷"的驳议 --- p.142 / Chapter 本章结语 --- p.149 / Chapter 第五章 --- 日本因素 --- p.151 / 以日为师 --- p.151 / Chapter 第一节 --- 在印刷领域的借鉴与效仿 --- p.154 / 对《日本官报》的借鉴 --- p.154 / 印刷问答:中日官报局长的"面对面" --- p.157 / Chapter 第二节 --- 《官报》中的《日俄战纪》 --- p. 167 / 从《普法战纪》到《日俄战纪》 --- p. 167 / 从西电到西报 --- p.171 / 从新闻到新知 --- p.176 / Chapter 第三节 --- 日本新知 --- p.180 / 《官报》中的新知略述 --- p.181 / 日本新知 --- p.184 / Chapter 本章结语 --- p. 195 / Chapter 第六章 --- 宪政时代 --- p.197 / Chapter 第一节 --- 广告中的宪政 --- p.198 / Chapter 第二节 --- 文牍中的宪政--宪政编查馆 --- p.203 / Chapter 第三节 --- 文牍中的宪政--直隶地方自治 --- p.212 / Chapter 第四节 --- 新政纪闻中的"议会纪事" --- p.220 / 以选举为中心的展示 --- p.221 / 以议案为中心的展示 --- p.225 / Chapter 第五节 --- 变化 --- p.229 / 官报的变化 --- p.230 / 从部、周到议董两会 --- p.232 / Chapter 本章结语 --- p.240 / Chapter 第七章 --- 结语 --- p.242 / 新政与新政话语 --- p.242 / 官方与非官方之间 --- p.244 / 北洋与中央 --- p.249 / 附录 --- p.255 / Chapter 附录一 --- 《北洋官报序三》、《北洋官报序四》 --- p.255 / Chapter 附录二 --- 《北洋官报》所载京师风景插图 --- p.257 / Chapter 附录三 --- 《北洋官报》不同时期所登载的商务印书馆广告 --- p.264 / 参考文献 --- p.268

1Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, 2006). / Furthermore, differentiation of jades used among different social classes is also considered throughout these discussions. Finally, this research concludes with the discussion of the discourse of the existence of regional differences of jade from the Eastern Zhou period; the outcome of the "Restructuring" and the characteristics of jade excavated from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. This research is the only in-depth study of the Marquis Yi's jades known to date and should fill a major gap thirty years after their excavation. / Lothar von Falkenhausen proposed that a political movement occurred around 600 B.C., which resembled the Late Western Zhou Ritual Reform (circa 850 B.C.). He entitled this movement "the Middle Springs and Autumns Ritual Restructuring." 1 This "Restructuring" was advocated by a group of rulers of local polities who wished to strengthen their newly established kingdoms and reinstate social order through the restoration of religious and ritual ceremonies of the Western Zhou period. The "Restructuring" was characterized by a shift of social hierarchy and a change in religious content which had significant impact on people's lives in Eastern Zhou society. The main intention of this research is to find out the characteristics of jades from the Eastern Zhou Period and their relationship with the "Restructuring". / The focus and starting point of this study is a group of jades excavated from the tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (died 430 BC). This undisturbed tomb yielded nearly three hundreds pieces of jade; they were well preserved and were highly representative for their remarkable quality and workmanship. / The third section will look at the issues surrounding the use and understanding of archaic jades during this period. The "Restructuring" advocated the restoration of religious cult and ritual of Late Western Zhou period, which lead to the employment of archaic jade and motifs borrowed from bronzes as potent political symbol and legitimacy. The fourth section discusses the ways in which the emergence of new religious ideologies affected the manufacturing of jades for burial. The belief of the afterworld and the existence of soul affected the production of burial jades in terms of functions, form and style. These burial jades show that the religious transformation of the Qin and Han Dynasty was, in fact, originated during the Warring States Period. / This investigation proceeds from four major perspectives. The first section studies how the set of sumptuary rules in the ceremonial system established after the "Western Zhou Ritual Reform" have been restored by the ruling class after the "Restructuring". This research has revealed that a new ceremonial system has been established after the "Restructuring" to justify users' political and social status. The second section examines the changing roles of jade in everyday contexts after the "Restructuring", from the perspectives of its value, function, and significance in society. The research has shown that although the feudal system has collapsed gradually with rapid social mobilization, jades were mostly confined to the upper class during the entire Eastern Zhou period. Their marvelous craftsmanship and enormous size were used to display users' political power, extraordinary taste and wealth. / 邱嘉汶. / Adviser: Jenny F. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-315). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Qiu Jiawen.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1966 / Voorwoord: Dr Johan Philip, die eerste superintendent van die Londense Sending genootskap in Suid-Afrika. Rondom sy persoon is sedert sy dood in 1851 baie verhale en beelde gebou. In die dertig jaar van sy verblyf in Suid-Afrika was hy voortdurend in die nuus en dikwels die middelpunt van heftige geskille. Na sy dood is hy nog steeds die middelpunt van heftige meningsverskille en word sy naam dikwels gebruik om total verskillende standpunte te verdedig.