Le présent ouvrage cherche à démontrer comment le néo-populisme, un mouvement radical très populaire au cours de la Grande Dépression, se manifesta au Congrès des États-Unis lors des débats sur le New Deal ayant eu lieu de 1933 à 1935. Celui-ci préconisait des solutions drastiques à la Crise, soit une inflation massive, la saisie des grosses fortunes suivie de leur redistribution, ainsi que l'élimination d'une influence attribuée à Wall Street et à l'Europe sur le gouvernement fédéral, dans le but de restaurer la prospérité et de sauvegarder les bases traditionnelles du rêve américain. À la suite d'une consultation attentive du Congressional Record, il semble probable que le discours néo-populiste des parlementaires, directement inspiré de l'argumentaire populiste datant de la fin du XIXème siècle, traduisait surtout les craintes latentes de la classe politique devant le programme interventionniste du New Deal qui modifiait durablement les relations entre les Américains et leur gouvernement. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2014

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 26 avril 2023) / Ce mémoire de maitrise étudie les ancrages permettant aux discours politiques d'être diffusés à travers le globe, et ce, sans perdre de référents. Cette capacité apparente qu'a le message de voyager introduit plusieurs questions sur la nature de ces référents culturels qui semblent partagées. Inspirés par les écrits de Jacques Ellul et Michel Freitag, nous posons que cette intercompréhension serait due à une nouvelle homogénéité culturelle. En effet, la diffusion du néolibéralisme aurait eu pour effet d'intégrer en son sein les différentes cultures en les rendant congruentes avec son mode de fonctionnement et ses valeurs. De cette dynamique d'homogénéisation émergerait une série de valeurs partagées à travers le globe que Jacques Ellul qualifie de techniciennes. C'est donc en jumelant la théorie ellulienne de la société technicienne à la théorie du cadrage informationnelle de Robert Entman que ce mémoire étudie l'utilisation du cadrage technicien dans les des discours argumentatifs prononcés par George W. Bush pendant sa présidence. Pour répondre à la question de recherche « Dans quelle mesure l'administration de George W. Bush utilise-t-elle les mythes propres à la société technicienne ellulienne dans les discours prononcés par le président durant son mandat ? », un modèle thématique et une analyse par dictionnaire sont effectués. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l'omniprésence du cadrage technicien dans ces discours. En effet, bien que les périodes de crise soient marquées par une augmentation de l'utilisation du cadrage technicien, celui-ci est également utilisé dans les communications gouvernementales afin de décrire et justifier de nouvelles législations et de nouveaux investissements. Ce recours récurrent au cadrage technicien constitue le point de départ de notre réflexion sur le caractère idéologique des communications gouvernementales, et ce, malgré une prétention d'objectivité.

En 1989, la politique du gouvernement progressiste-conservateur de Brian Mulroney vis-à-vis de l’Union soviétique se trouve à la croisée des chemins. La politique réformatrice de Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, arrivé à la tête de l’URSS en 1985, provoque un changement de politique de ce gouvernement, réclamé à plusieurs reprises par les parlementaires de l’Opposition. Lors du premier semestre de 1990, les parlementaires canadiens conduisent une vaste étude sur l’avenir des relations entre le Canada et l’Europe, Union soviétique incluse. Si la philosophie générale des conclusions de cette étude diffère de celle de la politique choisie par le gouvernement Mulroney, ce dernier reprend une partie des recommandations des parlementaires. La fin de l’année 1990 marque le début du dépassement de la guerre froide et d’une coopération Est-Ouest renouvelée que les parlementaires canadiens approuvent. Toutefois, l’année 1991 voit se succéder plusieurs crises sur lesquelles ils doivent prendre position et, par la suite, mesurer les conséquences de la dissolution à plus ou moins brève échéance de l’Union soviétique au cours des derniers mois de 1991. Au cours de leurs débats, deux options se font face : suivre une politique semblable à celle des États-Unis ou bien remettre en valeur la tradition internationaliste et multilatérale de la politique étrangère canadienne.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012

En 1999 et 2002, deux marées noires causées par les naufrages des pétroliers Erika et Prestige ont révélé les limites de l’auto-régulation de l’industrie maritime. Au cours des années 2000, les institutions européennes ont réagi à ces désastres en plaçant le problème de la prévention des accidents en mer parmi leurs priorités. Comment expliquer qu’un enjeu aussi technique que la sécurité maritime ait fait l’objet d’un tel traitement alors que des décisions majeures devaient être prises concernant, notamment, l’élargissement et la constitutionnalisation de l’Union européenne? Quels résultats les changements adoptés ont-ils permis d’atteindre? Par l’utilisation de la technique du suivi de processus, l’explication historique proposée dans cette étude de cas souligne l’importance de la séquence des évènements et de la stratégie des acteurs dans le processus de politisation : le fait que le Prestige ait coulé au moment où les mesures prises à la suite de l’Erika venaient d’être mises en application a légitimé les propositions de la Commission Prodi en faveur d’une meilleure maîtrise de la mondialisation. En s’inspirant des travaux d’Ostrom relatifs à la gouvernance des biens communs, à la coordination et à la polycentricité, l’analyse des changements se structure autour du concept d’adaptation. Par la déclinaison d’engagements crédibles, l’adaptation vise la mise en cohérence des activités cognitives relatives à l’apprentissage et des activités de redistribution des ressources. La comparaison du contenu des politiques entre le début et la fin des années 2000 montre la plus-value d’une agence de régulation, l’Agence européenne pour la sécurité maritime, pour accroître les capacités adaptatives du système de politiques. Depuis son commencement en 2002, l’agencification a en effet impliqué la mise en place d’instruments sophistiqués de suivi, le renforcement des capacités de mise en œuvre des politiques par les administrations nationales et la valorisation de données probantes pour justifier la contrainte envers les États membres et les acteurs économiques privés ne respectant pas les engagements européens. Un mode de coordination nouveau se dessinerait en filigrane de ces changements de politiques, une coordination basée sur le partage de l’expertise et servant l’européanisation des politiques publiques. / In 1999 and 2002, oil spills caused by tankers Erika and Prestige have revealed the limits of self-regulation of the maritime industry. During the 2000s, the European institutions have responded to these policy failures by placing the problem of maritime safety among their top priorities. How to explain that such a « hard issue » has been set up to the European agenda while major decisions should be made, particularly concerning the enlargement and the constitutionalisation of the European Union? What are the results achieved thanks to these policy changes? By using process tracing, historical explanation highlights how the sequence of events (the wrecking of the Prestige when several post-Erika measures came into force) legitimised the strategy of the Prodi Commission dedicated to a better management of globalization. Given the insights of Ostrom’s work on Commons governance, coordination and polycentricity, adaptation is the key concept of the proposed analysis. Adaptation is a process by which credible commitments are taken and discrepancies between learning and redistributive activities are minimized. Comparing policy designs at the beginning and at the end of the 2000s shows the added value of a regulatory European agency, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), for increasing the adaptive capacity of a policy subsystem. During that period, agencification went with the creation of sophisticated monitoring tools, a more systematic use of evidences in the enforcement of European law, and generally speaking the strengthening of Member States’ implementation capabilities. In this transnational regulatory network, coordination results from sharing and discussing expertise.

Ce mémoire vise à mesurer l’influence des acteurs externes de la reconstruction sur l’élaboration et l’orientation des politiques de santé du gouvernement transitoire afghan, dans le secteur de la réduction de la mortalité maternelle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons étudié les relations qui ont pris place entre le ministère de la santé afghan et les acteurs externes de la reconstruction pendant la période transitoire. Nous avons catégorisé nos observations et nos données en suivant un modèle de typologie pour déterminer les caractéristiques des relations. Une fois celles-ci identifiées, nous avons cherché à savoir si ces rapports permettaient le cheminement de l’influence. Nous avons ensuite effectué une recherche de perspectives critiques sur la reconstruction pour nuancer nos conclusions. Les résultats de ce mémoire démontrent que l’influence exercée par les acteurs externes sur le secteur de la santé maternelle est relativement élevée en Afghanistan. / This thesis measures the influence external actors in the reconstruction of Afghanistan have on the development and orientation of the transitory government's policies regarding maternal mortality rates. The research is based on a study of the relationships that emerged between the health ministry and external actors in the reconstruction during the transition period. Observations and data were categorized using a typology model to determine the nature of the relationships. Once categorized, the relationships were examined to determine the level of influence between both parties. Finally, a broad range of critiques of reconstruction efforts were considered to inform reached conclusions. This thesis concludes external actors have a high degree of influence on the health policies of the Afghan government.

To date, few scholars have addressed the internal dynamics of transnational advocacy networks (TANs) and their impact on the production of international norms. The lack of research on the topic seems rather surprising at a time when constructivists produce literature on the significance of global civil society and the role networks play in processes of recruitment and collective identity construction (Crugel 1999; Keck and Sikkink 1998; Boli and Thomas 1999; Anheier et al. 2001; Taylor and Rupp 2001; Keane 2003; Bob 2005). I cover this gap by looking at how power struggles between the international and the local members of a TAN shape the implementation of international norms in post-conflict settings. The purpose of the thesis is twofold: firstly to contribute to a broader literature on global civil society and secondly, to propose a new, more dynamic account on the life-cycle of international norms. The campaign for the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security presents an ideal case study. First, it is one of the most successful stories of global norm creation and diffusion thanks to the advocacy efforts of non-state actors. Second, it also shows a case of policy gridlock, where the international efforts to bettering the situation of women in non-Western settings through an implicit liberal normative teleology have shown their limits by the socializee’s formal acceptance of the framework and informal resistance to the dominant norm. Based on extensive fieldwork, my approach combines feminist research methodology (Bar On 1993; Devault 1990; Pillow 2003; Taylor 2000), with the reflexive approach advocated by qualitative researchers in post-colonial and post-structuralist studies (Said 1978; Butler 1990; Escobar 1995). I conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with women activists during 4 field visits in Bujumbura (Burundi) and Monrovia (Liberia) between 2012 and 2013. Following discourse analysis theory (Shepherd 2008; Hansen 2006) and using NViVo8, the interviews were systematically analysed with regard to the reasons they put forward to explain their engagement in the women’s movement and the type of rights they sought to accomplish. The research is conducted through a relational approach in which the interactions of agents are affected by 1) a diversity of structural opportunities through three mechanisms: brokerage, gatekeeping and diffusion and, 2) a compound of ideas forming the master-frame. Those two, in turn, modify interests and identities, both understood as outputs and not as variables determining the interactions of agents. I show how a certain discourse on gender security became accepted as the master frame of the campaign, and how other discourses were left out. That is, I show how discourses created boundaries and identities amongst actors, and how these actors used their agency to stretch those boundaries and identities in order to steer other activists to move towards certain behaviour. Building upon my empirical findings, the thesis sets out a theoretical model of identity boundaries stretching and adaptation in order to analyse the discursive construction of identity and subjectivity as political action. It develops the concept of rebound effect, that is, the point where the ideational boundaries between the thrower of the boomerang (issue entrepreneur) and the receiver (issue follower) are so impervious that the boomerang bounces back and never reaches its destination. I found out that norms based on a liberal peacebuilding approach such as UNSCR1325 are created and maintained by a failure to engage with local and grassroots movements (Richmond 2013). This, in turn, contributes to a process of de-legitimization of NGOs and local associations who form the TAN vis-à-vis the affected population. My findings have important implications for international relation theories of global governance and global activism since they provided a critique of the mainstream norm’s cascade model by introducing new temporalities and geographies in the analysis of the life-cycle of international norms. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation departs from the common understanding that the democratic challenge is to strike the right balance between security and democracy; rather it asserts that the relations between security and democracy are discursively constructed by political actors. The dissertation takes as case study a state where the security discourse has been acute and omnipresent since the very beginning of its establishment: Israel. Drawing on discourse theory premises and narrative analyses, the research enlightens how the security-democracy nexus is articulated in political discourse. The study offers a careful analysis of a set of debates held within the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, over laws and decisions taken in the name of security and that generated discussions over democratic values and principles. The main focus of the analysis is the post-second intifada laws, but the study also offers account of previous discursive articulations at play in the 1980s. Indeed, the understanding of the discursive articulations of the security democracy nexus would not be possible without digging into the roots of its discursive articulations. The overall work gives a detailed account of the way the dominant narrative, by articulating security and democracy in a "defensive democracy" story, has reproduced and reshaped the boundaries of the Israeli polity. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The EU’s Trade Relations with China (1975-2008): <p>A Linkage Power at Work?<p><p>(Summary)<p><p>The central aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the EU’s power, in particular in its external trade relations/negotiations. Our hypothesis is that the EU is a distinctive kind of linkage power, defined as an actor relying on linkage as a crucial modus operandi in its external relations. We explored how, to what extent and in which distinctive ways the EU is such a linkage power. <p>Our analysis was based on three logically interrelated concepts – power resources, linkage and linkage power. Linkage refers to a leveraging strategy, with an aim of packaging relevant power resources, so as to increase leverage in bargaining, or more generally attain a policy objective. I identified seven types of linkages that the EU used: political-economic issue linkage, economic-economic issue linkage, conditionality, contextual linkage, linkage with a third party, cognitive linkage and synergistic linkage. Linkage can hardly work without proper power resources. The latter, as Dahl (1970) defined, refers to all the resources-opportunities, acts, objects etc – that an actor can exploit in order to affect the behaviour of another. So, linkage is a bridge between power resources and impacts – meaning affecting or changing the behaviour of another party. By putting linkage and power together, we created a new term – “linkage power”, referring to a power based on linkages. The EU, the US, China or any other power can all be such labelled, though these actors may diverge in power resources, linkage strategies and the variables affecting linkage effectiveness. When applying such an analytical framework to the EU, we gave particular attention to the implications of the EU’s sui generis nature on its linkage power.<p>Our case study is the EU’s trade relations with China (1975-2008), which were punctuated by two critical historical junctures – the Tian’anmen Square Incident in 1989 and the EU-China Textile Crisis in 2005. In 1975, The EEC’s successful strategy by linking political issues (Europe-China balancing the Soviet Union and recognising China’s sovereignty over Taiwan) with economic issues (signing the EEC-China Trade Agreement) played a crucial role in securing the establishment of diplomatic relations between the EEC and China. Different types of linkages were then applied to the EEC’s negotiations with Beijing on the 1978 Trade Agreement and the 1979 textile agreement, which effectively prompted the Chinese side to agree to the EU’s terms.<p>Immediately after the 1989 Tian’anmen Square Incident, the EC imposed economic sanctions with an aim of coercing China to accept Western world’s human rights conditions. This linkage did not last long or pay off due to divergent political and economic interests among the Member States and the EC’s institutional handicaps (foreign policy competence was largely in the hands of Member States, collective foreign policy action was non-binding), and soon de-linked.<p>Having realised that confrontational approach did not work well, the EC/EU and its Member States started to change their China policies in 1993-95. The period of 1993-2004 witnessed the EC/EU’s power through partnership. The strategic partnership was seen as a complex of different pairs of issue linkages, ranging from political-strategic issues to economic and human rights issues. The partnership, once established, had fostered new linkages and consolidated old ones. China’s WTO accession was seen as a once-in-a-century opportunity for the EU to exercise linkage through conditionality, so as to extract market access concessions from the Chinese side. Moreover, by linking with China could the European Commission garnered international support for advancing the Galileo project within the Union and ward off some of the US pressure in 2003. <p>The Year 2005 was singled out since an unprecedented trade row on textiles broke out, confronting the EU against China’s export prowess resulting from globalisation and China’s WTO accession. Linkages were used as a predominant strategy to help the EU to persuade and press the Chinese side firstly accept voluntary export restrictions and then share the burden of allowing the blocked textiles in European ports to be released. In 2006-08, the trade deficit problem emerged, coupled with a series political spats between Europe (France and Germany) and Beijing on the Tibet issue. As the EU-China honeymoon was over, the Commission toughened its approach towards China. Although linkage was again used to redress the trade deficit, its effects were not satisfactory, as the EU power resources were eroded. <p>Our conclusions are (1) linkage is a crucial modus operandi in the EU’s internal bargain and its external relations with China; (2) Linkage was generally effective vis-à-vis China, but with variations, either over time or across different linkage types; (3) The EU is a sui generis linkage power, resulting from its institutional characteristics and heterogeneity of interests among the Commission and Member States. We find that the EU’s increased institutionalisation (both regional and bilateral) and competences generally facilitated its use of linkage strategies. The EU’s sui generis structure and its internal interest divergences have mixed implications on its linkage effectiveness. On one hand, the EU’s linkage power was weakened accordingly. But on the other, the Commission could tactically make use of some Member State government’s row with Beijing and advance its own economic agenda (such as the EU-China High-level Economic and Trade Dialogue, HED). Moreover, our research also confirmed Andrew Moravcsik’s argument that issue linkage is more easily made within an issue-area than across issue-areas. But we differ from him on the reason behind that. We find that this was largely attributable to the EU’s pillar structure and competence divisions. <p>The theoretical contributions include: (1) Linkage power provides a distinctive prism to look into the EU’s concrete strategies in internal bargains, and external commercial negotiations. Linkage serves as a crucial strategy for the EU to handle its relations with a far-abroad country like China, including establishing diplomatic relations, negotiating trade deals, forging strategic partnerships and holding high-level dialogue. (2) Giving some insights to the EU’s actorness. We find that the EU, though institutionally not a unitary actor, was somehow able to present its power to the extent like a sovereign state on some occasions using linkage strategies. (3) Contributing to the understanding of the EU’s means to spread its governance model. We find that the EU’s norm-setting goals have often been achieved through non-normative ways – such as interest exchange and trade-off, and other deliberate ways of persuasion and even coercion, mainly based on linkage. (4) Shedding light on the interactions between the Commission and the Member State governments and on the Commission’s autonomy in external trade relations. <p> Two future directions of research have been identified: (1) comparative studies: the EU’s linkage practices vis-à-vis the US, Russia and middle powers, or other actors’ linkage strategies vis-à-vis China; (2) post-Lisbon linkage strategies used by the EU. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The thesis poses the question of how one can stabilize a state through external intervention without destabilizing sovereignty. The study critically examines the justifications for international and regional interventions in the cases of Liberia and Burundi through a social constructivist framework. The main objective of the thesis is to enhance the understanding of how sovereignty is interpreted during non-aggressive interventions, both from a theoretical perspective through analysis of official discourses and from a practical perspective through interviews with external and internal actors in the field. The thesis argues that it may be more fruitful for future studies to question the aim of these interventions, rather than ask how to improve them. The study finds that rather than reinforce the sovereignty, these interventions neutralize states subject to external intervention in the sense that they become dependent on external capacity to maintain their stability, thereby maintaining peace and order in the international arena. The conclusion is that these interventions remain both controversial and paradoxical and the stated aim of reinforcing the state's sovereignty is questionable at best. / Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished