Chan Kwan-ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Contents --- p.vi / List of figures and tables --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The effect of pollutants on the genetic materials of aquatic organisms --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Response of individual to genotoxicants --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Effects of genotoxicants on population structure --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Application of genetic markers in monitoring water pollution --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- DNA adduct --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Micronucleus --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- DNA strand breaks --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Test organisms for comet assay --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objective of the present study --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Genotoxicity of pollutants on Hyale crassicornis / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sampling of amphipods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Acclimation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Acute toxicity test --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- The effect of test duration on DNA damage --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Effect of toxicants on DNA damage --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Comet assay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Chemicals --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Data analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Genotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide on different tissue types of Metapenaeus ensis / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection and acclimation of shrimps --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Incubation --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Comet Assay --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Chemicals --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Data analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Genotoxicity of wastewater on Hyale crassicornis / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Collection of wastewater samples --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Metal content analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Genotoxic effect of wastewater samples on Hyale crassicornis --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Chemicals --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Metals content in water samples --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- DNA damage --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.89 / References --- p.91

Tang Wai Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-220). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter One --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Marine pollution in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contamination of sediments --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Metals contamination in coastal sediments in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Other contaminants in sediments --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Sediment toxicity assessment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Fish as examples for the measurement of biological responses to contaminants --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Biomarkers for toxicity assessment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Metallothionein (MT) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Vitellogenin (Vtg) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Enzyme biomarkers: Alanine transaminase (ALT); aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- DNA damage detected by the comet assay --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Multi biomarkers for sediment toxicity assessments --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter Two --- "Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Trace Organics in Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sediment collection --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Treatment of sediment samples --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Acid wash of apparatus --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Acid digestion of sediment sample --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Sequential extraction of heavy metals in sediment samples --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Heavy metals measurement --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Trace organic measurement in sediments --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Concentrations of total Metals in sediments --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Speciation of metals in sediments --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Metal abundance in different fractions of sediment --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Concentrations of trace organic in sediments --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Results summary --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Comparison with international standards --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Comparison with international studies of coastal sediments --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of the present study with other studies concerning Hong Kong coastal sediments --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Three --- "Heavy Metals Accumulation in Tissues of Tilapia Exposed to Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour, and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection and treatment of coastal sediments --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sediment exposure tests with Tilapia --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Dissection of fish samples --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Acid digestion of fish samples --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Metal accumulation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Dose, duration and source of sediments affecting metals uptake" --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Results summary --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Site comparison --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Safety limits --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter Four --- "Expression of Biomarker Genes (MT, CYP1 A, Vtg) in Tissues of Male Tilapia After Eexposure to Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample collection --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of apparatus --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- mRNA expression analysis --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Isolation of RNA --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Reverse transcription --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Real time PCR --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Vitellogenin (Vtg) --- p.120 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistics analysis --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- MT mRNA expression in tissues of male Tilapia exposed to sediments --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- CYP1A mRNA expression in tissues of male Tilapia exposed to sediments --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Vtg expression in tissues of male Tilapia exposed to sediments --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Dose and time dependent relationships --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Results summary --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Correlation of MT and CYP1A expression with metals uptake in gills and liver --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- MT as a biomarker of metals exposure --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- CYP1A as a biomarker of trace organics exposure --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Real-time PCR --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Vtg as a biomarker of xenoestrogen exposure --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter Five --- "Expression of Enzyme Biomarkers (ALT, AST and CK) in Tissues of Male Tilapia After Exposure to Coastal Sediments Collected From Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Samples collection --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Creatine kinase (CK) --- p.152 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- ALT --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- AST --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- CK in gills --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- CK in muscle --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- "Dose, duration and source of sediments affecting metals uptake" --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Results summary --- p.169 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.169 / Chapter Chapter Six --- "DNA Damage in Liver of Male Tilapia After Exposure to Coastal Sediments Collected from Victoria Harbour, Deep Bay, Tolo Harbour and Lai Chi Wo" --- p.174 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.174 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Samples collection --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Tissue Preparation --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) Assay --- p.176 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Image analysis --- p.177 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.178 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.180 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.187 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.190 / Chapter 7.1 --- General discussion --- p.190 / Chapter 7.2 --- Conclusion --- p.198 / References --- p.199 / Appendix --- p.221

Positive associations between short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution and cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality have been established in epidemiologic studies. However, scientific uncertainties remain regarding which PM constituents and sources are most harmful to the exposed population. While tentative evidence of positive links between certain PM constituents and sources with specific health outcomes exists, significant heterogeneity in study findings remains. The chemical composition and emission source of air pollution vary not only temporally, but also geographically. Thus, substantial research on these characteristics under different atmospheres (e.g., Asian atmosphere) is warranted to enhance our understanding of PM-related health effects. / In Hong Kong, air pollution levels often exceed the World Health Organization’s air quality guidelines, posing serious public health threat. Although two decades of active research have associated PM mass (weights) concentration in Hong Kong with elevated risk of daily mortality and emergency hospital admissions, individual chemical constituents and sources responsible for the adverse health effects associated with PM mass have rarely been examined. This thesis attempted to reduce the current scientific uncertainty by making use of the speciation data for PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM₁₀) to examine the associations between chemical constituents and daily cardio-respiratory emergency hospital admissions in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2008. It also capitalized on Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionment model to create an alternative measure of PM concentrations that quantified the relative contribution of PM₁₀ sources. This enabled the assessment of health risks associated with exposure to particle mixture from specific sources. / Time-series analyses conducted in this work showed evidence of positive links of emergency hospitalizations with multiple PM₁₀ constituents for various exposure lags examined. In multipollutant models adjusting for gaseous co-pollutants, three groups of constituents were significantly associated with increased risk of cause-specific hospitalizations. They included: combustion-related constituents (i.e., elemental carbon, organic matter, potassium ion, manganese, nitrate ion, arsenic, lead), sea salt-related constituents (i.e., sodium ion, chloride ion, magnesium), and constituents related to soil/road dust (i.e., aluminum, iron). Significant associations were most evident between November to April. PMF model identified eight PM₁₀ sources: 1) vehicle exhaust, 2) soil/road dust, 3) regional combustion, 4) residual oil, 5) fresh sea salt, 6) aged sea salt, 7) secondary nitrate, and 8) secondary sulfate. Health effect analysis demonstrated that all PM₁₀ sources, except fresh sea salt, were positively associated with emergency hospitalizations. Combustion-related sources were positively associated with risk of cardiovascular hospitalizations at shorter cumulative lags than with respiratory hospitalization. Sources that primarily generate coarser particles (i.e., soil/road dust and aged sea salt) were linked to respiratory hospitalizations at shorter cumulative lags than combustion sources that emit fine particles, which were associated with respiratory hospitalization at delayed cumulative lags. / This work may help prioritize future toxicological research on the biologic mechanisms linking PM pollution to cardio-respiratory health. It also stresses the importance of regulation and reduction of traffic and other combustion-related emissions, reconfiguration of urban environment to reduce personal exposure to traffic emissions, as well as establishment of a coordinated and robust regional-scale air quality management plan. Constituent- and source-based air quality standards and policy strategies should be considered, supplementary to standards for total PM mass (e.g., PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅), to effectively protect the population from air pollution mixture. For example, policy measures aiming at controlling anthropogenic sources of coarse particles (e.g., soil/road dust, precursor gases for atmospheric conversion of aged sea salt) should be advisable. / 以往流行病學研究已經建立大氣懸浮顆粒（PM）污染短期暴露和心血管﹑呼吸系統疾病的發病率以及死亡率之間的關聯，但仍然不能確定究竟那種PM化學成分和排放源對暴露人群最有害。初步證據已經顯示了個別PM化學成分和排放源與某些疾病的相關聯，但是，現今研究結果之間依然存在顯著差異。此外，顆粒污染物的化學成分和排放源會隨地理空間不同而變化，因此有必要在不同地域的大氣環境下（如亞洲）進行研究，從而提高我們對PM影響健康的認識。 / 香港的空氣質量常超過世界衛生組織規定的可接受空氣質量標準，空氣污染已經成為一個嚴重的公共衛生問題。香港二十年的空氣污染研究已顯示PM質量濃度會增加死亡率和緊急入院的風險，然而仍然缺乏PM化學成分和排放源對健康影響的研究。本港環境保護署擁有十多年連續測量的可吸入懸浮粒子（PM₁₀）成分數據，因此本論文利用這數據與公共衛生數據來填補這個學術空白。具體的，本論文探索香港2001年至2008年間的PM化學成分與期間每日心血管和呼吸系統緊急入院的關聯。本論文還利用正交矩陣因子分解法（PMF），即大氣顆粒物的源解析技術，進行顆粒源分離，已建立替代單元以分別代表PM₁₀不同排放源的相對貢獻建立一個替代措施量化PM₁₀的成分中不同來源相對的貢獻，最終評估暴露於特定來源的PM₁₀混合成分的健康風險。 / 本文中的時間序列分析研究結果表明緊急入院率與多個PM化學成分在不同的暴露滯後時間上均存在正關聯。本論文的多種污染物時間序列的模型對氣體的共污染性進行了控制，研究發現以下三种顆粒物對某些具體疾病的緊急入院風險有顯著增加︰燃燒有關的顆粒（即︰碳元素，有機物，鉀離子，錳，硝酸根離子，砷，鉛），與海鹽有關的顆粒（即︰鈉離子，氯離子，鎂），以及與土壤/道路粉塵有關的顆粒（即︰鋁，鐵），這種相關性在寒冷的季節更為明顯（即每年的11月至4月）。PMF鑑定了八個PM₁₀的排放源或排放組合，包括︰1）汽車排氣，2）土壤/道路粉塵，3）區域燃燒產物，4）渣油，5）鮮海鹽，6）陳海鹽，7）二次硝酸鹽，和8）二次硫酸鹽。分析發現，除鮮海鹽外，其他PM₁₀的排放源與緊急入院呈正關係。研究顯示與燃燒有關的排放源能增加即時因心血管疾病緊急入院的風險，而主要含有粗顆粒的排放源能增加即時呼吸系統疾病緊急入院的風險，且在作用時間上比燃燒排放源（主要含有細顆粒）的危害更快。 / 本論文所提供的研究成果有助於重新定位未來有關空氣污染與心肺健康的生物學機制毒理學研究方向。研究結果強調監管和降低交通以及其他有關燃燒排放的重要性，利用合理城市環境結構及配置來減少居民暴露交通空氣污染的風險，以及建立區域性的空氣質量管理計劃。此外，本研究還建議除了PM質量濃度（如PM₁₀和PM₂.₅）的空氣質量標準以外，針對PM化學成分和排放源的空氣質量標準也應加以考慮，以有效地保護居民免受空氣污染的危害，例如，應考慮有關粗顆粒（如土壤/道路麈和前驅氣體）的人為來源的政策措施。 / Pun, Chit. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-133). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 18, October, 2016). / Pun, Chit. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

There are two parts in this study. The first part is to test the validity of the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium between fine particulate (PM2.5) nitrate and ammonium and gas-phase nitric acid (HNO3(g)) and ammonia (NH3(g)). A rough estimation of the characteristic time to achieve thermodynamic equilibrium is first carried out, which suggests that PM2.5 and gas-phase species are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Then equilibrium is tested by calculating the equilibrium concentrations of HNO3(g) and NH3(g) implied by the PM2.5 inorganic composition, temperature and relative humidity observed at the Atlanta Supersite 1999 using ISORROPIA model. The second part of this study is to analyze the ground-level ozone pollution precursor relationships in Hong Kong area. Characteristics of O3 precursors are explored. Trace gases NO and CO, VOCs, absorption coefficient, temperature and solar radiation are associated with the O3 formation. Specific VOC and VOC-sources that contribute most to the formation of photochemical smog are identified. The accuracy of pollutant emission inventories for Hong Kong and PRD region is also assessed. Combined with back trajectory information, dCO/dNOy is used to define whether O3 is locally or regionally occurred. An OBM is used to investigate the relative benefits of various emission-control strategies. Generally the formation of O3 throughout much of Hong Kong area is limited by VOC, in which reactive aromatics are dominant.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

Szeto Tsz Kwan Leo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Heavy metals contaminations in Shing Mun River --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of copper regulation and role of liverin copper metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Role of copper --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Toxicity due to unbalanced copper regulation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Function of liver in copper detoxification --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Aims and rationale of this research --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Heavy metal concentrations of tilapia samples collected from Shing Mun River --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Sampling sites - Fo Tan and Siu Lek Yuen Nullah --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Tilapia samples collected from the sites --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Tilapia as a study model --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Bioavailability of heavy metals in water --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Metal content in liver --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Aim of this chapter --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Collection of control and field samples --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Heavy metal concentrations determination --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Homogenization of liver cells --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Subcellular fractionation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of copper and zinc content in each subcellular fraction --- p.253 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Physical data --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Metal concentrations in liver and muscle --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Copper and zinc subcellular distribution in liver cell --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Difference in metal concentration between sites --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Copper contamination in water and fish organ (muscle and liver) from the Shing Mun River --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of metal content in muscle and liver at Fo Tan site with previous studies --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Copper and zinc concentrations in the liver of tilapia --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Copper and zinc sebcellular distribution in the liver of tilapia --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Column chromatography of hepatic proteins from tilapias --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- Transport of metals from circulatory system to liver --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Copper transporting plasma proteins in vertebrates --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Copper uptake into hepatocytes --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Intracellular metabolism of copper --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Mechanism of copper toxicity following excess accumulation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Aim of this chapter --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Purification of liver cytosolic proteins by gel-filtration column chromatography --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Copper content detection in elution --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Analysis of peaks from elution profile using tricine gel SDS PAGE --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Gel-filtration liquid chromatography elution profiles --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- SDS PAGE analysis of peaks in elution profiles --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Comparison of gel filtration profiles of sample liver cytosol between sites and sexes --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Possible proteins in peaks found in the gel filtration profiles --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Common copper-indeced proteins --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Two-dimensional electrophoresis of hepatic cutosol of tilapias caught from Shing Mun River and copper-treated HEPA T1 cell --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The need of ´بin vitro' experiment --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Choice of cell line --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Aim of this chapter --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- HEPA T1 cell cultivation --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Copper exposure of HEPA T1 cell --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Subcellular protein extraction of the copper-treated HEPA T1 cells --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Bicinchoninic Acidic (BCA) Protein Assay --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Graphical presentation of spots observed on 2-dimensional gel of field samples and copper-injected samples --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Graphical presentation of spots detected on 2-dimensional gel of HEPAT1 cells --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison of matched spots on 2-dimensional gels among control and copper-treated HEPAT1 cells --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Comparison of the spot patterns between field sample and copperOtreated HEPA T1 cells --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Discussions --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Research Overview --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Characterization of metal binding proteins from the cytosol of liver of tilapia --- p.109 / REFERENCES --- p.112

Kam Wai-ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-162). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; questionnaire in Chinese. / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviation --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Research Problems --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Study Area --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the Study --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Pedestrianization: Basic Ideas and History --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of Pedestrianization --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Motivation of pedestrianization --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Learning from the Development of Pedestrianization in Other Cities --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Impacts of Pedestrianization on Environment --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Pedestrianization in Hong Kong --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Development --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ways for Successful Pedestrianization in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Human Perception and Response on Air Pollution and Pedestrianization --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Introduction of Human Perception --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Human Perception of Air Pollution --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Changes of Human Perception in Response to the Changes of Environmental Quality After Pedestrianization --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- BACIPR Approach --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Objective Assessment of the influence of pedestrianization on air quality --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Model Prediction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Physical Measurement of Particulates --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Subjective Assessment: Human Perception of Roadside Air Pollution --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Guidelines Used for Subjective Assessment --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Development of the Questionnaire --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Model Simulation of the Effect of Pedestrianization on Air Quality --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- Air Quality in Causeway Bay Before Pedestrianization --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Overall Spatial Variation of Air Quality --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Respiratory Suspended Particulate (RSP) --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Carbon Monoxide (CO) --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3 --- Air Quality in Causeway Bay After Pedestrianization --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Overall Spatial Variation of Air Quality --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Respiratory Suspended Particulate (RSP) --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Carbon Monoxide (CO) --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of Government's Pedestrianization Scheme in Improving Air Quality --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4 --- Air Quality Impact of Pedestrianization in Single Street --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- RSP Concentration in Russell Street Section Before Pedestrianization --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- RSP Concentration in Russell Street Section After Pedestrianization --- p.81 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Measurement of Particulate Pollution in Causeway Bay --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1 --- Change in Particulate Pollution After Pedestrianization in Russell Street --- p.86 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Overall Changes in Particulate Pollution after Pedestrianization --- p.86 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Changes in Particulate Pollution after Pedestrianization under Different Weather Conditions --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Effects of Pedestrianization on Fine Day --- p.88 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Effects of Pedestrianization on Rainy Days --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Changes of Particulate Pollution after Pedestrianization under Different Traffic Flow Conditions --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1.3.1 --- Effects of Pedestrianization during Peak Hours --- p.91 / Chapter 5.1.3.2 --- Effects of Pedestrianization during Non-Peak Hours --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Changes in Particulate Pollution As a result of Pedestrianization on Different Days of the Week --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Effects of Pedestrianization on Weekdays --- p.94 / Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Effects of Pedestrianization on Non-Weekdays --- p.94 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Change in PM 10 I/C ratio After Pedestrianization --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Variations in Particulate Pollution Characteristics Due to Different Pedestrianization Street Designs --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- General Contrasts between an Open and Semi-enclosed Street --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Seasonal Effect on Particulate Pollution in Jardine's Crescent and in Its Control Street --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Climatic Effects on Particulate Pollution --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effects of Traffic Conditions on Particulate Pollution Pattern in Jardine's Crescent and in Its Control Street --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effects of Day of the Week on Particulate Pollution --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Variation of Particulate Pollution in Causeway Bay --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Spatial Variation --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Seasonal Variation --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Rain as a Cleaning Agent --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Pedestrianization and Perception of Air Quality --- p.113 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.113 / Chapter 6.2 --- Effect of Pedestrianization in Improving the Perceived Air Quality --- p.115 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Overall Changes of PAQ after Pedestrianization --- p.115 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Changes in Perceived Air Quality As a Result of Pedestrianization --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Correlation between PAQ and AQ --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Difference in Dose-Response Relationships before and after Pedestrianization --- p.120 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Summary of Findings on Human Perception --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3 --- Aspects of Pedestrianization Which Improve Perceived Air Quality --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Behavior Constraint Model --- p.137 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Environmental Stress Model --- p.139 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Perception of Air Pollution Through Smell and Vision --- p.141 / Chapter 6.4 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.144 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.146 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Model Simulated Air Pollution Levels in Causeway Bay and Possible Effects of the Government Pedestrianization Scheme --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Changes in the Pattern and Characteristics of Particulate Pollution after Pedestrianization --- p.148 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Effects of Pedestrianization on Human Perception of Air Quality --- p.149 / Chapter 7.2 --- Discussion of Findings --- p.151 / References --- p.153 / Appendix A --- p.163