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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo do efeito do tratamento corona aplicado a monofilamentos de polímeros sintéticos / Study of the effect of corona treatment applied to synthetic polymer monofilaments

Louzi, Vitor César de Almeida, 1990- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Louzi_VitorCesardeAlmeida_M.pdf: 3130788 bytes, checksum: 990e3e0e872cccd2ed1287be8d2b6cf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Fibras poliméricas sintéticas vêm sendo muito utilizadas em diversas aplicações (medicina, têxtil, etc), especialmente na forma de monofilamentos, com diversos diâmetros, devido às suas características de resistência mecânica. No entanto apresentam baixa hidrofilidade e energia livre de superfície com propriedades adesivas relativamente fracas, limitando assim suas aplicações. Com objetivo de ampliar as aplicações deste material, técnicas estão sendo desenvolvidas no sentido de melhorar estas propriedades, especialmente as de superfície. Dentre as técnicas de modificação de superfície destaca-se a descarga corona a qual pode operar em condições ambientes de temperatura e pressão, sem necessidade de agentes químicos, minimizando a geração de resíduos. Desse modo, o presente trabalho estuda os efeitos promovidos pela descarga corona em três diferentes fibras poliméricas: polipropileno (PP), politereftalato de etileno (PET) e poliamida-6 (PA-6). Amostras desses polímeros foram submetidas à descarga corona sob condições ambientes controladas. O tratamento corona foi realizado em função dos parâmetros: distância entre os eletrodos e tempo de tratamento. Após tratadas, as amostras foram submetidas às técnicas de caracterização: ângulo de contato (Método de Wilhelmy), espectroscopia no infravermelho (FT-IR/ATR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), ensaios de tração e absorção de água. Os valores de ângulo de contato dinâmico foram reduzidos em até 29,6%, 27,9% e 18,6% para amostras de PP, PET e PA-6 tratadas, respectivamente. Os valores de energia de superfície aumentaram em 50,3%, 26% e 15% para PP, PET e PA-6. Amostras de PP, PET e PA-6 tratadas por descarga corona (4mm e 120s) apresentaram grau de absorção de água igual a 9,4%, 8,5% e 9,1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos com amostras de monofilamentos de PP, PET e PA-6, sem tratamento e após corona, pode-se concluir que o tratamento corona promove aumento da hidrofilidade e as propriedades térmicas e mecânicas não são afetadas. Palavras-chave: descarga corona, fibras têxteis, monofilamentos poliméricos, polipropileno, politereftalato de etileno, poliamida-6, propriedades de superfície, hidrofilidade, ângulo de contato / Abstract: Synthetic polymer fibers have been widely used in various applications, especially in the form of monofilament and under various diameters, due to its characteristics of mechanical resistance. However synthetic polymer fibers exhibit low hydrophilicity and surface free energy with relatively weak adhesive properties, thus limiting their applications. Aiming to expand the applications of these materials, techniques are being developed to improve these properties, especially the surface. Among modification techniques there is the corona discharge which can operate in ambient temperature and pressure, without the need for chemical agents, minimizing the generation residue. Thus, this research work studies the effects caused by the corona discharge in three different polymeric fibers: polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide-6 (PA-6). Samples of these polymers were subjected to corona discharge under controlled environmental conditions. The corona treatment was performed on the basis of the parameters: distance between the electrodes and time of treatment. After treated, the samples were subjected to characterization techniques: contact angle (Wilhelmy Method), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR/ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile and water absorption. The dynamic contact angle values were reduced by up to 29,6%, 27,9% and 18,6% for PP, PET and PA-6 treated samples, respectively. The surface energy values increased by 50,3%, 26% and 15% for PP, PET and PA-6. PP, PET and PA-6 samples treated by corona discharge (4mm and 120s), showed the degree of water absorption equal of 9,4%, 8,5% and 9,1%. From the results obtained with samples of PP, PET and PA-6, without treatment and after treatment, can be concluded that the corona treatment enhances the hydrophilicity and the thermal and mechanical properties are not affected. Keywords: corona discharge, textile fibers, monofilament polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide-6, surface properties, hydrophilicity, contact angle / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química
2

Conception de nouvelles surfaces à propriétés antibactériennes / Design of surfaces in order to achieve antibacterial properties

Bedel, Sophie 08 December 2014 (has links)
La biocontamination des surfaces et les risques associés sont des enjeux majeurs économiques et de santé publique. Afin de limiter ou empêcher l’adhésion bactérienne, une des solutions possible consiste en la modification des propriétés des surfaces, afin de leur conférer les fonctions voulues. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette étude est de modifier des surfaces de types métallique (acier) ou polymère : poly(téréphtalate d’éthylène) par des glycomonomères ou des monomères bioactifs. La stratégie de modification des surfaces s’effectue en plusieurs étapes.La première étape permet d’incorporer des fonctions réactives sur les surfaces par traitement acide puis réaction avec la dopamine, ou par traitement plasma ammoniaque. Des fonctions hydroxyle et amine sont introduites. Par la suite un amorceur de polymérisation par transfert d’atome est greffé sur les surfaces. Les monomères sont synthétisés et leur polymérisation étudiée en solution, dans un premier temps dans les conditions de polymérisation radicalaire classique, puis par polymérisation par transfert d’atome. Les conditions optimales sont déterminées, puis les polymérisations sur surfaces effectuées. La dernière étape concerne l’étude des propriétés microbiologiques des surfaces synthétisées.Les glycopolymères protégés et déprotégés de galactose ainsi que les polymères de méthacrylate de gaïacyle et de méthacrylate de thymyle ont été synthétisés. Les monomères ont été polymérisés par polymérisation par transfert d’atome à partir de la surface, sur les surfaces d’acier et de poly(téréphtalate d’éthylène). Après chaque étape de modification de surface, les matériaux ont été systématiquement caractérisés par goniométrie et spectroscopie à photoélectrons X. Les surfaces d’acier fonctionnalisées par le glycopolymère présentent des propriétés anti-adhésives vis-à-vis de Bacillus subtilis, un effet plus marqué est observé après greffage du glycopolymère déprotégé. Les surfaces de poly(téréphtalate d’éthylène) quant à elles, possèdent des propriétés anti-adhésives leur du greffage du poly(méthacrylate de thymyle) vis-à-vis de Listeria monocytogenes, Staphilococcus aureus et Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Un effet anti-biofilm a également été mis en évidence vis-à-vis de Staphilococcus aureus.En parallèle des homopolymères d’ammonium quaternaire et des copolymères obtenus en incorporant les monomères bioactifs ont été synthétisés. Les propriétés antibactériennes sont testées en milieu planctonique vis-à-vis de Bacillus subtilis. Un degré de polymérisation égal à 78 et les groupements halogénoalcane : iodométhane ou bromoéthane permettent l’obtention de la concentration minimale inhibitrice la plus faible. La présence des monomères bioactifs permettent la diminution de la concentration minimale inhibitrice. Le résultat le plus intéressant est obtenu lors de l’incorporation d’un pourcent de N-(4-hydroxy-3-méthoxy-benzyl)-acrylamide. / Bio-contamination of surfaces and related risks are very important economically and for public health. To prevent this phenomenon, one solution is to modify the properties of the surfaces, in order to give them the wanted functionalities. The goal of this study is the modification of metallic surfaces (steel) or polymer surfaces: poly(ethylene terephtalate) with glycomonomers or bioactives monomers. To reach this objective, a multi-step strategy is applied.The first step enabled the incorporation of reactive species on the surfaces by an acid treatment followed by a reaction with dopamine, or by ammonia plasma treatment. Hydroxyl or amine functional groups are added. Then, an initiator of atom transfer radical polymerization is grafted on surfaces. Monomers are synthesized and conventional polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization are studied. Optimal conditions are determined and polymerization on surfaces achieved. The last step is the study of the microbiological properties of the synthesized surfaces.Protected and unprotected galactose glycopolymers as well as gaiacyl methacrylate and thymyl methacrylate have been synthesized. Monomers have been polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization directly to the steel or poly(ethylene therephtalate) surfaces. After each step, materials are analyzed by contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry.Steel surfaces which are functionalized by a glycopolymer and tested in presence of Bacillus subtilis are found to have antiadhesive properties. A most important effect is observed with the unprotected glycopolymer. Poly(ethylene terephtalate) surfaces have antiadhesive properties in presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphilococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when poly(thymyl methacrylate) is grafted. An antibiofilm effect is observed with Staphilococcus aureus.Simultaneously, quaternary ammonium homopolymers and copolymers by integration of bioactive monomers have been obtained. Their antibacterial properties are tested in planctonik conditions in presence of Bacillus subtilis. A degree of polymerization equal to 78 and alkyl halide groups: iodomethane and bromoethane enabled to obtain the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration. Bioactive monomers contributed to emphasize this decrease. The most decreasing effect is obtained when one per cent of N-(4-hydroxy-3-méthoxy-benzyl)-acrylamide is integrated.
3

Recyclage et revalorisation de films de PET / PVDC par extrusion réactive à basse température / Recycling and reuse of PET / PVDC films by reactive extrusion at low temperature

Chabert, Mickaël 25 March 2013 (has links)
Une voie originale de recyclage des films de PET / PVDC est proposée par leur transformation chimique avec des alcoxydes de titane par procédé d'extrusion réactive à l'état solide. Les réactions d'échanges entre ces composés organo-métalliques et le PET ont été mises en oeuvre à des températures entre 250 et 280° C à l'échelle du laboratoire et ont permis de segmenter les chaînes de PET, en de petits oligomères avec des températures de fusion basses, sur des temps de réaction très courts de l'ordre de quelques minutes. Ces oligomères peuvent être post-fonctionnalisés avec des diols. Le transfert technologique de ces réactions d'échange à l'échelle de l'extrudeuse bi-vis pilote a été optimisé afin de permettre la transformation des films de PET / PVDC à des températures comprises entre 160 et 180 °C pour ne pas dégrader le PVDC. Les alcoxydes de titane permettent de stabiliser les dégagements d'acide chlorhydrique (HCl) lors de la dégradation thermique de ce polymère halogéné. La revalorisation de ces oligomères dans différents systèmes polyuréthanes a ensuite été étudiée et a démontré la compatibilité des oligomères de PET avec ces matrices avec l'amélioration de certaines propriétés physiques et mécaniques / An original way for recycling PET / PVDC films is proposed by their chemical transformation with titanium alkoxydes by reactive extrusion process in the solid state. The exchange reactions between these organo-metallic species and the PET were carried out at temperatures between 250 and 280°C at laboratory scale and they have allowed to shorten the PET's chains, in short oligomers with low melting temperatures, in a range of reaction time of few minutes. These oligomers could be post-functionalized with diols. The technologic transfert of these exchange reactions to the twin screw extruder scale was optimized in order to transform PET / PVDC films at temperatures between 130 and 180°c without degrading the PVDC. The titanium alkoxydes allow to stabilize the release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during thermal degradation of this halogenated polymer. The reuse of these oligomers into different polyurethane systems were then studied and demonstrated the compatibility of PET oligomers with these matrix with improvements of some physical and mechanical properties

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