This dissertation, which is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, initially describes the development of the polygraph against a background of understanding society's rejection of the lying phenomenon. The theoretical foundations of polygraph thinking are then presented as forerunner to practical illustration of polygraph use in the private sector. The criminal justice system represents the sphere of polygraph ulitization central to the research. With strong American accent, polygraph use in all four components of the system is described in such a manner so as to provoke thought on the part of criminal justice functionaries as to polygraph possibilities in the execution of their functions. Research findings and recommendations aimed at stimulating thought and improvement in the field of polygraphy conclude the dissertation. / Criminology / M.A (Penology)

This dissertation, which is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, initially describes the development of the polygraph against a background of understanding society's rejection of the lying phenomenon. The theoretical foundations of polygraph thinking are then presented as forerunner to practical illustration of polygraph use in the private sector. The criminal justice system represents the sphere of polygraph ulitization central to the research. With strong American accent, polygraph use in all four components of the system is described in such a manner so as to provoke thought on the part of criminal justice functionaries as to polygraph possibilities in the execution of their functions. Research findings and recommendations aimed at stimulating thought and improvement in the field of polygraphy conclude the dissertation. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A (Penology)

Le naturaliste français Charles Janet (1849-1932) est resté en marge des grandes figures scientifiques. L’Académie des sciences avait pourtant reconnu certains de ses travaux entomologiques et aujourd’hui, sa classification atomique émerge dans les discussions des chimistes. Centralien, ingénieur civil et manufacturier en province, il fut entre autres géologue, paléontologue, entomologiste, biologiste et chimiste même si ces disciplines ne reflètent qu’une partie de ses recherches. Méconnus et scindés dans ses spécialités, ses travaux ont été très peu étudiés et jamais dans une vision d’ensemble. La biographie envisagée ici permettra de dépasser ces clivages disciplinaires. À partir des propres perceptions de Janet, nous engagerons notre projet vers une microhistoire qui nous offrira le moyen d’observer le travail d’un savant. Elle sera révélatrice des fonctionnements, usages et sociabilités des sociétés savantes locales ou nationales qui se posent en véritables autorités scientifiques et dont nous examinerons les liens avec l’Académie des sciences. La principale sera la Société zoologique de France dont Janet deviendra président. Il nous autorisera en sus à observer une tendance macro historique qui est celle de la spécialisation et de la marginalisation de l’entomologie. Ce qui nous conduira à remettre en question la classique dualité « professionnels vs amateurs » chez les scientifiques.Janet, par sa polyvalence, sa longue carrière à la fois hors et dans la science officielle est un témoin privilégié des sciences naturelles à la charnière du XIXe. Retracer sa vie et son œuvre, c’est observer les sciences sous l’angle des anonymes qui se haussent un temps au niveau des gloires de leur époque. Mais, si cette recherche témoigne des pratiques d’un scientifique méconnu, elle représente paradoxalement (selon nous) celles de la majorité des naturalistes de son temps. / The French naturalist Charles Janet (1849-1932) is remained on the margins of the great scientific figures. However, the Academy of Sciences acknowledged some of his entomological works and nowadays, his atomic classification emerges in discussions of chemists. Graduated from Ecole Centrale, civil engineer and manufacturer in province, he was among other things, geologist, paleontologist, entomologist, biologist and chemist even if these disciplines reflect only a part of his research. Unsung and split in his specialities, his works have been very little studied and never in an overall view. Hence, the biography proposed here will go beyond these disciplinary divides. Through the own perceptions of Janet, we will engage our project towards the microhistory that gives us the way to observe the work of a scholar. It will be revealing some functions, uses and sociability of the local or national societies that arise in real scientific authority and we will examine their links with the Academy of Sciences. The main will be the Zoological Society of France of which Janet became president. In addition, he allows us to observe a macro-historical trend, which is that of the specialization and the marginalization of entomology. This will lead us to question the classic duality 'professionals versus amateurs' among scientists.Thanks to his polyvalency, his long career both off and in the official science, Janet is a privileged witness of the natural sciences at the turn of the 19th century. Trace Janet’s life and work, is observing science through the anonymous people who might be raised for a while at the level of the glories of their era. If this research reflects the practices of an unsung scientist, it represents paradoxically (in our view) most of the naturalists of his time.