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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Structural investigations using small angle scattering techniques and contrast variation

Rabe, Christian 30 March 2015 (has links)
Die Analyse der Röntgen- und Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung stellt ein ideales Werkzeug für Untersuchungen der Struktur submikroskopischer Teilchen und deren Wechselwirkungen dar. Hierbei eröffnet die Variation des Streukontrastes ein zusätzliches Spektrum an Informationen. Wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt wird, kann durch die Verwendung komplementäre Verfahren ein detailliertes Bild der untersuchten Systeme erarbeitet werden. Im Fokus der Diskussion stehen Polyethylennanopartikel und Strukturen basierend auf hyperverzweigtem Polyglycerol. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen liefern beispielsweise Rückschlüsse auf den Mechanismus, der zu einer nahezu idealen Anordnung unverzweigter Polymerketten, während der Bildung der Polyethylennanopartikel, führt. Im amorphen Anteil dieser plättchenförmigen Partikel findet demnach ausschließlich eine Richtungsänderung beim Wiedereintritt der Polymerketten in die kristalline Phase statt, wodurch eine ungehinderte Kettendiffusion möglich ist. Der Einfluss von Defekten entlang der Polymerkette auf die Partikelstruktur konnte durch Untersuchungen eines präzise verzweigten Polyethylens ermittelt werden. Bei weiteren Untersuchungen von wässrigen Dispersionen eines hyperverzweigten Polyglycerols konnte die übergeordnete Struktur als Fraktal beschrieben werden. Der signifikante Beitrag der Mikrostrukturierung des Moleküls zu dessen Kleinwinkelstreuung wurde in den Analysen berücksichtigt. Die Strukturuntersuchungen von Molekülen mit dem polaren hyperverzweigten Kern und einer nahezu vollständigen Funktionalisierung durch bipolare Ketten profitierte von diesen Ergebnissen. Hierbei wurde die Struktur dieser Moleküle in polaren und unpolaren Medien ermittelt. In einer polaren Umgebung wurde die Bildung von Assoziaten beschrieben. Dies liefert wertvolle Hinweise auf die Wirkungsweise als Wirkstofftransportsystem liefert. / The analysis of the small angel X-Ray and neutron scattering is an ideal tool for the discussion of the structure and interactions of submicroscopic particles. Herein, the variation of the scattering contrast enlarges the spectrum of information, additionally. As shown in the presented work, complementary probes give a detailed picture of the investigated systems. The focal point of the discussion is set on polyethylene nanoparticles and structures based on hyperbranched polyglycerol. The analyses provide, for instance, information on the mechanism that leads to an ideal arrangement of the non-branched polymer chains during the formation of the platelet-like polyethylene nanoparticles. The amorphous phase exclusively hosts the redirection of the polymer chains into the crystalline domain. This allows the unimpeded chain diffusion. The effect of defects along the polymer chain on the particle structure was studied by the analyses of polyethylene with precisely placed methyl groups. Analyses of aqueous dispersions of hyperbranched polyglycerol reveal the fractal-like character of the global molecule structure. Additionally, the significant contribution of the molecule’s microstructure to the corresponding small angle scattering was considered. The analyses of molecules composed of the hyperbranched core and a complete functionalisation with bipolar chains profited from these results. Hereby, the molecule structure in polar and non-polar media was identified. In polar surrounding the formation of well-defined aggregates was described. This provides essential information for a further discussion of this type of molecules as drug delivery platform.
22

Studies on Poly(p-phenylene Vinylene) [PPV] Derivatives : Conjugation Length Control and Nanoparticle Preparation and Utilization

Viswanathan, A January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
The study of conjugated polymers, in particular PPV derivatives, continues to fascinate researchers both from the standpoint of developing new routes to control their structure and photophysical properties; this is also driven by the immense potential since this class of polymers has demonstrated in the context of various devices, such as LEDs, photovoltaics, FETs, etc. Also, there has been great interest in utilizing conjugated polymers in developing sensory devices. This thesis has examined a few interesting aspects that could be used to control the structure and consequently the photophysical properties of PPV derivatives. The first chapter of this thesis provides a brief introduction to conjugated polymers, with an emphasis on PPV based polymers, different synthetic methodologies for their preparation, previous attempts to obtain PPV with controlled conjugation length, and also a brief discussion of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) and their preparation by various methods. The second chapter deals with the preparation of conjugated polymer (MEHPPV) nanoparticles by reprecipitation method and utilization of these nanoparticles in detection of nitro explosives in aqueous medium. Nanoparticles of MEHPPV with different sizes were prepared by a simple precipitation method from a THF solution into water. Although these nanoparticles were prepared from very hydrophobic MEHPPV, these nanoparticles were reasonably stable in aqueous medium, especially when their sizes were relatively small; their UV-visible and fluorescence spectra could be readily recorded using simple solution methods. The sizes could be controlled by varying the concentration of the polymer solution used. The CPNs are spherical particles as confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The emission maximum of the nanoparticles is red shifted compared to a solution of the polymer. The fluorescence spectrum of this aqueous nanoparticle dispersion exhibited very high sensitivity to electron-deficient aromatic compounds, in particular the explosive TNT; the CPNs were able to sense nanomolar concentrations of the explosives. Stern-Volmer constant (KSV) is higher for 2,4,6-trinitro toluene (TNT) than any other analytes studied. Among the different sized nanoparticles studied the bigger one showed highest quenching efficiency. Electron-deficient aromatic molecules were shown to quench the fluorescence of the nanoparticles, possibly by excited state electron transfer mechanism; this hypothesis was supported by quenching experiments carried out using a variety of nitro-aromatic molecules with varying reduction potentials, in addition to a few electron-rich aromatic molecules. A fairly good correlation between the quenching efficiency of the analyte and its reduction potential was noticed; however, in a few instances this correlation failed. This suggested that a second factor, namely the solubility of the analyte in water (its hydrophobicity) also is a key factor as this governs the tendency of the analyte to adsorb on the nanoparticle surface, which clearly is the first step in the quenching process. In the third chapter synthesis and characterization of MEHPPV with reduced conjugation length by utilizing the concept of conjugation breaking using non-coplanar entities are presented. MEHPPV with reduced conjugation length was prepared by incorporating non-coplanar entities, such as biphenyl and binaphthyl units, along the polymer backbone. Both Gilch and Witting-Horner methods were successfully utilized to prepare copolymers; the former approach permitted the variation of the level of the twisted comonomer incorporation, whereas the latter approach only provided an alternating copolymer. Although biphenyl based monomers could not be homopolymerized by Gilch method, it was possible to prepare copolymers using xylylene type comonomers. The polymers prepared by the Gilch method are random copolymers; the solubility decreases with increase in the amount of biphenyl incorporation, which was ascribed to the presence of a substantial fraction of longer conjugated segments in such random copolymers. The non-coplanar entities cause truncation of conjugation length in MEHPPV, as evident from their absorption spectra. The copolymers prepared via the Gilch method exhibited a blue shift of about 57 and 20 nm in the absorption and emission, respectively; while the alternating copolymers prepared by Wittig-Horner-Emmons method exhibited a larger blue-shift of about 84 and 54 nm clearly implying a significantly larger reduction in the conjugation length. The copolymers prepared by Wittig-Horner-Emmons method are alternating in nature and therefore leads to a greater reduction in conjugation length; this was evident from the substantially higher blue-shift in the absorption and fluorescence spectra. An interesting feature in the alternating copolymers is the distinct difference in the relative changes in the absorption and emission spectra of the biphenyl and binaphthyl containing copolymers, which appear to suggest in the latter case there is a greater extent of planarization of the excited state. Both these systems provided some useful insights into the various factors that govern the photophysical properties of this class of truncated conjugated polymers. Further examination of this aspect could reveal some other unique features of these copolymers. In the fourth chapter, an approach to prepare copolymer precursors to unsubstituted PPV that holds the potential to control conjugation length is described. The precursor copolymers were prepared by changing the monomer feed ratio of the two monomers, viz. dithiocarbamate (DTC) and xanthate, using the Gilch copolymerization to generate the precursors having varying extents of DTC and xanthate groups. The percentage composition of the precursor copolymers was calculated using 1H NMR and compared with the values calculated from thermogram; the copolymer composition varies linearly with monomers feed suggesting that any desired composition can be readily accessed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the precursors, as a preliminary study to examine the possibility of selective elimination of one of these groups to generate conjugated polymers with varying conjugation lengths, demonstrates that a certain level of selectivity in thermal elimination can be achieved because of the distinctly different thermal labilities of the xanthate and DTC groups. These studies clearly suggest that fine-tuning of the thermally eliminatable groups, specifically using xanthate and DTC, could serve as a useful approach to vary the conjugation length of unsubstituted PPVs, which could have important implication in device fabrication. Clearly further work is needed to characterize the selectively eliminated polymers using other spectroscopic methods, such as UV-visible and fluorescence, before device work could be taken up.
23

Multikomponentní plazmové polymery s prostorově řízenými vlastnostmi / Multicomponent plasma polymers with spatially controlled properties

Pleskunov, Pavel January 2020 (has links)
Title: Multicomponent plasma polymers with spatially controlled properties Author: MSc. Pavel Pleskunov Department / Institute: Department of Macromolecular Physics/Charles University Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Prof. Ing. Andrey Shukurov, PhD, Department of Macromolecular Physics / Charles University Abstract: Mixing of two (or more) polymers often leads to phase separation and to the formation of nanoscale architecture, which can be highly attractive in various applications including controllable drug delivery, fabrication of separation and solid electrolyte membranes, gas storage, etc. Different wet-chemistry techniques already exist to produce nanophase-separated polymers; however, capturing the resultant polymeric structure in a predictable manner remains a challenging task. In this thesis, a low-temperature plasma-based strategy is investigated for the production of multicomponent thin films of plasma polymers with spatially discriminated nanoscale domains. Gas aggregation cluster source is used for the fabrication of nanoparticles of plasma polymerized acrylic acid, whereas Plasma-Assisted Vapor Phase Deposition is used for the deposition of thin films of poly(ethylene oxide) plasma polymer. Embedding of nanoparticles into matrices of thermodynamically incompatible plasma polymer as well as...
24

In-Depth Understanding of the Folding Behavior of Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles (SCNPs)

Engelke, Johanna 29 April 2021 (has links)
Enzymes are outstanding in their perfect 3D design through mastery of intrachain interaction of polypeptide chains. Seeking to mimic nature’s precision, a vibrant field in macromolecular science replicates natures pattern by the intrachain collapse of synthetic linear polymers to Single Chain Nano Particles (SCNPs) in the sub 30 nanometer realm. An in-depth understanding of the paradigms of intrachain collapse are largely missing, but urgently needed to exploit the potential of the versatile synthetic strategies for future applications. Therefore, present thesis focused on the in-depth investigation of SCNPs folding, performed via a powerful ligation strategy, e.g. the para-fluoro-thiol reaction (PFTR). The ligation reaction was subsequently transferred to light-triggered pathways with general utility in macromolecular science. The first part of the presented work focuses on the physicochemical transformations entailed in the intrachain-collapse of a pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) decorated SCNP precursor library. Statistically distributed PFB moieties enabled the implementation of powerful PFTR and thus, exploitation of sensitive 19F NMR spectroscopy. The precursor library was systematically modified in its reactive group density (5, 15, and 30 mol% PFB) and the absolute molar mass (20, 50, 100 kDa), enabling a screening of both impacts regarding the topology, the size and the conformation of the collapsed SCNPs. In function of these structural features, a comprehensive investigation was performed by a unique combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), 19F NMR spectroscopy, and quadruple detection SEC (SEC-4D). Thus, parallel data evaluation from techniques with complementary physical principles was performed. In addition to detailed morphological insights, the primary factor dictating the compaction of SCNPs was determined by the reactive group density. The most effective and ineffective folding was found at ca. 30 mol% and below 5% reactive group density, respectively. Within these limits, the contraction can be fine-tuned by the molar mass, where very short precursor chains (20 kDa) indicated limits of conformational changes in in poor solvents. Unlocking the potential of flow-based separation techniques for the SCNP area, the current work demonstrated the successful fractionation of the SCNP library via asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation hyphenated to novel quintuple detection (AF4-D5) in organic solvents. Herein, SCNP formation was evidenced by a shift towards lower elution volumes for the SCNP respective the linear starting material, associated with the decrease of the hydrodynamic volume upon folding. The analysis using the complementary, conventional technique of column-based chromatography (SEC-D4) in the same solvent showed corresponding trends, which further validated the hydrodynamic collapse and enabled a comparative assessment of the separation performance of both separation techniques. The efficiency of SEC-D4 was compared to AF4-D5 in versatile foci, as the state-of the art detector coupling was applied to both advanced separation principles. The sophisticated detection provided an information rich data-library, refining the analysis of the structural changes affected by the internal folding process. An in-depth critical comparison of the derived sophisticated dataset was established and the advantages and limitations of both techniques, including instrumental considerations, were emphasized. The UV/Vis-based quantification of the PFB-ligated dithiol crosslinker as a function of the SCNPs hydrodynamic volume was highlighted. The comparison of the obtained molar mass moments, different types of radii and versatile descriptors of chain morphology validated the results obtained from neutron scattering experiments (SANS). Finally, the PFTR was transferred to light-triggered pathways with utility for the broad field of polymer chemistry. Using blue light irradiation, a photobase generator (PBG) effectively released the PFTR-activating superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). After a model investigation with small molecules under high group tolerance, the light-induced PFTR enabled to graft versatile thiols on linear poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) copolymers in organic solvent (THF). Temporal control of the light-triggered PFTR was validated by time-resolved rheology experiments during network formation via light-induced PFTR. In summary, the current thesis provides a conceptual framework for SCNP design, based on the in-depth investigation of the paradigms dictating the intrachain collapse. Coherent parameters for a comparable platform of the description of the SCNP chain collapse were recommended. The scope of advanced methodologies for SCNP characterization was expanded to advanced flow-based separation techniques. Finally, light-triggered pathways of the PFTR were implemented and its utility for polymer design was presented. / Die beispiellose Perfektion in räumlicher Struktur und daher biochemischer Wirksamkeit von Proteinen beruht auf kontrollierter intramolekularer Wechselwirkung von Polypeptidketten. Die Nachahmung des intramolekularen Kollapses linearer Polymere zu verdichteten Single Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs) im sub-30-Nanometer-Bereich entwickelte sich zu einem prosperierenden Feld in der Polymerchemie. Bis heute existiert noch kein tiefgreifendes Verständnis dieses Faltungsvorganges, welches jedoch dringend erforderlich ist, um das Potenzial der vielseitigen Synthesestrategien für zukünftige Anwendungen von SCNPs auszuschöpfen. Daher konzentrierte sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf die eingehende Untersuchung der SCNP-Faltung mittels effizienter intramolekularer Ligation via para-Fluor-Thiol-Reaktion (PFTR). Die PFTR wurde anschließend auf Licht-getriggerte Wege realisiert, welche in der makromolekularen Chemie von allgemeinem Nutzen sind. Der erste Teil der vorgestellten Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die umfassende Analyse der SCNP-Faltung und den damit verbundenen physikochemischen Veränderungen, die mit der intramolekularen PFTR-Ligation einer Vorläuferbibliothek einhergehen. Die Polymere der Bibliothek wurden systematisch in ihrer reaktiven Gruppendichte (5, 15 und 30 mol%) und der absoluten Molmasse (20, 50, 100 kDa) modifiziert, um Einflüsse beider Faktoren hinsichtlich der Topologie, der Größe und der Konformation der kollabierten SCNPs zu untersuchen. Der Umsatz der PFTR¬ an den statistisch verteilten Pentafluorbenzyl (PFB) Einheiten der SCNP-Vorläuferbibliothek wurde mittels sensitiver 19F-NMR-Spektroskopie quantifiziert. In Abhängigkeit der Strukturmerkmale der Vorläuferbibliothek wurde eine umfassende Analyse der physikochemischen Veränderungen durch eine bisher einzigartige Kombination von Kleinwinkel-Neutronenstreuung (SANS), 19F-NMR-Spektroskopie und SEC mit Vierfachdetektion (SEC-4D) durchgeführt. Der Einsatz von komplementären Analysetechniken ermöglichte eine fundierte Untersuchung des Polymerknäuel-Kollapses jenseits der gegenwärtigen methodischen Grenzen konventionell angewendeter Lichtstreutechniken durch zusätzliche Anwendung von Viskometrie und Kleinwinkel-Neutronenstreuung. Letztere zeigte durch ihr hohes räumliches Auflösungsvermögen einen Einblick auf die Segmenteigenschaften der polymeren Nanopartikel. Die morphologische Transformation von linearen Vorläufer-Polymeren zu verdichteten SCNP wurde vergleichend über die reaktive Gruppendichte evaluiert. Die Größenreduktion zu SCNPs ist bei einer reaktiven Gruppendichte von 30 Mol-% maximal, aber unter 5% kaum effektiv. Innerhalb dieser Grenzen ist eine sub-Kontrolle der Kontraktion durch die Variation der Molmasse möglich, wobei sehr kurze Vorläuferketten (20 kDa) die Grenze des noch möglichen Konformationswandels in schlechtem Lösungsmittel anzeigen. Weiterhin wurde erstmalig die erfolgreiche Fraktionierung der SCNP-Bibliothek mittels asymmetrischer Flussfeld-Flussfraktionierung (AF4) demonstriert, die mit einer neuartigen Kopplung zu Fünffach-Detektion (AF4-D5) mit organischem Eluenten angewendet wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Fraktionierung bestätigten die SCNP-Bildung durch das charakteristisch veränderte Elutionsverhalten des SCNP im Vergleich zum linearen Ausgangsmaterial, welches mit einer Verringerung des hydrodynamischen Volumens durch den Faltungsprozess zu erklären ist. Die Analyse mittels komplementärer, konventioneller Technik der säulenbasierten Chromatographie (SEC-D4) im gleichen Lösungsmittel zeigte dementsprechende Trends, was den hydrodynamischen Kollaps weiter validiert und eine vergleichende Bewertung der Trennleistung beider Separationstechniken ermöglichte. Modernste Vielfach-Detektion ermöglichte an beiden Separationstechniken (SEC und AF4) eine simultane und damit hocheffiziente Analyse. Dabei zeigte die AF4-basierte Separation eine teilweise verbesserte Trennung im Vergleich zur SEC. Die Vor- und Nachteile beider Techniken sowie instrumentelle Überlegungen wurden eingehend diskutiert. Die durch die Multidetektorkopplung erhaltenen Molmassenmomente, Größenparameter und vielseitige Deskriptoren der Kettenmorphologie der Fraktionen von beiden Seperationsmechanismen ermöglichten die umfassende Beschreibung der strukturellen Veränderungen während des Faltungprozesses. Diese Datensätze wurden mit den Ergebnissen der Neutronenstreuungsexperimente (SANS) und der Struktur der Vorläuferpolymere zu einem detaillierten Bild der Einflüsse des Faltungsprozesses korreliert. Die UV/Vis-basierte Quantifizierung des PFB-ligierten Dithiol-Vernetzers als Funktion des hydrodynamischen Volumens der SCNPs untermauerten zusätzlich die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die Struktur-Eigenschaft Beziehungen. Schließlich wurde die PFTR Ligation auf Licht-getriggerte Prozesse übertragen, welche für das breite Gebiet der Polymerchemie von Nutzen sind. Die effektive PFTR-aktivierende Base 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-en (DBU) wurde unter Verwendung von mittels blauem Licht getriggertem Photobase-Generator (PBG) effektiv freigesetzt. In der Untersuchung eines Modellsystems mit kleinen Molekülen wurde hohe Gruppentoleranz festgestellt und die lichtinduzierte PFTR ermöglichte die Pfropfung verschiedener Thiole an lineares Poly (styrol-co-pentafluorstyrol) in organischem Lösungsmittel (THF). Die zeitliche Kontrolle wurde durch zeitaufgelöste Rheologie Experimente während Netzwerkerzeugung via Licht-induzierter PFTR validiert. Zusammenfassend stellt die aktuelle Arbeit einen konzeptionellen Rahmen für SCNP-Design anhand genereller Paradigmen des Kettenkollapses bereit. Empfehlungen für kohärente Parameter zur Beschreibung des SCNP-Kettenkollapses wurden herausgearbeitet, die den Aufbau einer vielversprechenden Plattform für weitere, fortschrittliche SCNP-Forschung sind. Der Umfang geeigneter Methoden zur SCNP-Charakterisierung wurde auf Feldfluss-basierte Trenntechniken erweitert. Schließlich wurden licht-getriggerte Reaktionskaskaden der PFTR implementiert und ihre Nützlichkeit für das Polymerdesign von perflourierten Materialen vorgestellt.

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