Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka och analysera hur arbete med CSR (Corporate SocialResponsibility) och hållbarhet kan manifesteras och implementeras i ett mindre företag för attstärka företagets varumärke. Metod: Uppsatsen grundas i en kvalitativ metod för att eftersträva en holistisk- ochövergripande bild. Metoden är explorativ och utforskande och ger en djupare insikt ochförståelse för företagets tillvägagångssätt. Som utgångspunkt för sekundära källor harelektroniska och tryckta källor samt akademiska artiklar använts. Slutsats: Efter avslutade studier kan konstateras att genom företagets ståndpunkt i etik, moraloch värderingar i kombination med de praktiska handlingar de utför, manifesteras ochimplementeras CSR- och hållbarhetsarbete i verksamheten. Kundens medvetande ger styrkanoch det värdefulla i varumärket vilket leder till att dessa aktiviteter på ett omsorgsfullt ochgenuint sätt bör planeras och genomföras för att behålla och stärka företagetsvarumärkesimage.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo teórico que procura explicar a origem de um pico anômalo de corrente, observado na fase faraeletrica do copolímero P(VDF/TrFE), nos processos de descarga. Quando uma voltagem tipo V(t) = Vo S(t) é aplicado em materiais isolantes, correntes elétricas observadas em medidas, de carga-descarga decaem aproximadamente com T-n e obedecem ao principio da superposição linear (PSL). Esse comportamento e também observado em polímeros dielétricos. Entretanto, nos processos de descarga, acima da temperatura de Curie do copolímero p (VDF/TrFE), surge um pico anomalo de corrente que viola, aparentemente, o (PSL). Apresentamos um modelo de migração de cargas de espaço em presença de armadilhas, que pode ser responsável pelo pico de corrente e que estaria superposta a corrente de descarga da absorção dielétrica, conforme o modelo, durante os processos de carga, impurezas extrínsecas seriam varridas, pelo campo, do volume da amostra e ficariam, preferencialmente, presas em armadilhas de superfície. Nos processos de descarga, essas cargas se deslocariam em direção ao interior da amostra, devido a repulsão Coulombiana. Esse mecanismo de condução gera um pico de corrente. A aplicação do modelo, permitiu-nos inferir valores de parâmetros como a mobilidade dos portadores de carga e o tempo de transito. / A model based on space charge migration to explain an anomalous electric current peak on films of P (VDF/TrFE) copolymer in its paraelectric phase is presented. In general step-voltage current measurements of insulating polymeric materials obey the Principle of Linear Super-position. However, an unexpected anomalous peak was observed in discharge currents in measurements performed with P (VDF/TrFE) above the Curie temperature. We have assumed that space charges were dragged from the bulk of the sample by the external field during the charge measurement, and trapped close to the surface of the sample in a region where the concentration of traps would be very high. Two methods were developed to calculate the magnitude of the current peak: I) assuming a given space charge distribution during the discharge measurement, and II) considering the movement of thin discrete layers of charge under the influence of the internal field.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação, foram preparados materiais poliméricos com atividade bactericida a partir de copolímeros de estireno (Sty) e divinilbenzeno (DVB) e de celulose bacteriana. Três copolímeros à base de Sty e DVB foram sintetizados através da técnica de polimerização em suspensão aquosa. Os copolímeros foram preparados com diferentes estruturas porosas, por meio da variação da composição do sistema diluente. Um copolímero comercial macrorreticulado, Amberlite XAD4, de elevada área superficial, também foi usado neste estudo com o objetivo de comparar sua estrutura polimérica e seu desempenho com o dos copolímeros sintetizados. Os copolímeros de Sty-DVB foram caracterizados por meio da densidade aparente, área específica, diâmetro médio de poros, volume de poros, microscopias ótica e eletrônica de varredura, grau de inchamento, espectrometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica e análise elementar. Os copolímeros de Sty-DVB foram modificados quimicamente através da reação de nitração, seguida da reação de redução do grupo nitro a amino e posterior reação de diazotação e hidrólise do grupo sal de diazônio. Os copolímeros modificados contendo os grupos NH2 e OH foram utilizados como suporte para a ancoragem das nanopartículas de prata. As partículas de prata foram obtidas pela redução dos íons Ag+ empregando-se cloridrato de hidroxilamina como redutor e PVP como protetor de colóide. O teor de prata impregnada foi determinado pelo método volumétrico. A celulose bacteriana (BC) foi empregada como uma matriz para impregnação de nanopartículas de prata. Membranas de BC foram impregnadas com solução aquosa de AgNO3, a seguir foi realizada a redução dos íons Ag+ com três diferentes agentes redutores (hidrazina, hidroxilamina e ácido ascórbico) empregando ou não protetor de colóide (PVP ou gelatina). As membranas de BC/Ag0 obtidas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A capacidade bactericida dos copolímeros de Sty-DVB, dos copolímeros funcionalizados e impregnados com prata e das membranas de BC/Ag0 foi avaliada através do método da contagem em placa contra suspensões de Escherichia coli, em diferentes concentrações (103 a 107 células/mL). Foi observado que os copolímeros de origem e os copolímeros modificados contendo os grupos NO2 e NH2 não apresentaram atividade bactericida contra suspensões de E. coli em nenhuma concentração. Por outro lado, os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo OH apresentaram alguma atividade bactericida, embora abaixo do esperado devido à baixa incorporação de hidroxilas fenólicas. Os copolímeros modificados impregnados com Ag apresentaram maior ação bactericida do que os copolímeros modificados, o que comprova que a ação bactericida é devida às partículas de prata ancoradas nos copolímeros. Os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo OH impregnados com Ag mesmo possuindo menores teores de prata apresentaram maior ação bactericida do que os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo NH2 impregnados com Ag. A maior ação bactericida pode ser atribuída à combinação da atividade bactericida das partículas de prata com a atividade dos grupos hidroxilas fenólicas mesmo que estes grupos estejam pouco incorporados nos copolímeros. Os compósitos de BC/Ag0 exibiram atividade bactericida contra E. coli que foi atribuída à ação das nanoparticulas de prata obtidas quando foi empregada a hidroxilamina como agente redutor e a gelatina como protetor de colóide / In this work, styrene and divinylbenzene copolymers and bacterial cellulose were employed as polymeric supports for preparing composite materials with bactericidal activity. Three copolymers based on Sty-DVB were synthesized by suspension polymerization. The copolymers were prepared by varying the solvating power of the employed diluent system aiming to obtain different porosities. The commercial copolymer Amberlite XAD4 was also used aiming to relate its performance with the porous structure of this commercial resin and the synthesized copolymers. These copolymers were characterized by bulk density, specific area, pore average diameter, optical and scanning electronic microscopies, swelling degree, infra-red spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and elemental analysis (CHN). The copolymers were modified by the nitration reaction, reduction of the nitro group and subsequent hydrolysis of the diazonium salt group. The chemical modification of copolymers was confirmed by FTIR and by the thermal profiles changes. The modification extension was determined by elemental analysis. The Ag+ ions were reduced by employing hydroxylamine as reductant and PVP as colloid protector aiming to produce silver nanoparticles anchored on the resin surface. The amount of incorporated silver was determinated by tritation. The bacterial cellulose (BC) was also used as a matrix for anchoring nanoparticles of silver. BC membranes were immersed in silver nitrate solution. The Ag+ ions were reduced by employing hydrazine, hydroxylamine or ascorbic acid as reductant in the presence or not of a colloid protector (PVP or gelatin). XRD analysis have confirmed Ag cubic phase on the BC/Ag0 membrane. The particles size distribution of silver nanoparticles and their morphologic features were investigated by scanning eletron microscopy. The antibacterial activity of the original copolymers, the modified copolymers, the copolymers containing anchored silver particles and BC/Ag membranes was determined towards 103 to 107 cells/mL dilutions of Escherichia coli strain. It was noted that the original copolymers and copolymers containing NO2 and NH2 groups did not present bactericidal action. However, the copolymers containing OH groups presented a considerable bactericidal activity but lower than expected due to low amount of OH groups. The copolymers containing anchored silver particles presented higher bactericidal action than the modified copolymers, confirming that the bactericidal activity was attributed to the action of silver nanoparticles. The modified copolymers containing OH groups and anchored silver particles exhibited higher bactericidal action than the modified copolymers containing NH2 groups and anchored silver particles. This highest bactericidal activity was due to the combined action of silver nanoparticles and functional group OH of the copolymers. The composites BC/Ag0 showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli that was attributed to the action of silver nanoparticles obtained when a combination of hydroxylamine as reducing agent and gelatine as protective colloid was employed

This thesis is a study that investigates how the communication in the developing process of a garment can be developed between a distributor and a supplier. The purpose is to investigate how large part of the quality assured and processed sketches can help improve the communicational issues and minimize the number of samples that are being transported between the buyer and the factory causing delays due to large distances. The study has been carried out in collaboration with a company that has been job initiator for the subject of the thesis. The main area in the method are based on a quality improving process to discover what a supplier as well as a distributor consider to be a distinct sketch. By using a survey as a data collection method, an evaluation of the fashion company`s sketches have been exercised. To reassure the quality of the sketches within the company and to investigate whether this can cause minor misunderstandings within the production department. In this study outlines of the inside of a blazer have been the focus as the company recently has experienced issues with these parts in the production of prototypes. The result is based on a comparison between two blazer prototypes that the factory has sent to the company as a first suggestion to manufacture the blazer. The conclusion highlights and evaluates the level of importance of the quality assured sketches versus the non-assured ones, and whether these are essential for the company`s desired quality and standard of the item or not. Thus, the conclusion also covers a discussion around how to fulfill the desired quality and standards of a blazer for the fashion company in question.

RésuméLes matériaux polymères biporeux interviennent dans diverses applications en tant que scaffolds pour l’ingénierie tissulaire, ou matériaux modèles mimant des milieux poreux tels que les roches et les sols. Le rôle de chaque niveau de porosité sur les propriétés de transport de ces milieux demeure une question fondamentale. Dans ce contexte, une démarche alliant conception et caractérisation physico-chimique de matériaux polymères à deux niveaux de porosité a été développée. Des réseaux biporeux modèles à base de poly(méthacrylate de 2-hydroxyethyle) ont ainsi été conçus en utilisant deux types de gabarits comme porogènes : des particules de NaCl (frittées ou non ) générant le premier niveau de porosité et un solvant générant le deuxième. Une caractérisation structurale et morphologique a été réalisée par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et porosimétrie à intrusion de mercure (MIP) afin d’étudier l’influence des agents porogènes sur la structure. Un réseau présentant deux distributions de tailles de pores comprises entre 10 nm et 10 µm et de 100 µm de diamètre ont été observées. Pour décrire plus finement la microstructure, notamment la forme réelle des pores et l’interconnectivité des réseaux, des analyses par microtomographie à rayons X et au synchrotron ont été réalisées. L’optimisation des paramètres expérimentaux (taille du voxel, énergies mises en jeu) a permis d’obtenir des images de haute résolution. Certaines coupes ont été sélectionnées pour la simulation de l’écoulement d’un fluide dans un milieu biporeux bi- ou tridimensionnel. Les milieux poreux étudiés comportant au moins trois échelles, à savoir les échelles caractéristiques de deux niveaux de porosité et l’échelle macroscopique, une démarche par double changement d’échelle a été élaborée. Les approches envisagées reposent sur la transformée de Fourier rapide (FFT). L’utilisation de l’équation de Brinkman a permis de combiner les équations de Stokes et Darcy et de déterminer une perméabilité macroscopique / Biporous polymeric materials are widely used in many applications as scaffolds for tissue engineering or model materials that mimick porous medium as rocks and soils. The role of each porosity level on the transport properties of such porous frameworks is crucial. This study highlights the design and thorough physico-chemical characterization of model polymeric materials exhibiting two levels of porosity. Model biporous poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) materials were prepared by using two macroporogenic agent, i.e. NaCl particles, and a solvent. To this purpose, sieved NaCl particles of different size ranges were used, either sintered or non-fused, in conjunction with a porogenic solvent. The resulting biporous polymeric materials were finely characterized in terms of porosity by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). A porous network with pore sizes ranging from 10 nm to 10 µm was obtained, while larger pores had an average diameter of about 100 µm. A careful X-ray computed and synchrotron microtomography analysis of the 3-D microstructure and pores interconnectivity of porous materials were also performed. The optimization of experimental parameters (voxel size, energies involved) allowed to obtain high-resolution images. Some slices were then selected to compute a fluid flow through biporous 2-D and 3-D porous media. Such networks having at least three scales, namely the characteristic scales of the two porosity levels and the macroscopic scale, a double upscaling approach has been developed. The methodology was based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The use of the Brinkman equation combined the Stokes and Darcy equations and allowed the computation of a macroscopic permeability

This work investigates the feasibility of the use of plasma spray deposition as a method of producing high performance polymer coatings. The work concentrates on the understanding of the processing of the plasma spraying of polymers, the behaviour of polymeric materials during deposition, and the study of process-structure-properties relationships. Processing modelling for the three stages of the evolution of a polymer deposit (droplet-splat-coating) has been carried out using heat transfer theory. A theoretical model is proposed which consists of three parts: the first part predicts the temperature profile of in-flight particles within plasma jet, the second part predicts the cooling of isolated splats impacting on a substrate and the third part, the heat transfer through the coating thickness. The heat transfer analysis predicts that the development of large temperature gradients within the particle is a general characteristics of polymers during plasma spraying. This causes difficulties for polymer particles to be effectively molten within the plasma jet without decomposition. The theoretical calculations have predicted the effect of processing parameters on the temperature, the degree of melting and decomposition of in-flight polymer particles. With the aid of the model, the conditions for the preparation of high integrity thermoplastic deposits have been established by the control of the plasma arc power, plasma spraying distance, feedstock powder injection, torch traverse speed and feedstock particle size. The optimal deposition conditions are designed to produce effective particle melting in the plasma, extensive flow on impact, and minimal thermal degradation. The experimental work on optimizing processing parameters has confirmed the theoretical predictions. Examination of polymer coating structures reveals that the major defects are unmelted particles, cracks and pores. Five major categories of pores have been classified. It also revealed a significant loss in crystallinity and the presence of a minor metastable phase in the plasma deposited polyamide coatings due to rapid solidification. The study has indicated that the molecular weight of a polymer plays an important role on the splat flow and coating structure. Under non-optimal deposition condition, substantial thermal degradation occurred for which a chain scission mechanism is proposed for plasma deposited polyamide coatings. There are difficulties in achieving cross-linking during plasma spray deposition of thermosets. The theoretical calculations predict that adequate cross-linking is unlikely in a coating deposited under normal conditions, but preheating the substrate to above the cross-linking temperature improves the degree of cross-linking of the coatings substantially. In addition, the coating thickness has a major effect on the degree of cross-linking of thermosets. The calculations also predict that lowering the thermal conductivity by applying a thermal barrier undercoat and using a faster curing agent to reduce time required for the cross-linking reaction can improve the degree of cross-linking of thermoset deposits. The experimental results for the degree of cross-linking and wear resistance confirmed these predictions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação, foram preparados materiais poliméricos com atividade bactericida a partir de copolímeros de estireno (Sty) e divinilbenzeno (DVB) e de celulose bacteriana. Três copolímeros à base de Sty e DVB foram sintetizados através da técnica de polimerização em suspensão aquosa. Os copolímeros foram preparados com diferentes estruturas porosas, por meio da variação da composição do sistema diluente. Um copolímero comercial macrorreticulado, Amberlite XAD4, de elevada área superficial, também foi usado neste estudo com o objetivo de comparar sua estrutura polimérica e seu desempenho com o dos copolímeros sintetizados. Os copolímeros de Sty-DVB foram caracterizados por meio da densidade aparente, área específica, diâmetro médio de poros, volume de poros, microscopias ótica e eletrônica de varredura, grau de inchamento, espectrometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica e análise elementar. Os copolímeros de Sty-DVB foram modificados quimicamente através da reação de nitração, seguida da reação de redução do grupo nitro a amino e posterior reação de diazotação e hidrólise do grupo sal de diazônio. Os copolímeros modificados contendo os grupos NH2 e OH foram utilizados como suporte para a ancoragem das nanopartículas de prata. As partículas de prata foram obtidas pela redução dos íons Ag+ empregando-se cloridrato de hidroxilamina como redutor e PVP como protetor de colóide. O teor de prata impregnada foi determinado pelo método volumétrico. A celulose bacteriana (BC) foi empregada como uma matriz para impregnação de nanopartículas de prata. Membranas de BC foram impregnadas com solução aquosa de AgNO3, a seguir foi realizada a redução dos íons Ag+ com três diferentes agentes redutores (hidrazina, hidroxilamina e ácido ascórbico) empregando ou não protetor de colóide (PVP ou gelatina). As membranas de BC/Ag0 obtidas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A capacidade bactericida dos copolímeros de Sty-DVB, dos copolímeros funcionalizados e impregnados com prata e das membranas de BC/Ag0 foi avaliada através do método da contagem em placa contra suspensões de Escherichia coli, em diferentes concentrações (103 a 107 células/mL). Foi observado que os copolímeros de origem e os copolímeros modificados contendo os grupos NO2 e NH2 não apresentaram atividade bactericida contra suspensões de E. coli em nenhuma concentração. Por outro lado, os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo OH apresentaram alguma atividade bactericida, embora abaixo do esperado devido à baixa incorporação de hidroxilas fenólicas. Os copolímeros modificados impregnados com Ag apresentaram maior ação bactericida do que os copolímeros modificados, o que comprova que a ação bactericida é devida às partículas de prata ancoradas nos copolímeros. Os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo OH impregnados com Ag mesmo possuindo menores teores de prata apresentaram maior ação bactericida do que os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo NH2 impregnados com Ag. A maior ação bactericida pode ser atribuída à combinação da atividade bactericida das partículas de prata com a atividade dos grupos hidroxilas fenólicas mesmo que estes grupos estejam pouco incorporados nos copolímeros. Os compósitos de BC/Ag0 exibiram atividade bactericida contra E. coli que foi atribuída à ação das nanoparticulas de prata obtidas quando foi empregada a hidroxilamina como agente redutor e a gelatina como protetor de colóide / In this work, styrene and divinylbenzene copolymers and bacterial cellulose were employed as polymeric supports for preparing composite materials with bactericidal activity. Three copolymers based on Sty-DVB were synthesized by suspension polymerization. The copolymers were prepared by varying the solvating power of the employed diluent system aiming to obtain different porosities. The commercial copolymer Amberlite XAD4 was also used aiming to relate its performance with the porous structure of this commercial resin and the synthesized copolymers. These copolymers were characterized by bulk density, specific area, pore average diameter, optical and scanning electronic microscopies, swelling degree, infra-red spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and elemental analysis (CHN). The copolymers were modified by the nitration reaction, reduction of the nitro group and subsequent hydrolysis of the diazonium salt group. The chemical modification of copolymers was confirmed by FTIR and by the thermal profiles changes. The modification extension was determined by elemental analysis. The Ag+ ions were reduced by employing hydroxylamine as reductant and PVP as colloid protector aiming to produce silver nanoparticles anchored on the resin surface. The amount of incorporated silver was determinated by tritation. The bacterial cellulose (BC) was also used as a matrix for anchoring nanoparticles of silver. BC membranes were immersed in silver nitrate solution. The Ag+ ions were reduced by employing hydrazine, hydroxylamine or ascorbic acid as reductant in the presence or not of a colloid protector (PVP or gelatin). XRD analysis have confirmed Ag cubic phase on the BC/Ag0 membrane. The particles size distribution of silver nanoparticles and their morphologic features were investigated by scanning eletron microscopy. The antibacterial activity of the original copolymers, the modified copolymers, the copolymers containing anchored silver particles and BC/Ag membranes was determined towards 103 to 107 cells/mL dilutions of Escherichia coli strain. It was noted that the original copolymers and copolymers containing NO2 and NH2 groups did not present bactericidal action. However, the copolymers containing OH groups presented a considerable bactericidal activity but lower than expected due to low amount of OH groups. The copolymers containing anchored silver particles presented higher bactericidal action than the modified copolymers, confirming that the bactericidal activity was attributed to the action of silver nanoparticles. The modified copolymers containing OH groups and anchored silver particles exhibited higher bactericidal action than the modified copolymers containing NH2 groups and anchored silver particles. This highest bactericidal activity was due to the combined action of silver nanoparticles and functional group OH of the copolymers. The composites BC/Ag0 showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli that was attributed to the action of silver nanoparticles obtained when a combination of hydroxylamine as reducing agent and gelatine as protective colloid was employed

O uso de resinas acrílicas para confecção de restaurações provisórias é bastante difundido na prática odontológica. Dois tipos de resina encontram-se comercialmente disponíveis, as de bisacrilato de metila e as de metacrilato de metila e, em decorrência das exigências funcionais e estéticas das restaurações provisórias, estes materiais devem apresentar resistência, estabilidade de cor e durabilidade. Objetivo: Verificar a resistência à flexão, a microdureza, a rugosidade superficial e a estabilidade de cor de quatro resinas para restaurações temporárias quando submetidas à termociclagem e à imersão em clorexidina. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas as resinas Luxatemp e Structur 2, a base de bisacrilato de metila, e as resinas Duralay e Alike a base de metacrilato de metila. Os corpos-de-prova (n=220) foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com a marca comercial e o ensaio realizado (resistência à flexão, microdureza, rugosidade superficial e estabilidade de cor), sendo avaliados em três tempos distintos: após 24 horas da confecção, após termociclagem (2000 ciclos) e após termociclagem e imersão em clorexidina a 0,12% por 14 dias. Resultados: Os dados obtidos foram analisados com o teste ANOVA e em seguida com o teste t (p<0,05), evidenciando que a termociclagem alterou as propriedades mecânicas das resinas, diminuindo a resistencia a flexão e a microdureza, aumentando a rugosidade superficial e ocasionando alteração de cor. A clorexidina não afetou as propriedades mecânicas das resinas estudadas, porém alterou a cor das resinas de metacrilato. Conclusões: As resinas de bisacrilato apresentaram resultados superiores aos das resinas de metacrilato para todas as variáveis estudadas. A termociclagem afetou negativamente todas as resinas, apenas as resinas de bisacrilato não apresentaram alteração de cor após imersão em clorexidina. / The use of acrylic resins is quite spread in dental practice, being accomplished temporary restorations with this material during the prosthetic treatment. Two chemical groups of this material exist, bis-acryl resins and another of methacrylate resins. Aim: This study verified the flexural resistance, micro hardness, superficial roughness and the color variation of four temporary resins submitted to thermo cycling and chlorexidine immersion. Methods: Luxatemp and Structur 2, bis-acryl based resins, and, Duralay and Alike, methacrylate based resins, has been used. The specimens (n=220) were divided in four groups, in agreement with the accomplished rehearsal, being appraised in three different times: after 24 hours, after the thermo cycling (2000 cycles) and after the thermo cycling followed by the immersion in 0.12% chlorexidine solution during 14 days. The tests were accomplished to the flexural, microhardness, superficial roughness and the color variation verification in all of the experimental times. Results: The results were statistically verified with ANOVA test followed by a t-test (p<0.05). Thermo cycling decreased flexural resistance and micro hardness, increased superficial roughness and caused color variation in all studied resins. Chlorexidine immersion did not changes physicals properties of studied resins, but caused color variation in methacrylate resins. Conclusions: The bis-acryl resins obtained results superiors to the checked for the methacrylate resins in all the experimental tests. Thermo cycling manegeament affected negatively all the studied resins. Only bis-acryl resins didnt presented color variation caused by chlorexidine immersion.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo teórico que procura explicar a origem de um pico anômalo de corrente, observado na fase faraeletrica do copolímero P(VDF/TrFE), nos processos de descarga. Quando uma voltagem tipo V(t) = Vo S(t) é aplicado em materiais isolantes, correntes elétricas observadas em medidas, de carga-descarga decaem aproximadamente com T-n e obedecem ao principio da superposição linear (PSL). Esse comportamento e também observado em polímeros dielétricos. Entretanto, nos processos de descarga, acima da temperatura de Curie do copolímero p (VDF/TrFE), surge um pico anomalo de corrente que viola, aparentemente, o (PSL). Apresentamos um modelo de migração de cargas de espaço em presença de armadilhas, que pode ser responsável pelo pico de corrente e que estaria superposta a corrente de descarga da absorção dielétrica, conforme o modelo, durante os processos de carga, impurezas extrínsecas seriam varridas, pelo campo, do volume da amostra e ficariam, preferencialmente, presas em armadilhas de superfície. Nos processos de descarga, essas cargas se deslocariam em direção ao interior da amostra, devido a repulsão Coulombiana. Esse mecanismo de condução gera um pico de corrente. A aplicação do modelo, permitiu-nos inferir valores de parâmetros como a mobilidade dos portadores de carga e o tempo de transito. / A model based on space charge migration to explain an anomalous electric current peak on films of P (VDF/TrFE) copolymer in its paraelectric phase is presented. In general step-voltage current measurements of insulating polymeric materials obey the Principle of Linear Super-position. However, an unexpected anomalous peak was observed in discharge currents in measurements performed with P (VDF/TrFE) above the Curie temperature. We have assumed that space charges were dragged from the bulk of the sample by the external field during the charge measurement, and trapped close to the surface of the sample in a region where the concentration of traps would be very high. Two methods were developed to calculate the magnitude of the current peak: I) assuming a given space charge distribution during the discharge measurement, and II) considering the movement of thin discrete layers of charge under the influence of the internal field.

Designing with non-visual attributes challenges ways of representation. This research explores methods for designing with invisible materiality within the research practice, as well as ways of representation through textiles when designing spaces. Exploring textiles and smells within a space, the research program investigates spatial interactions. This research focuses on designing embodied experiences using tangible materials as expressions of smells. Through the spatial installations and performances Sight of smell, Touch of smell, and Smell, space, and body movement, haptics were explored as one of the methods of interaction with smells through textiles. Through the sense of touch, this research also investigates ways of revealing, activating, and disseminating smells within a space. Smells were purposely added through the methods of dyeing, coating, and printing to the textile materials that did not inherently embody any smells, As a result, tactile surfaces create non-visual expressions of smell. Further ideas of research in this area would explore another perspective of designing with smells in spaces. As an example, by designing textiles being smell absorbers, dividers, and re ectors, could compliment the spatial concepts and deals with the already existing smells in a living environment. In this licentiate thesis thinking through the olfactive dimension to design textiles is not only novel for the textile design eld; but also, its proposal for application in the spatial design is quite unique, and o ers a new dimension for spatial design. / Horizon 2020 MSCA ITN