Este trabalho apresenta um modelo teórico que procura explicar a origem de um pico anômalo de corrente, observado na fase faraeletrica do copolímero P(VDF/TrFE), nos processos de descarga. Quando uma voltagem tipo V(t) = Vo S(t) é aplicado em materiais isolantes, correntes elétricas observadas em medidas, de carga-descarga decaem aproximadamente com T-n e obedecem ao principio da superposição linear (PSL). Esse comportamento e também observado em polímeros dielétricos. Entretanto, nos processos de descarga, acima da temperatura de Curie do copolímero p (VDF/TrFE), surge um pico anomalo de corrente que viola, aparentemente, o (PSL). Apresentamos um modelo de migração de cargas de espaço em presença de armadilhas, que pode ser responsável pelo pico de corrente e que estaria superposta a corrente de descarga da absorção dielétrica, conforme o modelo, durante os processos de carga, impurezas extrínsecas seriam varridas, pelo campo, do volume da amostra e ficariam, preferencialmente, presas em armadilhas de superfície. Nos processos de descarga, essas cargas se deslocariam em direção ao interior da amostra, devido a repulsão Coulombiana. Esse mecanismo de condução gera um pico de corrente. A aplicação do modelo, permitiu-nos inferir valores de parâmetros como a mobilidade dos portadores de carga e o tempo de transito. / A model based on space charge migration to explain an anomalous electric current peak on films of P (VDF/TrFE) copolymer in its paraelectric phase is presented. In general step-voltage current measurements of insulating polymeric materials obey the Principle of Linear Super-position. However, an unexpected anomalous peak was observed in discharge currents in measurements performed with P (VDF/TrFE) above the Curie temperature. We have assumed that space charges were dragged from the bulk of the sample by the external field during the charge measurement, and trapped close to the surface of the sample in a region where the concentration of traps would be very high. Two methods were developed to calculate the magnitude of the current peak: I) assuming a given space charge distribution during the discharge measurement, and II) considering the movement of thin discrete layers of charge under the influence of the internal field.

The characteristics of the subcritical, critical and supercritical flows at the rectangular free overfall were studied experimentally to obtain a relation between the brink depth and the flow rate. A series of experiments were conducted in a tilting flume with wide range of flow rate and two bed roughness in order to find the relationship between the brink depth, normal depth, channel bed slope and bed roughnesses. An equation was proposed to calculate the flow rate if only the brink depth, roughness, and channel bed slope are known. An alternate iterative solution was offered to calculate discharges if the brink depth and uniform flow depth are known.

In recent years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied to estimate in many areas of hydrology and hydraulic engineering. In this thesis, multilayered feedforward backpropagation algorithm was used to establish for the prediction of unit discharge q (m3/s/m) in a rectangular free overfall. Researchers&rsquo / experimental data were used to train and validate the network with high reliability. First, an appropriate ANN model has been established by considering determination of hidden layer and node numbers related to training function and training epoch number. Then by applying sensitivity analysis, parameters involved in and their effectiveness relatively has been determined in the phenomenon. In the scope of the thesis, there are two case studies. In the first case study, ANN models reliability has been investigated according to the training data clustered and the results are given by comparing to regression analysis. In the second case, ANN models&rsquo / ability in establishing relations with different data clusters is investigated and effectiveness of ANN is scrutinized.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo teórico que procura explicar a origem de um pico anômalo de corrente, observado na fase faraeletrica do copolímero P(VDF/TrFE), nos processos de descarga. Quando uma voltagem tipo V(t) = Vo S(t) é aplicado em materiais isolantes, correntes elétricas observadas em medidas, de carga-descarga decaem aproximadamente com T-n e obedecem ao principio da superposição linear (PSL). Esse comportamento e também observado em polímeros dielétricos. Entretanto, nos processos de descarga, acima da temperatura de Curie do copolímero p (VDF/TrFE), surge um pico anomalo de corrente que viola, aparentemente, o (PSL). Apresentamos um modelo de migração de cargas de espaço em presença de armadilhas, que pode ser responsável pelo pico de corrente e que estaria superposta a corrente de descarga da absorção dielétrica, conforme o modelo, durante os processos de carga, impurezas extrínsecas seriam varridas, pelo campo, do volume da amostra e ficariam, preferencialmente, presas em armadilhas de superfície. Nos processos de descarga, essas cargas se deslocariam em direção ao interior da amostra, devido a repulsão Coulombiana. Esse mecanismo de condução gera um pico de corrente. A aplicação do modelo, permitiu-nos inferir valores de parâmetros como a mobilidade dos portadores de carga e o tempo de transito. / A model based on space charge migration to explain an anomalous electric current peak on films of P (VDF/TrFE) copolymer in its paraelectric phase is presented. In general step-voltage current measurements of insulating polymeric materials obey the Principle of Linear Super-position. However, an unexpected anomalous peak was observed in discharge currents in measurements performed with P (VDF/TrFE) above the Curie temperature. We have assumed that space charges were dragged from the bulk of the sample by the external field during the charge measurement, and trapped close to the surface of the sample in a region where the concentration of traps would be very high. Two methods were developed to calculate the magnitude of the current peak: I) assuming a given space charge distribution during the discharge measurement, and II) considering the movement of thin discrete layers of charge under the influence of the internal field.

In this study a setup is designed and constructed in the Hydromechanics Laboratory of Middle East Technical University in order to observe the flow through grate inlets under different flow and geometry conditions. The rate of interception of flow is determined over a rectangular channel through preliminary experiments run on the tilting flume. The performance of the new set setup has been examined and grate efficiency is obtained both in terms of longitudinal slope and the Froude number. The results which are obtained show that the setup can be used to conduct experiments to obtain a general expression for grate efficiency.

The flow characteristics of the subcritical and supercritical flows over a free overfall in a rectangular channel are studied experimentally. A series of experiments were conducted in a tilting flume with a wide range of flow rate. Data collected by several researchers are also included. An empirical relationship, which gives the flow rate as a function of the brink depth, the channel bed slope and the bed roughness are confirmed by using data collected in present study. In addition, the behaviors of the ratio of the brink depth to the critical depth according to several flow parameters are examined. Further, the location of the critical depth in subcritical flows while flow is approaching to the fall is investigated. It is concluded that the location of the critical depth in subcritical flow is a function of the Froude number, channel bed slope and the Manning roughness coefficient. The resemblance or the difference in the occurrence of the profile in sub and supercritical flows examined.

Der Einsatz von hydrologischen Modellen zur Unterstützung von Planung und Betrieb von Entwässerungssystemen ist als Stand der Technik anzusehen. Realitätsnahe und sichere Modellergebnisse stellen dabei die Grundlage für eine zielgerichtete Entscheidungsfindung dar. Nur durch eine Kalibrierung können Parameter von konzeptionellen Modellen zur Berechnung des Niederschlag-Abfluss-Prozesses an die Randbedingungen des zu simulierenden technischen oder natürlichen Systems angepasst werden. Auch wenn die Kalibrierung eines Modells entscheidend zur Erhöhung der Realitätsnähe beiträgt, kann diese durch unterschiedliche Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass bei hydrologischen Modellen nicht ausschließlich deterministische Gleichungen mit physikalisch basierten Parametern eingesetzt werden. Wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Kalibrierung von urbanhydrologischen Modellen sind die gewählte Modellstruktur, die Eingangsdaten, die Kalibrierdaten, die Auswahl von Kalibrierereignissen sowie die eigentliche Kalibriermethodik. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Einflüsse der Kalibrierdaten, der Auswahl von Ereignissen und der Kalibriermethodik auf die Ergebnisse der automatischen Kalibrierung mittels multikriterieller Optimierungsverfahren untersucht.

The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part includes issues associated with runoff and discharge, methods for discharge measurement and measurements of uncertainties. The practical part of the thesis describes a specific process flow measurement in Kopaninský and Jenínský stream. There is a familiarization with the water flow velocity measurement and comparison methods of volume measurement discharge with continuous measurement. The results of the practical part served to refine the rainfall-runoff processes in research catchment areas. Refined values of the flow rate were used as input data for the calculation of the runoff coefficient and for quantifying the losses of nutrients from the catchment areas. Calculation of the runoff coefficient and nutrient losses were compared for the original and the revised equation discharge curve. Volume measurement discharge has shown that the different conditions above measurement weir during continuous monitoring lead to the uncertainties of measurement. That´s why one has to approach to each flowmeasurement individually and consider the situation in a particular installation.

Der Einsatz von hydrologischen Modellen zur Unterstützung von Planung und Betrieb von Entwässerungssystemen ist als Stand der Technik anzusehen. Realitätsnahe und sichere Modellergebnisse stellen dabei die Grundlage für eine zielgerichtete Entscheidungsfindung dar. Nur durch eine Kalibrierung können Parameter von konzeptionellen Modellen zur Berechnung des Niederschlag-Abfluss-Prozesses an die Randbedingungen des zu simulierenden technischen oder natürlichen Systems angepasst werden. Auch wenn die Kalibrierung eines Modells entscheidend zur Erhöhung der Realitätsnähe beiträgt, kann diese durch unterschiedliche Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass bei hydrologischen Modellen nicht ausschließlich deterministische Gleichungen mit physikalisch basierten Parametern eingesetzt werden. Wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Kalibrierung von urbanhydrologischen Modellen sind die gewählte Modellstruktur, die Eingangsdaten, die Kalibrierdaten, die Auswahl von Kalibrierereignissen sowie die eigentliche Kalibriermethodik. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Einflüsse der Kalibrierdaten, der Auswahl von Ereignissen und der Kalibriermethodik auf die Ergebnisse der automatischen Kalibrierung mittels multikriterieller Optimierungsverfahren untersucht.

Water quality was one of the biggest problems of environment in beginning of 90. of 20th century in the Czech republic. Since 90. the level of water quality was in czech rivers rapidly better. Mainly in big rivers have accomplished great changes. The small rivers haven't notice that rapid changes. The Czech republic, after entrance to the European Union have committed to comply with Directive 91/271/EEC reduce urban waste water and which should have big influence to water quality also in small rivers. During 90. industry technology, agriculture, cleaning technology of waste water etc. reached big development. Therefore the presumption is higher quality of water in the Czech republic since 90. Goal of the thesis is comparison of results from 1999-2000 with results from 2012- 2014 from Mladoticky brook catchment, which is lined up to small river catchments (79,77km2 ). From this comparison there is obvious trend, if conditions of the water quality are really better or not since 90. [33] Since 2012 to 2014 were taken 12 times samples from 11 profiles of water from Mladotice brook catchment and they were consequential chemically analyzed. The samples were evaluated according to ČSN 757221 and compared with results from 1999-2000. From comparison with data 1999-2000 and 2012-2014 was confirmed the...