A demanda de largura de banda exigida pelos usuários de redes de acesso vem aumentando rapidamente e a rede óptica passiva baseada em multiplexação por divisão de comprimento de onda (WDM-PON) tem se destacado como a tecnologia capaz de suprir essa demanda. Dessa forma, este trabalho conduz, inicialmente, uma comparação entre uma rede WDM-PON ideal e uma rede TDM-PON, discutindo também aspectos de segurança desta última, bem como estratégias de migração entre estes dois esquemas. Devido ao custo elevado da WDM-PON em seu esquema original, investigou-se em seguida as principais arquiteturas alternativas relatadas na literatura, em busca de maior viabilidade de implementação. Com base nesse estudo, fez-se então uma análise mais profunda sobre topologias recentes derivadas da RITENET, referenciadas na literatura como arquiteturas baseadas em fontes ópticas centralizadas (CLS). Tais configurações são baseadas no travamento de diodos lasers Fabry-Pérot através da injeção do sinal de ASE de um EDFA e foram estudadas por meio de simulações computacionais empregando o software OptiSystem 8.0. / The demand for bandwidth by access networks users has increased rapidly and the Wavelength Division Multiplexing - Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) has been pointed out as the technology capable of meeting this demand. In this framework, this work initially carries out a comparison between an ideal WDM-PON network and a TDM-PON network, also discussing TDM-PON security issues as well as migration strategies from TDM-PON to WDM-PON configurations. Next, taking into account the high implementation cost of the WDM-PON original scheme, we investigated alternative topologies available in the literature. Based on this study, we performed a more in-depth analysis regarding recently proposed topologies, derived from the RITENET, which are refered at the literature as centralized light sources (CLS) based architectures. Such networks are based on the locking of Fabry-Pérot lasers diodes through the injection of the ASE signal from an EDFA and were studied by using the software OptiSystem 8.0.

A demanda de largura de banda exigida pelos usuários de redes de acesso vem aumentando rapidamente e a rede óptica passiva baseada em multiplexação por divisão de comprimento de onda (WDM-PON) tem se destacado como a tecnologia capaz de suprir essa demanda. Dessa forma, este trabalho conduz, inicialmente, uma comparação entre uma rede WDM-PON ideal e uma rede TDM-PON, discutindo também aspectos de segurança desta última, bem como estratégias de migração entre estes dois esquemas. Devido ao custo elevado da WDM-PON em seu esquema original, investigou-se em seguida as principais arquiteturas alternativas relatadas na literatura, em busca de maior viabilidade de implementação. Com base nesse estudo, fez-se então uma análise mais profunda sobre topologias recentes derivadas da RITENET, referenciadas na literatura como arquiteturas baseadas em fontes ópticas centralizadas (CLS). Tais configurações são baseadas no travamento de diodos lasers Fabry-Pérot através da injeção do sinal de ASE de um EDFA e foram estudadas por meio de simulações computacionais empregando o software OptiSystem 8.0. / The demand for bandwidth by access networks users has increased rapidly and the Wavelength Division Multiplexing - Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) has been pointed out as the technology capable of meeting this demand. In this framework, this work initially carries out a comparison between an ideal WDM-PON network and a TDM-PON network, also discussing TDM-PON security issues as well as migration strategies from TDM-PON to WDM-PON configurations. Next, taking into account the high implementation cost of the WDM-PON original scheme, we investigated alternative topologies available in the literature. Based on this study, we performed a more in-depth analysis regarding recently proposed topologies, derived from the RITENET, which are refered at the literature as centralized light sources (CLS) based architectures. Such networks are based on the locking of Fabry-Pérot lasers diodes through the injection of the ASE signal from an EDFA and were studied by using the software OptiSystem 8.0.

Práce rozebírá současný vývoj na poli pasivních optických sítí a jednotlivé generace přenosových standardů. Podrobněji se zabývá parametry ODN, metodami jejich měření a volbou potřebných měření v praxi. Hlavní část práce je zaměřena na měření pasivního WDM prvku, kde je provedena analýza vstupů a výstupů, měření vložného útlumu a přelechů podle ORL na provozních vlnových délkách.

Optical fiber access technology is the key to realize a broadband communication for everyone, and the passive optical network (PON) is enabling customers to enjoy high-speed internet access now. As the demand for the broadband access is still growing, a study to find out technologies to realize wider bandwidth for the access system is quite important. At this moment, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PON is the most promising technology for the future optical fiber access system. Current PON system covers a reach of within 20km from a central office, because the market of the access system is focusing on well-populated area. It is required to extend the reach of the PON system to enhance the applicable area, because there are many regions in the world where are not so highly populated. Therefore, this master thesis is focusing on to enhance the reach of the WDM-PON system. A little more specifically, a single fiber bidirectional 80 km WDM PON system with symmetric up-and-downstream data rate of 10.66Gb/s is reported. In order to enhance the reach of the WDM-PON system, Raman amplifier is utilized. As the Raman amplifier can amplify both directional optical signals simultaneously, it is quite effective to enhance the reach of the WDM-PON system. Even though, there are several effects that cause performance degradations of the system by introducing the Raman amplifier. It is important to clarify such effects and to provide solutions. This thesis discusses these issues also. One factor to degrade the system performance is the Rayleigh backscattering. As the Raman amplifier amplifies the Rayleigh backscattering, it interferes to the signal and causes the crosstalk penalty. At first, an experimental study has been conducted to clarify the significance of the Rayleigh backscattering, and the method to overcome the crosstalk penalty is presented. Then, another experiment to realize 80km WDM PON system with Raman amplifier is conducted, and it demonstrates a feasibility of such system. Finally, this thesis is concluded by a successful demonstration of the WDM-PON system with an enhanced reach.

La demande en applications gourmandes en bande passante, comme la vidéo interactive et le multimédia, s’est encore accrue rendant l’attribution de la bande passante particulièrement problématique. Ainsi, bien que le multiplexage par répartition en longueur d'onde du réseau optique passif (WDM-PON) est considéré comme un candidat prometteur pour réaliser les réseaux d'accès optiques, de nouvelles générations de systèmes hauts débits plus adaptés apparaissent grâce à la gestion d’une bande passante dédiée pour chaque abonné et de façon générale, une gestion de bande passante plus flexible. La première moitié de cette thèse porte sur trois technologies dans un WDM-PON : un système de recouvrement de multidiffusion, un système de protection automatique de commutation et de diode laser accordable Fabry-Pérot (FP-LD) en régime auto-amorcé. Dans la seconde moitié de la thèse, on étudie un réseau optique WDM distribué, utilisé pour un environnement informatique virtuel reliant des ressources informatiques largement distribuées afin de supporter des applications de calcul scientifique, d'ingénierie ou commerciale distribués à grande échelle. Ce système est ainsi appelé "grille" des systèmes optiques. Les applications de réseaux peuvent aller du simple transfert d'un grand ensemble de données à l'exécution complexe d'un ensemble de tâches interdépendantes. Cependant, dans un tel système impliquant de nombreuses ressources informatiques hétérogènes ainsi que des ressources réseau, les imperfections paraissent inévitables. Cette thèse aborde également en conséquence la question de la maximisation de la disponibilité des applications réseau en temps réel (grille de systèmes optiques) grâce à des techniques de planification des ressources et leurs tolérances face aux pannes. / The bandwidth-intensive applications, such as interactive video and multimedia services, have further increased the demand of bandwidth. Thus wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) is viewed as a promising candidate to realize the next generation optical access networks due to its dedicated bandwidth for each subscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The first half of this thesis will cover three technologies in a WDM-PON, including multicast overlay scheme, automatic protection switching scheme and tunable Fabry-Pérot laser diode (FP-LD) self-seeding scheme. In the second half of the thesis, WDM optical network is utilized as a virtual computing environment, which connects widely distributed computing resources to support large-scale scientific, engineering or commercial computing applications. It is so called “optical Grid” systems. Grid applications may range from the simple transfer of a large data set to the complex execution of a collection of interdependent tasks. However, for such a system involving many heterogeneous computing and network resources, faults seem to be inevitable. This thesis will also address the issue of maximizing grid application availability in real-time optical Grid systems through resource-fault-tolerant scheduling techniques.

Les réseaux optiques passifs (PONs, Passive Optical Networks) représentant l’une des solutions les plus performantes du réseau d’accès FTTH ont été largement déployés par les opérateurs grâce à leur capacité d’offrir des services de très haut débit. Cependant, en raison de la dynamicité du trafic des différents clients, ces réseaux doivent s’appuyer sur un mécanisme efficace pour l’allocation de ressources, plus particulièrement dans le sens montant. Ce mécanisme est actuellement limité par la nature statique des paramètres SLA (Service Level Agreement). Ceci peut avoir une influence négative sur la qualité de service ressentie par les utilisateurs. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle architecture pour optimiser l’allocation de ressources dans les réseaux PON tout en agissant uniquement sur les paramètres SLA, désignés comme des paramètres gérables par l’opérateur. Des techniques de classification basées sur l’apprentissage automatique et la prédiction sont utilisées pour analyser le comportement des différents utilisateurs et déterminer leurs tendances de trafic. Un ajustement dynamique sur la base du concept autonomique de certains paramètres SLA est ensuite effectué afin de maximiser la satisfaction globale des clients vis-à-vis du réseau. / Passive Optical Network (PON) representing one of the most attractive FTTH access network solutions, have been widely deployed for several years thanks to their ability to offer high speed services. However, due to the dynamicity of users traffic patterns, PONs need to rely on an efficient upstream bandwidth allocation mechanism. This mechanism is currently limited by the static nature of Service Level Agreement (SLA) parameters which can lead to an unoptimized bandwidth allocation in the network. The objective of this thesis is to propose a new management architecture for optimizing the upstream bandwidth allocation in PON while acting only on manageable parameters to allow the involvement of self-decision elements into the network. To achieve this, classification techniques based on machine learning approaches are used to analyze the behavior of PON users and to specify their upstream data transmission tendency. A dynamic adjustment of some SLA parameters is then performed to maximize the overall customers’ satisfaction with the network.

Transmissores agnósticos em comprimento de onda colorless [1], isto é, transmissores que não estão restritos à operação em um único comprimento de onda, são considerados como um dos pré-requisitos para os projetos de redes ópticas passivas baseadas na multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network. Esta configuração reduz consideravelmente os custos operacionais e de instalação da rede WDM-PON, uma vez que um único tipo de transmissor pode ser usado em qualquer terminal de assinante, independentemente dos comprimentos de onda pré-estabelecidos para os usuários em questão. Entretanto, a possibilidade de aumento do número de usuários e da capacidade de transmissão agregada, com poucas modificações na estrutura da rede WDM-PON, garantindo uma melhor relação custo-benefício, são questões também essenciais no projeto de sistemas multi-comprimento de onda.Tendo em vista o panoramo exposto, neste trabalho é proposta uma nova topologia de reuso de portadora óptica para redes WDM-PON, a qual combina sinais autoalimentados e remodulação óptica no domínio da intensidade, visando o atendimento das premissas tecnológicas para cenários de nova geração. Como metodologia, investigações experimentais são conduzidas em termos de caracterizações ópticas em função de vários parâmetros e avaliações sistêmicas em taxas simétricas de 1,25 Gb/s, no âmbito de redes de acesso e acesso estendido. Utilizam-se transmissores colorless do tipo amplificadores ópticos semicondutores refletivos e fontes ópticas banda larga baseadas em emissão espontânea amplificada, de forma a garantir a simplificação dos terminais dos usuários. Adicionalmente, são realizadas análises comparativas entre essa proposta frente aos trabalhos encontrados na literatura técnica, quando possível, em termos de custos operacionais, desempenho sistêmico e viabilidade de expansão para cenários a taxas simétricas de 10 Gb/s. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, acredita-se que essa topologia possa ser expandida para cenários de até 10 Gb/s com o uso de técnicas apropriadas de apagamento de portadora, mantendo a melhor relação custo-beneficio para sistemas de remodulação no domínio da intensidade. / Wavelength agnostic (colorless) transmitters [1], i.e, transmitters which are not fixed to a specific wavelength operation, are regarded as one of the essential keys for the designing of wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs). The use of colorless transceiver leads to a reduction in the mainentence cost of the network, once the same basic optoelectronic hardware can be employed to provide any wavelength required by a specific optical network termination (ONT). However, the possibility of a graceful increase on the number of ONTs and transmission capacity offered by the network, with no disruptive changes in the WDM-PON infra-structure, while keeping a cost-effective topology, are also attractive features in the design of future access networks. In this context, a novel wavelength-reuse topology for WDMPON is proposed in this work. The wavelength-sharing technique is based on combined self-seeded and remodulated signals in the intensity domain, in order to comply with the technology requierements for next generation networks. Experimental analysis are carried out in respect to optical characterization and system evaluation on symmetric rates of 1.25 Gb/s, aiming both short reach and extended reach scenarios. Reflective semicondutor optical amplifiers and broadband light sources based on amplified spontaneous emission are used as colorless transceivers in order to guarantee a costeffective ONT configuration. Also, comparative analyses between this proposal and works found in the technical literatural are established in terms of maintenance costs, system performance and feasibility of expansion to symmetric 10 Gb/s scenario. According to the results, we believe that network could be expanded to symmetric 10 Gb/s scenario with the development of proper erasure technique, while keeping the best cost-effective configuration of intensity-remodulated systems.

Transmissores agnósticos em comprimento de onda colorless [1], isto é, transmissores que não estão restritos à operação em um único comprimento de onda, são considerados como um dos pré-requisitos para os projetos de redes ópticas passivas baseadas na multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network. Esta configuração reduz consideravelmente os custos operacionais e de instalação da rede WDM-PON, uma vez que um único tipo de transmissor pode ser usado em qualquer terminal de assinante, independentemente dos comprimentos de onda pré-estabelecidos para os usuários em questão. Entretanto, a possibilidade de aumento do número de usuários e da capacidade de transmissão agregada, com poucas modificações na estrutura da rede WDM-PON, garantindo uma melhor relação custo-benefício, são questões também essenciais no projeto de sistemas multi-comprimento de onda.Tendo em vista o panoramo exposto, neste trabalho é proposta uma nova topologia de reuso de portadora óptica para redes WDM-PON, a qual combina sinais autoalimentados e remodulação óptica no domínio da intensidade, visando o atendimento das premissas tecnológicas para cenários de nova geração. Como metodologia, investigações experimentais são conduzidas em termos de caracterizações ópticas em função de vários parâmetros e avaliações sistêmicas em taxas simétricas de 1,25 Gb/s, no âmbito de redes de acesso e acesso estendido. Utilizam-se transmissores colorless do tipo amplificadores ópticos semicondutores refletivos e fontes ópticas banda larga baseadas em emissão espontânea amplificada, de forma a garantir a simplificação dos terminais dos usuários. Adicionalmente, são realizadas análises comparativas entre essa proposta frente aos trabalhos encontrados na literatura técnica, quando possível, em termos de custos operacionais, desempenho sistêmico e viabilidade de expansão para cenários a taxas simétricas de 10 Gb/s. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, acredita-se que essa topologia possa ser expandida para cenários de até 10 Gb/s com o uso de técnicas apropriadas de apagamento de portadora, mantendo a melhor relação custo-beneficio para sistemas de remodulação no domínio da intensidade. / Wavelength agnostic (colorless) transmitters [1], i.e, transmitters which are not fixed to a specific wavelength operation, are regarded as one of the essential keys for the designing of wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs). The use of colorless transceiver leads to a reduction in the mainentence cost of the network, once the same basic optoelectronic hardware can be employed to provide any wavelength required by a specific optical network termination (ONT). However, the possibility of a graceful increase on the number of ONTs and transmission capacity offered by the network, with no disruptive changes in the WDM-PON infra-structure, while keeping a cost-effective topology, are also attractive features in the design of future access networks. In this context, a novel wavelength-reuse topology for WDMPON is proposed in this work. The wavelength-sharing technique is based on combined self-seeded and remodulated signals in the intensity domain, in order to comply with the technology requierements for next generation networks. Experimental analysis are carried out in respect to optical characterization and system evaluation on symmetric rates of 1.25 Gb/s, aiming both short reach and extended reach scenarios. Reflective semicondutor optical amplifiers and broadband light sources based on amplified spontaneous emission are used as colorless transceivers in order to guarantee a costeffective ONT configuration. Also, comparative analyses between this proposal and works found in the technical literatural are established in terms of maintenance costs, system performance and feasibility of expansion to symmetric 10 Gb/s scenario. According to the results, we believe that network could be expanded to symmetric 10 Gb/s scenario with the development of proper erasure technique, while keeping the best cost-effective configuration of intensity-remodulated systems.

This diploma thesis deals with the historical development of passive optical networks, according to the standards that was defined by International Telecommunication Union (APON, BPON, GPON, XG-PON and NG-PON). Further, the thesis describes the security of passive optical networks, but also a security threats which the deployment and use of passive optical technology carry. In the introductory chapters of this thesis the passive optical networks are described. The following is a description of the standards of passive optical networks in terms of their historical development. The next part is dedicated to the security of passive optical networks and possible security threats. In conclusion a description of the practical part of this thesis is given -- rack assembly, which will serve for future testing. The basic configuration of the optical line terminations that are fitted in the rack is also described. The last part of this diploma thesis is dedicated to the testing of selected security risks, which was described in the theoretical part of this thesis.

Next generation access networks should be able to cultivate the ongoing evolution in services and applications. Advancements on that front are expected to exhibit the transformation of high definition television (HDTV) and 2D services into ultra-HDTV and individual interactive 3D services. Currently deployed passive optical networks (PONs) have been certified to be able to deliver high quality video and internet services while in parallel broadband wireless standards are increasing their spectral efficiency and subscriber utilisation. Exploiting the benefits of both by providing an integrated infrastructure benefiting from the wireless mobility and ease of scalability and escalating bandwidth of next generation PONs are expected to offer service providers the business models justifying the evolved services. In this direction, this thesis deals with the means of transparent routing of standard worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) signal formats over legacy PONs to and from wireless end users based on radio over fibre (RoF). The concept of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) with RoF is used for efficient addressing of individual base stations, bandwidth on-demand provisioning across a cell/sector, simple remote radio heads and no interference with the baseband PON spectrum. Network performance evaluation, initially through simulation, has displayed, in the presence of optical non-linearites and multi-path wireless channels, standard error vector magnitudes (EVMs) at remote radio receivers and bit error rates (BERs) of 1E-4 for typical WiMAX rates bidirectionally. To provide enhanced scalability and dynamicity, a newly applied scheme based on extended wavelength band overlay over the splitter, wireless-enabled PONs has been progressively investigated. This allows for the routing of multiple FDM windows to different wavelengths resulting in significantly reduced optical and electrical component costs and no dispersion compensation over the fibre. This has been implemented through the application of a dense array wave guide grating (AWG) and tuneable filter in the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit/base stations (ONU/BSs) respectively. Although with the use of a splitter the distribution point of the optical network remains largely the same, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays provide colourless upstream transmission. In addition, an overlapping cell concept is developed and adopted for increased wireless spectral efficiency and resilience. Finally, an experimental test-bed using commercially available WiMAX transceivers was produced, which enabled repetition of the simulation outcomes and therefore confirmed the overall network performance.