Dissertation presented for the degree of Master of Science in the University of the Witwatersrand. / WHSLYP2017

La presente investigación consiste en un análisis y exposición de un proceso religioso en el contexto de producción y comercialización de la coca en la región conocida como el VRAEM. Trata de cómo se fue construyendo un culto a una deidad cristiana que sin embargo tiene fuertes raíces en la religiosidad andina prehispánica. Los agentes que forjaron este culto están muy relacionados al sacerdocio andino y el chamanismo propio de las culturas andinas. / --- This investigation is an analysis and exposition about religious process in production and marketing context of coca in VRAEM region. It is a studio how Christian religion constructed, but Andean religion roots are very important. The agents that make this cult are much related with Andean shamanism in Andean culture Key Words: Andean religion- cocaleros- shamanism

Faces provide humans with information on the age, sex, individual identity, and emotional state of others. Although comparatively less is known about nonhuman primates’ face processing abilities, several gregarious group living species are able to discriminate conspecific faces. Here, we tested a less gregarious species, orangutans, to determine if they exhibit similar skills. Using a matching-to-sample paradigm, orangutans matched two identical portraits of unfamiliar orangutans. Next, subjects matched two different photographs of the same individual across viewpoints. During testing, subjects successfully transferred to novel photographs of familiar, but not unfamiliar, individuals with their first exposure to these stimuli. However, performance was not maintained throughout continued exposure to these stimuli, suggesting a possible novelty effect. Interestingly, orangutans performed significantly above chance when individuating familiar males, but not females. Further examination is needed to understand social organization and other social factors which were important in the evolution of face-processing.

Faces provide humans with information on the age, sex, individual identity, and emotional state of others. Although comparatively less is known about nonhuman primates’ face processing abilities, several gregarious group living species are able to discriminate conspecific faces. Here, we tested a less gregarious species, orangutans, to determine if they exhibit similar skills. Using a matching-to-sample paradigm, orangutans matched two identical portraits of unfamiliar orangutans. Next, subjects matched two different photographs of the same individual across viewpoints. During testing, subjects successfully transferred to novel photographs of familiar, but not unfamiliar, individuals with their first exposure to these stimuli. However, performance was not maintained throughout continued exposure to these stimuli, suggesting a possible novelty effect. Interestingly, orangutans performed significantly above chance when individuating familiar males, but not females. Further examination is needed to understand social organization and other social factors which were important in the evolution of face-processing.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kent State University, 1999. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kent State University, 1999. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Diploma thesis (Biology)--Universität Hannover, 2004. / "2004"--title page. Title from initial PDF page image (viewed October 5, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-53).

No description available.

Today’s highly endangered orangutan populations of Sumatra and Borneo offer but a glimpse into the taxonomic diversity and vast regional distribution enjoyed by orangutans and their great ape relatives in East Asia over the past 2.5 million years—a time when tropical forest pongine habitats stretched from Java to southern China. In addition to the giant terrestrial ape Gigantopithecus, other great ape genera have been proposed to have existed within this hominid community. The taxonomic diversity of this great ape faunal array is even further complicated when the purported presence of hominins at Early Pleistocene sites older than 1.85 Ma is considered. Highly acidic, the jungle floors of East Asia are notoriously bad at fossil preservation decomposing skeletal and dental evidence quickly. Fortunately, ph-neutral limestone caves have acted to offset these forces. The outcome of this peculiar taphonomy has left us with many teeth, but very little bone. With only unassociated fossil dentition to work with, modern geometric morphometrics offers scientists one of the few cutting-edge tools capable of systematically assessing this material reliably. This dissertation applies modern geometric morphometric statistical analysis to over two thousand fossil hominid teeth (Appendix A) from the Quaternary of southern China and Southeast Asia, which offers unique insight into the taxonomic diversity present in this sole Pleistocene great ape community. This study provides a much clearer understanding of the composition, paleoecology, and regional distribution of Pleistocene great ape communities of East Asia. Concordant with previous research, the main study and pilot study conducted in this dissertation showed Homo sapiens to always be morphologically and statistically distinct from extant and fossil orangutans. In turn, Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii were continuously shown to be distinct from each other as well as from fossil Pongo groups. This investigation refutes hominin assignments for several teeth previously placed within early East Asian hominins (showing them to be orangutans instead) but supports the hominin status of the Jianshi upper third premolar. In combination with a published age of 1.95–2.15 million years (Ma), the hominin assignment reaffirmed here for the Jianshi dentition originally classified as human by Liu, Clarke, & Xing (2010) may offer a challenge to evolutionary models that recognize the 1.85 Ma Dmanisi hominins as the earliest hominins outside of Africa. This fact is often lost on most contemporary scientists due to their preoccupation with the 2.5 Ma Longgupo mandibular fragment, once thought to be a hominin but now assignable to an ape. Like the Jianshi upper third premolar, it is also based on a single specimen (in this case, a mandibular fragment). This dissertation supports the existence of Ciochon’s (2009) “mystery ape”. It refutes Schwartz et al., (1995) multiple Vietnamese Pongo taxa, including the proposed genus “Langsonia,” which is reassigned here to Pongo or the “mystery ape,” while placing Vietnamese fossil orangutans into either Pongo weidenreichi or Pongo devosi. Teeth from the Ralph von Koenigswald collection originally assigned to “Hemanthropus” were also determined to be representative of either the “mystery ape” or Pongo. Indeterminate “hominin” teeth were assignable to either Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, or Pongo only; no evidence was found for any other types of hominin species present in the collections examined for this study.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of visitors on six species of captive primates in Shou Shan Zoo. In this article, I compared the behavior and the use of enclosure of primates with or without audiences, and I studied the correlations among the visitors¡¦ behavior, the behavior of primates, and the use of enclosure of them. Data were collected from September 2006 to March 2007 (between 09:00 to 16:00 hrs). The Shou Shan Zoo¡¦s visitors were estimated as 681 (¡Ó 323.71) individuals in non-holidays and 2824 (¡Ó 810.15) individuals in holidays. The average feeding provided by visitors was 3.65 % for 6 primate species, and this was more than four times of the feeding rate in Taipei Zoo. This phenomenon will threat the welfare and health of animals. Although resting was the most frequent behavior of these six species of primates, the proportion of abnormal behavior in Chimpanzee display site where attracted highest number of audiences and the highest proportion of animal feeding performed by visitors was relatively high. The major behavior of captive Chimpanzees were rest (53.28%), abnormal (13.75%) and food-related behavior (12.93%), and the frequency of Chimpanzees used the edge zone beyond 70%. The major behavior of Borneo Orangutan was rest (64.10%), followed by food-related behavior (20.13%) and self-directed behavior (12.18%). The frequency of Borneo Orangutan in the enclosure was highest in the back zone. The major behavior of Hamadryas Baboons was rest (49.27%), followed by affiliative (21.10%) and food-related behavior (12.68%). The frequency of Hamadryas Baboon in the enclosure was 50.27% in the other and 47.35% in the back zone. The major behavior of Celebes was rest (55.12%), followed by affiliative behavior (13.10%) and active (12.91%). The frequency of Celebes in the enclosure was highest in the back zone (41.51%), followed by the enrich (31.50%) and the edge zone (23.50%). The major behavior of the Dark-handed gibbon was rest (54.40%), active (27.10%) and food-related behavior (12.17%), and the frequency of the Dark-handed gibbon in the enclosure was 54.40% in the enrich zoon, 27.00% in the edge zoon and 10.90% in the other zoon. The major behavior of the White-handed gibbon was rest (74.28%) and active (18.07%), and the frequency of it in the enclosure was 45.58% in the enrich zoon and 39.52% in the edge zoon. The frequency of the Chimpanzees¡¦ abnormal, undesirable and self-directed behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of abnormal and undesirable behavior were positively correlated with the visitors¡¦ active and feeding behavior, but that were negatively correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (ignore and look). The duration of the Borneo Orangutan¡¦s rest, active, food-related and self-directed behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of the Borneo Orangutan used the back and the enrich zone were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active and look). The Hamadryas Baboon¡¦s rest (time) and undesirable behavior (frequency) were influenced by audiences, and the duration of rest, food-related and undesirable behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore), and the duration of the Hamadryas Baboon used the edge and the back zone were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (look and feeding). The frequency of the Celebes¡¦ self-directed and agonistic behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of active, self-directed, food-related and affiliative behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ feeding behavior. The duration of the Dark-handed gibbons¡¦ active and food-related behavior and the frequency of the Dark-handed gibbons¡¦ agonistic behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of rest, active, food-related, self-directed, undesirable and agonistic behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore). The duration of Dark-handed gibbons used the edge, the back and the enrich zoon were influenced by audiences, and the duration of the Dark-handed gibbons used these three zones were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, feeding and ignore). The frequency of the White-handed gibbon¡¦s self-directed behavior was influenced by audiences, and the duration of active, food-related, undesirable and abnormal behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore). The duration of the White-handed gibbon used the other zoon was positively correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active).