This paper applies the methods of multi-dimensional mathematical demography to project national populations based on alternative assumptions on future, fertility, mortality, migration and educational transitions that correspond to the five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) storylines. In doing so it goes a significant step beyond past population scenarios in the IPCC context which considered only total population size. By differentiating the human population not only by age and sex - as is conventionally done in demographic projections - but also by different levels of educational attainment the most fundamental aspects of human development and social change are being explicitly addressed through modeling the changing composition of populations by these three important individual characteristics. The scenarios have been defined in a collaborative effort of the international Integrated Assessment Modeling community with themedium scenario following that of a major new effort by the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, OEAW, WU) involving over 550 experts from around the world. As a result, in terms of total world population size the trajectories resulting from the five SSPs stay very close to each other until around 2030 and by the middle of the century already a visible differentiation appears with the range between the highest (SSP3) and the lowest (SSP1) trajectories spanning 1.5 billion. The range opens up much more with the SSP3 reaching 12.6 billion in 2100 and SSP1 falling to 6.9 billion which is lower than today's world population.

A asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica com grande prevalência mundial, inclusive no Brasil. Apresenta implicações para os pacientes e familiares sobre a qualidade de vida, faltas em escola/trabalho, procura a serviços emergenciais e complicações decorrentes ao não tratamento. Apesar de a terapêutica ter evoluído nos últimos anos, não houve grande alteração da morbimortalidade relacionada a essa doença. Por ser uma doença crônica, a retenção do conhecimento sobre ela e as mudanças de estilo de vida devem ser permanentes. Bom cuidado médico aliado a programas educacionais também reduzem consideravelmente os sintomas da asma, contribuindo para seu controle. Pesquisas recentes apontam que a maior parcela da população brasileira procura assistência médica através das Unidades Básicas de Saúde. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que existem cerca de 17% de analfabetos funcionais (pessoas com menos de 4 anos de estudo) e 8,5% de analfabetos, com dificuldade de compreensão e leitura, esses pacientes têm dificuldade para compreender o tratamento e prevenção de doenças como a asma. A fim de orientar essa população, dever-se-ia adequar imagens e linguagem à realidade dessas pessoas, no intuito de elucidar suas dúvidas e derrubar as barreiras que impedem o entendimento. Pensando em fechar essas lacunas, foi elaborada, junto à Disciplina de Telemedicina e ao Programa Saúde da Família, atuante em Unidades Básicas de Saúde, na periferia de São Paulo como UBS Novo Jardim e Parque Santo Antônio, uma proposta que visou a educar pacientes asmáticos de qualquer faixa etária e sem tratamento. O presente estudo é focado na construção de uma ferramenta de auxílio à educação sobre asma. Método: Foi elaborada e aplicada uma ficha de pesquisa sobre informações importantes de asma. Após esta investigação foi gerado um relatório com as principais dúvidas e comparado com aspectos epidemiológicos e preventivos que serviram como base para a construção iconografias dinâmicas junto ao Projeto Homem Virtual, a fim de proporcionar maior entendimento da fisiopatologia da asma e suas implicações. A partir dessas iconografias dinâmicas, de imagens contextualizadas para a realidade local e de narrativa adaptada a essa população montou-se uma mídia, que foi utilizada como ferramenta educacional. Por meio dessa mídia, explicou-se a fisiopatologia da asma, os gatilhos, a eliminação destes através de mudanças de hábitos a baixo custo a serem realizadas pela população, a importância do tratamento preventivo e curativo em seu evento agudo, assim como seu tratamento ao longo da vida. Esse material foi utilizado com fins didático-educacionais para um grupo de pacientes asmáticos denominado grupo de mídia. Formou-se outro grupo de educação denominado de grupo convencional, no qual foram usados pôsteres e maquetes representativos dos hábitos da população local. Os grupos foram comparados pré e pós a intervenção através da educação seja no grupo de mídia ou grupo convencional, e analisado por meio do método estatístico Wilcoxon e para avaliação entre os grupos, seguiu-se o método estatístico Mann-Whithney. Resultados: Foram criadas seqüências de iconografias dinâmicas (Homem Virtual para asma). Essas seqüências foram usadas para a criação de um vídeo contextualizado para a população alvo. Os grupos de educação sobre asma foram avaliados pré e pós-intervenção, e houve diferença estatística para as perguntas tanto no grupo de mídia quanto no educacional, mostrando aprendizagem dos pacientes nos grupos, ambos os grupos mostraram-se efetivos. Em relação a diferenças entre os grupos, não houve diferença estatística de aprendizado sobre asma. Discussão: Foi criada uma ferramenta para educação sobre asma para a população freqüentadora de Unidades Básicas de Saúde da periferia de São Paulo. Essa ferramenta foi comparada quanto à sua efetividade educacional como demonstrado através das avaliações estatísticas e mostrou-se efetiva. Essa ferramenta pode ser replicada e futuramente usada por outros profissionais para educação em asma em regiões de baixo nível educacional. Conclusão: A ferramenta de teleducação interativa apresentou um baixo custo funcional e fácil replicabilidade, sendo importante instrumento adjuvante para a educação em asma, em Unidades Básicas de Saúde da periferia de São Paulo / Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a high prevalence throughout the world, including Brazil. It has an impact on the patients and their family members in regard to quality of life, absences from school/work, the need for emergency care and complications resulting from the lack of treatment. Even though therapeutic methods have advanced over the past few years, no great change has been seen in the morbidity and mortality rates for this disease. Since it is a chronic disease, retention of knowledge about the disease and lifestyle changes should be permanent. Good medical care in conjunction with educational programs also significantly reduces asthma symptoms and help disease management. Recent studies indicate that a large portion of the Brazilian population receive medical attention at Basic Healthcare Units and confirm that roughly 17% of the Brazilian population are functional illiterates (people with less than four years of education) and 8.5% are illiterate representing a population with comprehension and reading difficulties. It is also difficult for these patients to understand the treatment and prevention of diseases like asthma. In order to teach this population, images and language aligned with their reality should be used in order to clarify doubts and overcome barriers that hinder understanding. In an attempt to bridge these gaps, a proposal aimed at teaching these asthmatic patients, from any age group and that had never been treated, was developed in conjunction with the Telemedicine Department and the Family Health Program at the Basic Healthcare Units (UBS) in the outskirts of São Paulo such as UBS Novo Jardim and Parque Santo Antonio. The focus of the present study is to create a tool to aid asthma education. Method: A study questionnaire containing important asthma information was prepared and completed. After this investigation, a report was generated containing the main doubts which were then compared to epidemiologic and preventive aspects of the disease. Based on this report, dynamic icon images were created in conjunction with the Virtual Man Project in order to offer a greater understanding of the physiopathology and implications of asthma. The medium was assembled using these dynamic icons, images of the local reality and narration wording suitable for this population, that was then used as an educational tool. This medium was used to explain the physiopathology of asthma, triggers and how these patients can eliminate them through low cost lifestyle changes, the importance of preventive treatment, remedial treatment for acute events and regular check-ups. This material was used for educational instruction purposes for a group of asthmatic patients referred to as the media group. Another group referred to as the conventional group, was taught through the use of posters and models depicting the lifestyle of the local population. Both the media and conventional group members were compared before and after the training sessions. The Wilcoxon test was used for intragroup comparisons and the Mann Whitney test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Sequences of dynamic icon images were created (Virtual Man for asthma.) These sequences were used to create a video adapted for the target population. The asthma educational groups were assessed before and after the training sessions. Statistical difference was found for the questions in both groups in relation to pre and post knowledge, demonstrating that both methods are effective teaching programs. No statistical difference was found in relation to the amount learned by the groups. Discussion: An educational tool for asthma was created for the population treated at Basic Healthcare Units in the outskirts of São Paulo. The educational effectiveness of this tool was analyzed using statistical evaluations which demonstrated its positive results. This tool can be reproduced and used in the future by other professionals for asthma education in regions with low education levels. Conclusion: The interactive tele-education tool is a low cost method that can be reproduced easily and is an important visual aid for asthma education at Basic Healthcare Units in the outskirts of São Paulo

A asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica com grande prevalência mundial, inclusive no Brasil. Apresenta implicações para os pacientes e familiares sobre a qualidade de vida, faltas em escola/trabalho, procura a serviços emergenciais e complicações decorrentes ao não tratamento. Apesar de a terapêutica ter evoluído nos últimos anos, não houve grande alteração da morbimortalidade relacionada a essa doença. Por ser uma doença crônica, a retenção do conhecimento sobre ela e as mudanças de estilo de vida devem ser permanentes. Bom cuidado médico aliado a programas educacionais também reduzem consideravelmente os sintomas da asma, contribuindo para seu controle. Pesquisas recentes apontam que a maior parcela da população brasileira procura assistência médica através das Unidades Básicas de Saúde. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que existem cerca de 17% de analfabetos funcionais (pessoas com menos de 4 anos de estudo) e 8,5% de analfabetos, com dificuldade de compreensão e leitura, esses pacientes têm dificuldade para compreender o tratamento e prevenção de doenças como a asma. A fim de orientar essa população, dever-se-ia adequar imagens e linguagem à realidade dessas pessoas, no intuito de elucidar suas dúvidas e derrubar as barreiras que impedem o entendimento. Pensando em fechar essas lacunas, foi elaborada, junto à Disciplina de Telemedicina e ao Programa Saúde da Família, atuante em Unidades Básicas de Saúde, na periferia de São Paulo como UBS Novo Jardim e Parque Santo Antônio, uma proposta que visou a educar pacientes asmáticos de qualquer faixa etária e sem tratamento. O presente estudo é focado na construção de uma ferramenta de auxílio à educação sobre asma. Método: Foi elaborada e aplicada uma ficha de pesquisa sobre informações importantes de asma. Após esta investigação foi gerado um relatório com as principais dúvidas e comparado com aspectos epidemiológicos e preventivos que serviram como base para a construção iconografias dinâmicas junto ao Projeto Homem Virtual, a fim de proporcionar maior entendimento da fisiopatologia da asma e suas implicações. A partir dessas iconografias dinâmicas, de imagens contextualizadas para a realidade local e de narrativa adaptada a essa população montou-se uma mídia, que foi utilizada como ferramenta educacional. Por meio dessa mídia, explicou-se a fisiopatologia da asma, os gatilhos, a eliminação destes através de mudanças de hábitos a baixo custo a serem realizadas pela população, a importância do tratamento preventivo e curativo em seu evento agudo, assim como seu tratamento ao longo da vida. Esse material foi utilizado com fins didático-educacionais para um grupo de pacientes asmáticos denominado grupo de mídia. Formou-se outro grupo de educação denominado de grupo convencional, no qual foram usados pôsteres e maquetes representativos dos hábitos da população local. Os grupos foram comparados pré e pós a intervenção através da educação seja no grupo de mídia ou grupo convencional, e analisado por meio do método estatístico Wilcoxon e para avaliação entre os grupos, seguiu-se o método estatístico Mann-Whithney. Resultados: Foram criadas seqüências de iconografias dinâmicas (Homem Virtual para asma). Essas seqüências foram usadas para a criação de um vídeo contextualizado para a população alvo. Os grupos de educação sobre asma foram avaliados pré e pós-intervenção, e houve diferença estatística para as perguntas tanto no grupo de mídia quanto no educacional, mostrando aprendizagem dos pacientes nos grupos, ambos os grupos mostraram-se efetivos. Em relação a diferenças entre os grupos, não houve diferença estatística de aprendizado sobre asma. Discussão: Foi criada uma ferramenta para educação sobre asma para a população freqüentadora de Unidades Básicas de Saúde da periferia de São Paulo. Essa ferramenta foi comparada quanto à sua efetividade educacional como demonstrado através das avaliações estatísticas e mostrou-se efetiva. Essa ferramenta pode ser replicada e futuramente usada por outros profissionais para educação em asma em regiões de baixo nível educacional. Conclusão: A ferramenta de teleducação interativa apresentou um baixo custo funcional e fácil replicabilidade, sendo importante instrumento adjuvante para a educação em asma, em Unidades Básicas de Saúde da periferia de São Paulo / Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a high prevalence throughout the world, including Brazil. It has an impact on the patients and their family members in regard to quality of life, absences from school/work, the need for emergency care and complications resulting from the lack of treatment. Even though therapeutic methods have advanced over the past few years, no great change has been seen in the morbidity and mortality rates for this disease. Since it is a chronic disease, retention of knowledge about the disease and lifestyle changes should be permanent. Good medical care in conjunction with educational programs also significantly reduces asthma symptoms and help disease management. Recent studies indicate that a large portion of the Brazilian population receive medical attention at Basic Healthcare Units and confirm that roughly 17% of the Brazilian population are functional illiterates (people with less than four years of education) and 8.5% are illiterate representing a population with comprehension and reading difficulties. It is also difficult for these patients to understand the treatment and prevention of diseases like asthma. In order to teach this population, images and language aligned with their reality should be used in order to clarify doubts and overcome barriers that hinder understanding. In an attempt to bridge these gaps, a proposal aimed at teaching these asthmatic patients, from any age group and that had never been treated, was developed in conjunction with the Telemedicine Department and the Family Health Program at the Basic Healthcare Units (UBS) in the outskirts of São Paulo such as UBS Novo Jardim and Parque Santo Antonio. The focus of the present study is to create a tool to aid asthma education. Method: A study questionnaire containing important asthma information was prepared and completed. After this investigation, a report was generated containing the main doubts which were then compared to epidemiologic and preventive aspects of the disease. Based on this report, dynamic icon images were created in conjunction with the Virtual Man Project in order to offer a greater understanding of the physiopathology and implications of asthma. The medium was assembled using these dynamic icons, images of the local reality and narration wording suitable for this population, that was then used as an educational tool. This medium was used to explain the physiopathology of asthma, triggers and how these patients can eliminate them through low cost lifestyle changes, the importance of preventive treatment, remedial treatment for acute events and regular check-ups. This material was used for educational instruction purposes for a group of asthmatic patients referred to as the media group. Another group referred to as the conventional group, was taught through the use of posters and models depicting the lifestyle of the local population. Both the media and conventional group members were compared before and after the training sessions. The Wilcoxon test was used for intragroup comparisons and the Mann Whitney test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Sequences of dynamic icon images were created (Virtual Man for asthma.) These sequences were used to create a video adapted for the target population. The asthma educational groups were assessed before and after the training sessions. Statistical difference was found for the questions in both groups in relation to pre and post knowledge, demonstrating that both methods are effective teaching programs. No statistical difference was found in relation to the amount learned by the groups. Discussion: An educational tool for asthma was created for the population treated at Basic Healthcare Units in the outskirts of São Paulo. The educational effectiveness of this tool was analyzed using statistical evaluations which demonstrated its positive results. This tool can be reproduced and used in the future by other professionals for asthma education in regions with low education levels. Conclusion: The interactive tele-education tool is a low cost method that can be reproduced easily and is an important visual aid for asthma education at Basic Healthcare Units in the outskirts of São Paulo

After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the national defence education program was terminated. Since it played an important role in the education of the population it was eventually restored in 2003 at primary and secondary schools when a general education program of national defence was introduced. The extend of the education was agreed for 6 hour per year, however, it was not clear in which school subject this matter should be addressed. Since then the government succeed in issuing several conceptual guides describing the outline of the education for both pupils and teachers. The guarantor of the program became the General Directorate of Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic, who publishes a large number of training documents. Soon after, the issue is also dealt by the civilian sector that gradually increases numbers of manuals and textbooks focusing on the theme of population protection. Consequently in 2012, they succeed in introducing a compulsory subject called "Human Protection in Emergency Situations" at pedagogical faculties. These progressive measures target to improve a teaching methods and a general education at primary and secondary schools in the area of population preparedness to deal with an emergency situations such as floods or hazardous substances leakage from threatening factories. This work focuses on a level of preparedness of students and teachers in a primary and secondary schools, which are located in areas with a thread of leakage, conflagration or possible explosions. The first theoretical part focuses on the history of a protection of a population in the world and consequently in the Czech Republic. History significantly affects this area. Therefore a considerable portion of a theoretical part has been dedicated to it. In the next section the impact of the current legislation laws to protect the population have been analysed. This analysis focuses especially on laws which are most vital for this field. Following section points out, which governmental and non-governmental institutions have the highest responsibility for the primary and secondary education, the level of population preparedness and the knowledge in the area of the studied subject. The last part of the theoretical work analyses the environment in which the sociological research had been conducted. It contains more information about schools in which the survey had been performed by means of questionnaires. The main purpose of this chapter is to point out the characteristics of the schools. Another part analyses the territory in which the schools are located, their capacity, diversity of students, especially weather there are non-Czech speaking or handicapped pupils, or within which time zone the schools are. All schools also support various extracurricular activities, and the thematic group activities. Based on my practical experience from the lectures I pre-set the level of the students and teachers? preparedness in case of extraordinary events within threatening company is low or almost unsatisfactory. Consequently, the respondents undertook 10 test questions. In the practical part of this work, the questionnaire survey was assessed both by means of statistical methods and a thorough analysis of the individual questions answered. To simplify the evaluation, statistical methods were used by means of negating hypotheses of the proposition. In other words, the level of the preparedness will be satisfactory. Subsequent evaluation of the sociological research revealed that the level is satisfactory at all schools. In general, both students and teachers achieved overall pleasing results. The results of the survey will be provided to the Fire Rescue Service of the Pardubice Region to utilize them to streamline all the activities related to the education of students of the surveyed schools.

SUMMARY: Environmental education is not a matter of only educational system but of the integrity of all external influences which affect people in the course of their life. Also state administration plays an important role the basic element of which is a municipality potentially comprising a very important task. The thesis aims to highlight the possibility how state authorities may affect implementation of CEPA with stress on educational system. The thesis is divided into three sections - theoretical, analytic and propositional chapters. The theoretical part focuses on starting situation, progress, goals and tasks of EEA projects and legislation. The analytic part deals with gathered facts and evaluates them from the point of the state of CEPA implementation within the area of a chosen municipality with extended powers. The propositional part contains a SWOT analysis and a proposal of particular measures leading to improvement of the situation and a draft "Concept of CEPA development of the selected municipality with extended powers".

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