dc.description

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1961 R65

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1966 H671 / Master of Science

The present study investigated spatial and temporal relationships between fluctuations in the abundance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and plankton records from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Analyses that examined co-variation in time series of salmon pre-fishery abundance (PFA) from fishing nations on both sides of the North Atlantic revealed a high degree of common variation between neighbouring nations for abundance of one sea winter salmon (1SW) and a common decline in the long-term abundance trends for multi-sea winter salmon (MSW). An appraisal of the data attributes for a selection of plankton taxa sampled by the CPR, corresponding to seasonal abundance in specific regions, indicated that these data capture useful spatial and temporal information on the abundance of the sampled taxa. Spatial interpolations were carried out using Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) for planktonic taxa that have been proven to relate to Atlantic salmon in previous studies, namely Calanus finmarchicus, Euphausiacea and Hyperiidae. Geographical boundaries were established for distinct populations of Calanus finmarchicus and for distinct aggregations of species in the cases of the Euphausiacea and the Hyperiidae. This knowledge was enhanced with information on the likelihood of persistence of these populations obtained by analysing the coherency of their seasonal cycles of abundance. This study detected strong relationships, in the form of long-term correlations, between the three selected plankton taxa (Calanus finmarchicus, Euphausiacea, Hyperiidae) and the diatom component of phytoplankton. These results indicated that the population dynamics of plankton species assemblages in these regions are influenced by common biotic and abiotic factors. Significant relationships were found between pre-fishery abundance PFA estimates for post-smolt salmon and Hyperiid amphipods. The relationships detected were particularly strong for 1SWsalmon of British and Icelandic origin at a lag of 1 year, i.e. corresponding to effects on the early phase of migration at sea. Relationships detected corresponding to the Euphausiacea and Calanus finmarchicus were more prevalent at lag-0 after the first winter at sea i.e. they relate to effects on the adult salmon. The results corresponding to MSW salmon also provided some indication of carry-over effects from the early phase of migration on adult survival. This work provided support for the hypothesis that early marine mortality is critical to the overall dynamics of salmon populations. Such information on ecosystem interactions is needed to improve the current knowledge on factors relating to salmon survival at sea. This information can be used to fine-tune important parameters of predictive models for stock management or conservation of salmon, especially in the face of the pressures of climate change.

Scientific literature is concerned with the impact that climate change will have on natural disasters in the near future. These events disrupt our daily lives and can cause damage that may never be repaired. Merging science and social science, the study of vulnerability looks at how human systems will be impacted by these natural disasters. In the United States, hurricanes in the Gulf Coast are projected to increase in intensity as well as have an increased capacity for damage with a rise in sea level. Therefore, it is important to understand who is systematically vulnerable to these impacts of natural disasters and how we can mitigate this damage. Through this thesis, I argue that these impacts of hurricanes will put already vulnerable populations at a greater risk for damage caused by these events in the future. I will briefly outline the scientific basis on which the claims of increased hurricane activity are founded, as well as outline concepts of vulnerability. I examine case studies of Hurricanes Andrew and Katrina, both of which can inform how social disparities delineate vulnerability in the United States. Based upon this historical understanding that recovery from a storm is highly contingent upon social and economic resources available to an individual or community, I argue that vulnerable communities must be highlighted. I then project vulnerability based upon demographic characteristics of communities within the Gulf Coast in order to highlight these areas of necessary attention.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: DNA micro satellite loci express extensive allelic variation making them convenient markers for research in many fields employing population genetic tools, including aquaculture and conservation genetics. Twelve Oreochromis mossambicus populations from wild, captive and introduced sources in Southern Africa were screened for genetic variation at ten CA repeat micro satellite loci. Three of the loci - UNHI04, UNHlll, and UNH123 - were sufficiently well resolved to screen extensively and were interpreted according to a model of Mendelian inheritance. Data was analyzed in terms of genetic structure and levels of genetic variation, the effect of management regime in captivity through successive generations on genetic diversity, and the nature of phylogenetic relationships present between populations. Exact tests, carried out using Monte Carlo type multiple resampling techniques, and F-Statistics were used to detect and quantify genetic structure among the twelve populations. The Exact test X2 (P < 0.001), a FST of 0.27 (P < 0.001), eST of 0.26, RsT of 0.28, and a <l>ST of 0.17 all indicated significant structuring among the populations. The evident genetic structuring endorsed the practice of maintaining the populations as separate genetic stocks, in separate tanks, in order to preserve unique genetic material for aquaculture strain development. Populations also exhibited some significant deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium characterised by an overall reduced heterozygosity across the loci. In microsatellite studies, null alleles are often suggested as major contributors to heterozygote deficits. To test for null alleles, two controlled crosses of 0. mossambicus were made. The progeny from each cross were examined for expected parental allelic ratios at the UNHI04, UNHlll and UNH123 loci. All three loci presented evidence of possible null alleles. Accelerated inbreeding and genetic drift through successive generations in captivity can reduce heterozygosity and gene diversity. To investigate loss of diversity a sample taken from the Bushmans population in 1999 (N = 25) was compared with a Bushmans 2000 sample (N = 36). The comparison highlighted altered allele frequencies, a significant increase in average observed heterozygosity and a non-significant change in average expected heterozygosity using the UNHI04 and UNH123 loci. Calculation of genetic distances and phylogenetic comparisons between the populations provided insight into the degree of management required in conserving genetic diversity in natural populations of Mozambique tilapia. UPGMA and Neighbour-Joining techniques were used to construct phylogenetic trees using Dm and ({)~)2 distance matrices. Clustering of populations appeared to reflect geographic locality of the source populations, however certain populations were not congruent with geography. Mantel tests were used to expose a possible association between genetic distance matrices generated from each individual locus. An association would support a geographic background to population genetic structure. The Mantel tests did not provide conclusive evidence. Mantel tests for association between the combined locus Dm and (81l)2 genetic distance matrices and a geographic distance matrix were similarly non-significant. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) plots of Euclidean distance values for Dm and (81l)2 matrices presented a two-dimensional view of the genetic distance data. The degree of similarity with the UPGMA and Neighbour-Joining tree-clustering pattern was higher for the (81l)2 than for the Dm MDS plots. Scatter plots indicated a reliable non-linear correlation between Euclidean distance and genetic distance for the two-dimensional MDS. The micro satellite markers employed in this research provided molecular information needed for complimenting a co-study on quantitative genetic evaluation of the twelve populations. The quantitative co-study provided measures of average length and weight gain indices for the populations based on progeny growth trials. No significant correlation of average heterozygosity (gene diversity) with either average weight or length gain was found. The significant genetic diversity and structure present between the twelve populations provided rationale for implementing strategies to conserve natural 0. mossambicus populations as genetic resources, and manage captive populations for long term maintenance of genetic diversity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verstaffing van groot alleliese variasie deur DNA mikrosateliete maak van hulle gerieflike merkers vir navorsing in 'n verskeidenheid van velde wat gebruik maak van populasie genetiese gereedskap, ingesluit akwakultuur en bewarings genetika. Twaalf 0. mossambicus populasies wat verkry was vanuit die natuur, in gevangeneskap en ingevoerdes, van Suidelike Afrika was getoets vir genetiese variasie by tien verskillende CA-herhalende mikrosateliet loci. Drie van die loci - UNHI04, UNHlll en UNH123 - is op grootskaal getoets en volgens In model van Mendeliese oorerwing geinterpreteer. Die data was ontleed volgens genetiese struktuur en vlakke van genetiese variasie, die effek wat bestuur strategie in gevangeneskap op genetiese diversiteit in opeenvolgende generasies uitgeoefen het, so wel as die aard van die filogenetiese verhoudings wat teenwoordig is tussen die populasies. "Exact" toetse is uitgevoer deur gebruik te maak van Monte Carlo tipe veelvuldige hermonsterinsamelings tegnieke en F-statistieke is gebruik vir die deteksie en kwantifisering van die genetiese struktuur tussen die twaalfpopulasies. Die Exact toets X2 (P < 0.001), 'n FST van 0.27 (P < 0.001), SST van 0.26, RsT van 0.28, en 'n <DST van 0.17 gee almal 'n indikasie van betekenisvolle strukturering tussen die populasies. Die genetiese struktuur bevestig die beleid dat die populasies behou moet word as aparte genetiese voorraad, in aparte tenke, om te verseker dat die unieke genetiese materiaal behoue bly om akwakultuur variante te ontwikkel. Populasies het ook betekenisvolle verskuiwings van die Hardy Weinberg ekwilibrium getoon, wat gekarakteriseer word deur 'n algemene verlaging van heterosigositeit oor die loci. Nul allele word dikwels aanbeveel om in mikrosateliet studies groot bydraes te maak tot hetersigotiese defekte. Om vir nul allele te toets was twee gekontroleerde kruisings van 0. mossambicus gemaak. Die nageslag van elke kruising was getoets vir verwagte ouer alleliese verhoudings by die UNHI04, UNHlll en UNH123 loci. Al drie loci het getoon dat dit moontlike nul allele kan wees. Versnelde inteling en genetiese drywing deur opeenvolgende generasies in gevangeneskap kan die heterosigositeit en diversiteit verminder. Om die vermindering van diversiteit te toets was 'n monster van die Busmans 1999 (N=25) populasie vergelyk met 'n monster van die Bushmans 2000 (N=36) populasie. Die vergelyking het veranderde alleel frekwensies, 'n betekenisvolle vermeerding in gemiddelde waargeneemde heterosigositeit en 'n onbetekenisvolle verandering in gemiddelde verwagte heterosigositeit getoon deur gebruik te maak van die UNHI04 en UNH123 loci. Berekening van genetiese afstande en filogenetiese vergelykings tussen die populasies het nuwe insig gegee oor die graad van bestuur wat nodig is om genetiese diversiteit in die natuurlike populasies van 0. mossambicus tilapia te behou.UPGMA en Neighbour-Joining tegnieke was gebruik om filogenetiese bome op te stel deur gebruik te maak van Dm en (OIl)2 afstand matrikse. Populasie bondeling het geblyk om geografiese lokaliteit van die bron populasies te toon, alhoewel van die populasies nie met die geografiese lokaliteit ooreengestem het nie. Mantel toetse is gebruik om 'n moontlike assosiasie tussen genetiese afstand matrikse wat verkry is van elke loci bloot te stel. 'n Assosiasie sou 'n geografiese agtergrond tot populasie genetiese struktuur steun. Oortuigende bewys is nie deur die Mantel toetse verskaf nie. Mantel toetse vir assosiasie tussen die gekombineerde loci Dm en (OJ..l)2 genetiese afstand matrikse en In geografiese afstand matriks was ook onbetekenisvol. 'n Tweedimensionele beskouing van die genetiese afstand data is voorgestel deur multidimensionele skaal (MDS) grafieke van Euclidean afstand waardes van die Dm en (OJ..l)2 matrikse te teken. Die graad van ooreenstemming met die UPGMA en Neighbour-Joining boom samevoeging patroon was hoër vir die (OJ..l)2 as vir die DmMDS grafieke. Verspreiding grafieke het 'n vertroubare nie-liniêre korrelasie tussen Euclidean afstande en genetiese afstande vir die twee-dimensionele MDS grafieke getoon. Die mikrosateliet merkers wat in die studie gebruik was het molekulêre informasie verskaf wat nodig is vir 'n komplimentêre studie oor die kwantitatiewe genetiese evalueering van dié twaalf populasies. Die kwantitatiewe studie het afmetings van gemiddelde lengte en gewig vermeerdering van die populasies verskaf gebaseer op nageslag proewe. Geen betekenisvolle korrelasie van gemiddelde hetersigositeit (geen diversiteit) was getoon met óf gemiddelde gewig óf lengte vermeerdering. Die betekenisvolle genetiese diversiteit en struktuur teenwoordig tussen die twaalf populasies het rede gegee om strategieë te implimenteer om natuurlike 0. mossambicus populasies te konserveer as genetiese bronne en om populasies in gevangeneskap te bestuur vir langtermyn instandhouding van genetiese diversiteit.

Hippocampus has an extended developmental trajectory, with refinements occurring in the trisynaptic circuit until adolescence. While structural change should suggest a protracted course in behavior, some studies find evidence of precocious hippocampal development in the first postnatal year and continuity in memory processes beyond. However, a number of memory functions, including binding and relational inference, can be cortically supported. Evidence from the animal literature suggests that tasks often associated with hippocampus (visual paired comparison, binding of a visuomotor response) can be mediated by structures external to hippocampus. Thus, a complete examination of memory development will have to rule out cortex as a source of early memory competency. We propose that early memory must show properties associated with full function of the trisynaptic circuit to reflect "adult-like" memory function, mainly (1) rapid encoding of contextual details of overlapping patterns, and (2) retention of these details over sleep-dependent delays. A wealth of evidence suggests that these functions are not apparent until 18-24 months, with behavioral discontinuities reflecting shifts in the neural structures subserving memory beginning approximately at this point in development. We discuss the implications of these observations for theories of memory and for identifying and measuring memory function in populations with typical and atypical hippocampal function. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Laboratory experiments have suggested that the coexistence of certain heteromyid rodent species is facilitated through differential use of seed dispersions (clump sizes). Field experiments with the Bannertail kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis, and Merriam's kangaroo rat, D. merriami, indicate their use of different clump sizes is not sufficiently specialized to permit coexistence. Field experiments based on the assumption that these species interact primarily through aggression demonstrated that during at least one season of the year D. spectabilis excludes the smaller D. merriami from its foraging range. Preliminary characterization of spatial heterogeneity of resource productivity implies that the competitive coexistence of these species is regional and is dependent upon the existence of areas with low productivity that are not economically usable by D. spectabilis. These areas of low productivity may serve as a competitive refuge for D. merriami, facilitating its persistence. A brief review of the evidence for the occurrence of competition between heteromyid species is presented, as is a selected review of the evidence supporting the various hypotheses explaining the competitive coexistence of heteromyid rodents.