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Effects of birth weight, finishing feeder design, and dietary astaxanthin and ractopamine HCl on the growth, carcass, and pork quality characteristics of pigs; and meta-analyses to improve the prediction of pork fat qualityBergstrom, Jonathan Robert January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim L. Nelssen / Eleven-thousand one-hundred eighty-five pigs were used in 11 experiments to determine effects of birth-weight, feeder design, and dietary astaxanthin (AX) and ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth, carcass, and pork quality characteristics of pigs. Also, data from 27 experiments were used in meta-analyses to improve prediction of pork fat iodine value (IV). In Exp. 1, increased birth-weight resulted in greater (quadratic, P < 0.05) pre-weaning survivability, ADG, final BW, and likelihood of achieving full-value market at 181-d of age. In Exp. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8, pigs using the wet-dry feeder (WD) had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW than those using the conventional dry feeder (CD). Pigs using WD had poorer (P < 0.05) G:F in Exp. 3 and 4, and increased (P < 0.05) HCW and backfat depth in Exp. 3, 4, 6, and 7, compared to pigs fed using CD. In Exp. 5, pigs using WD from 19 to 38 kg had decreased (P < 0.02) ADFI and better G:F than pigs using CD. Increased feeder opening of WD increased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW in Exp. 5, 6, and 7; as well as HCW and backfat depth in Exp. 6 and 7. Reducing WD opening at 28- and 56-d in Exp. 7 decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and backfat depth. Different openings of CD had little effect on performance in Exp. 5 and 6. In Exp. 8, changing water-source of WD to a separate location during late-finishing reduced (P < 0.05) overall ADG, ADFI, and final BW. Limited responses to AX were observed in Exp. 9, 10, and 11, but ADG, G:F, final BW, HCW, and fat-free lean were improved (P < 0.05) for pigs fed RAC in Exp. 10 and 11. Total color change during retail display of LM chops for gilts and pigs fed RAC was reduced (P < 0.05) in Exp. 10 and 11, indicating their color shelf-life improved. In the meta-analyses, models using dietary PUFA with ADG, BW, or backfat depth improved the fat IV prediction from R2 = 0.45 to R2 = 0.90.
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Níveis plasmáticos de lipídios em ratos submetidos à dieta com gordura suína como fonte lipídica após esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com implante esplênico autógeno / Plasma levels of lipids in rats subjected to diet with pork fat as fat source after total splenectomy isolated or combinedAna Paula Gonçalves Dinis 17 December 2008 (has links)
Alguns estudos experimentais têm sugerido um importante papel do baço no metabolismo lipídico. Poucas análises, entretanto, avaliam o impacto que diferentes fontes de gordura possam exercer sobre os níveis de lipídios plasmáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito de uma dieta nutricionalmente equilibrada (NE) e de uma dieta com gordura suína (GS) como fonte lipídica nos níveis de lipídios plasmáticos em ratos submetidos a esplenectomia total (ET) isolada ou combinada com implante esplênico autógeno (IEA). Foram utilizados 60 ratos Wistar machos adultos, distribuídos em seis grupos, cada um com dez animais: Grupo 1 controle operação simulada, com oferta de ração NE; Grupo 2 controle operação simulada, com oferta de ração GS; Grupo 3 submetidos a ET, com oferta de ração NE; Grupo 4 submetidos a ET, com oferta de ração GS; Grupo 5 submetidos a ET combinada com IEA e com oferta de ração NE; e Grupo 6 submetidos a ET combinada com IEA e com oferta de ração GS. Foram coletadas amostras sangüíneas imediatamente antes da operação (D0), e após 12 semanas de experimento (D+12), para verificação do perfil lipídico, quando os animais foram mortos, com retirada dos implantes esplênicos nos grupos 5 e 6. Houve regeneração morfológica de todos os tecidos esplênicos implantados, não se observando diferença no percentual de regeneração entre os grupos 5 e 6. Não houve diferença no ganho de peso e no consumo de ração entre os grupos de animais, assim como no lipidograma dos animais alimentados com dieta NE quando comparados os níveis plasmáticos em D0 e em D+12, enquanto nos grupos com modificação da fonte lipídica houve elevação das concentrações de colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL), triglicerídeos (TGL) e diminuição da concentração de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). Quando comparados os seis grupos de animais, em D+12, apenas os níveis plasmáticos de HDL dos animais dos grupos 2, 4 e 6 apresentaram-se significativamente menores que os do grupo 3. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que a dieta nutricionalmente equilibrada mantém os níveis de lipídios plasmáticos, enquanto a dieta à base de gordura suína provoca alterações no perfil lipídico de ratos alimentados com este tipo de ração, independentemente do procedimento cirúrgico realizado sobre o baço. / An important role of the spleen in lipid metabolism has been suggested by clinical and experimental studies. Few studies, however, have evaluated the impact of different sources of fat in plasma lipid levels. The purpose of the present investigation was to analyze the effect of a nutritionally balanced (NB) diet and a diet containing pork fat (PF) as sources of lipids on the lipid profile of rats submitted to total splenectomy (TS) alone or combined with splenic autotransplantation (SA). Sixty adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of 10 animals each: Group 1 sham-operated, fed the NB diet; Group 2 sham-operated, fed the PF diet; Group 3 TS, fed the NB diet; Group 4 TS, fed the PF diet; Group 5 SA, fed the NB diet; and Group 6 SA, fed the PF diet. Blood samples were collected immediately before the operation (D0) and 12 weeks after the beginning of the experiment (D+12) for plasma lipid determination. On D+12, the animals were killed and the splenic implants of groups 5 and 6 were removed. Morphologic regeneration of splenic tissues was observed, with no difference in percent regeneration between these two groups. Weight gain and chow intake were similar among all groups of animals. When D+12 plasma lipid levels were compared to D0, there were no differences in groups 1, 3, and 5, while in groups 2, 4, and 6 total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TGL) levels had increased and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels had decreased. At the end of the experiment, only the HDL levels of groups 2, 4, and 6 were lower than group 3 levels. Our results lead us to conclude that, regardless of the surgical spleen procedure to which the rats were submitted, a nutritionally balanced diet maintained plasma lipid levels, while a diet containing pork fat as a source of lipids led to alterations in lipid profile.
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Níveis plasmáticos de lipídios em ratos submetidos à dieta com gordura suína como fonte lipídica após esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com implante esplênico autógeno / Plasma levels of lipids in rats subjected to diet with pork fat as fat source after total splenectomy isolated or combinedAna Paula Gonçalves Dinis 17 December 2008 (has links)
Alguns estudos experimentais têm sugerido um importante papel do baço no metabolismo lipídico. Poucas análises, entretanto, avaliam o impacto que diferentes fontes de gordura possam exercer sobre os níveis de lipídios plasmáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito de uma dieta nutricionalmente equilibrada (NE) e de uma dieta com gordura suína (GS) como fonte lipídica nos níveis de lipídios plasmáticos em ratos submetidos a esplenectomia total (ET) isolada ou combinada com implante esplênico autógeno (IEA). Foram utilizados 60 ratos Wistar machos adultos, distribuídos em seis grupos, cada um com dez animais: Grupo 1 controle operação simulada, com oferta de ração NE; Grupo 2 controle operação simulada, com oferta de ração GS; Grupo 3 submetidos a ET, com oferta de ração NE; Grupo 4 submetidos a ET, com oferta de ração GS; Grupo 5 submetidos a ET combinada com IEA e com oferta de ração NE; e Grupo 6 submetidos a ET combinada com IEA e com oferta de ração GS. Foram coletadas amostras sangüíneas imediatamente antes da operação (D0), e após 12 semanas de experimento (D+12), para verificação do perfil lipídico, quando os animais foram mortos, com retirada dos implantes esplênicos nos grupos 5 e 6. Houve regeneração morfológica de todos os tecidos esplênicos implantados, não se observando diferença no percentual de regeneração entre os grupos 5 e 6. Não houve diferença no ganho de peso e no consumo de ração entre os grupos de animais, assim como no lipidograma dos animais alimentados com dieta NE quando comparados os níveis plasmáticos em D0 e em D+12, enquanto nos grupos com modificação da fonte lipídica houve elevação das concentrações de colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL), triglicerídeos (TGL) e diminuição da concentração de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). Quando comparados os seis grupos de animais, em D+12, apenas os níveis plasmáticos de HDL dos animais dos grupos 2, 4 e 6 apresentaram-se significativamente menores que os do grupo 3. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que a dieta nutricionalmente equilibrada mantém os níveis de lipídios plasmáticos, enquanto a dieta à base de gordura suína provoca alterações no perfil lipídico de ratos alimentados com este tipo de ração, independentemente do procedimento cirúrgico realizado sobre o baço. / An important role of the spleen in lipid metabolism has been suggested by clinical and experimental studies. Few studies, however, have evaluated the impact of different sources of fat in plasma lipid levels. The purpose of the present investigation was to analyze the effect of a nutritionally balanced (NB) diet and a diet containing pork fat (PF) as sources of lipids on the lipid profile of rats submitted to total splenectomy (TS) alone or combined with splenic autotransplantation (SA). Sixty adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of 10 animals each: Group 1 sham-operated, fed the NB diet; Group 2 sham-operated, fed the PF diet; Group 3 TS, fed the NB diet; Group 4 TS, fed the PF diet; Group 5 SA, fed the NB diet; and Group 6 SA, fed the PF diet. Blood samples were collected immediately before the operation (D0) and 12 weeks after the beginning of the experiment (D+12) for plasma lipid determination. On D+12, the animals were killed and the splenic implants of groups 5 and 6 were removed. Morphologic regeneration of splenic tissues was observed, with no difference in percent regeneration between these two groups. Weight gain and chow intake were similar among all groups of animals. When D+12 plasma lipid levels were compared to D0, there were no differences in groups 1, 3, and 5, while in groups 2, 4, and 6 total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TGL) levels had increased and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels had decreased. At the end of the experiment, only the HDL levels of groups 2, 4, and 6 were lower than group 3 levels. Our results lead us to conclude that, regardless of the surgical spleen procedure to which the rats were submitted, a nutritionally balanced diet maintained plasma lipid levels, while a diet containing pork fat as a source of lipids led to alterations in lipid profile.
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