Les travaux de modélisations présentes dans cette thèse concernent l’étude du comportement hydro-poro-mécanique des géomatériaux par l’approche numérique de changement d’échelle. Il s’agit d’exploiter un modèle géomatériaux conceptuel, du code de calcul par la méthode élément finis étendu (XFEM) ou IIM, conjointement avec des techniques d’homogénéisation, pour l’obtention des lois de comportement macroscopique tirées des relations de passage Micro-Macro. Dans ce modèle conceptuel, le volume élémentaire représentatif des milieux hétérogène est composé d’une matrice argileuse contenant des inclusions de minéraux de quartz et de calcite ou des pores. D’abord, cette procedure avec XFEM a été effectuée pour la détermination des propriétés effectives isotropes. Ensuite, Une étude sur l’influence de la distribution, la morphologie, et l’orientation des inclusions sur le comportement équivalent dans le domaine de l’élasticité linéaire a été réalisée par traverser nombreuse études numériques. Dans un troisièmes temps, nous avons modélisée le comportement mécanique non linaire des géomatériaux en utilisant XFEM et la méthode Newton-Raphson modifiée. Enfin, la modélisation du comportement hydraulique est réalisée par la méthode IIM, elle a été validée par la comparaison avec l’approche analytique. / The work of modeling present in this thesis relates to the study of the hydro-poro-mechanics behavior of geomaterials with the numerical approach of up-scaling. This work is based on le the conceptual geomaterials model, of finite element extended (XFEM) code develop in Matlab or IIM, coupling with the homogenization method to obtain the laws of macroscopic behavior drawn from the relations of Micro-Macro passage. In this model, the elementary volume representative of the mediums heterogeneous is composed of an argillaceous matrix containing of calcite and quartz mineral inclusions or of the pores. Firstly, this procedure with XFEM was carried out for the determination of the effective properties linear of the geomaterial. Then, a study on the influence of the distribution, morphology, and the orientation of inclusions on the equivalent behavior in the field of linear elasticity was carried out by crossing many numerical studies. In the third time, we modeled the mechanical behavior non linear of the geomaterial by using XFEM and the modified method Newton-Raphson. Lastly, the modeling of the hydraulic behavior is carried out by IIM, it was validated by the comparison with the analytical approach.

Problems involving coupled thermo-poro-chemo-mechanical processes are of great importance in geothermal and petroleum reservoir systems. In particular, economic power production from enhanced geothermal systems, effective water-flooding of petroleum reservoirs, and stimulation of gas shale reservoirs are significantly influenced by coupled processes. During such procedures, stress state in the reservoir is changed due to variation in pore fluid pressure and temperature. This can cause deformation and failure of weak planes of the formation with creation of new fractures, which impacts reservoir response. Incorporation of geomechanical factor into engineering analyses using fully coupled geomechanics-reservoir flow modeling exhibits computational challenges and numerical difficulties. In this study, we develop and apply efficient numerical models to solve 3D injection/extraction geomechanics problems formulated within the framework of thermo-poro-mechanical theory with reactive flow. The models rely on combining Displacement Discontinuity (DD) Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve the governing equations of thermo-poro-mechanical processes involving fracture/reservoir matrix. The integration of BEM and FEM is accomplished through direct and iterative procedures. In each case, the numerical algorithms are tested against a series of analytical solutions. 3D study of fluid injection and extraction into the geothermal reservoir illustrates that thermo-poro-mechanical processes change fracture aperture (fracture conductivity) significantly and influence the fluid flow. Simulations that consider joint stiffness heterogeneity show development of non-uniform flow paths within the crack. Undersaturated fluid injection causes large silica mass dissolution and increases fracture aperture while supersaturated fluid causes mineral precipitation and closes fracture aperture. Results show that for common reservoir and injection conditions, the impact of fully developed thermoelastic effect on fracture aperture tend to be greater compare to that of poroelastic effect. Poroelastic study of hydraulic fracturing demonstrates that large pore pressure increase especially during multiple hydraulic fracture creation causes effective tensile stress at the fracture surface and shear failure around the main fracture. Finally, a hybrid BEFEM model is developed to analyze stress redistribution in the overburden and within the reservoir during fluid injection and production. Numerical results show that fluid injection leads to reservoir dilation and induces vertical deformation, particularly near the injection well. However, fluid withdrawal causes reservoir to compact. The Mandel-Cryer effect is also successfully captured in numerical simulations, i.e., pore pressure increase/decrease is non-monotonic with a short time values that are above/below the background pore pressure.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'identifier expérimentalement la pression interstitielle d'un béton très humide sous haute pression de confinement. Ce travail fait partie d'un projet plus général visant à comprendre le comportement des structures en béton soumises à un impact au cours duquel, un état de contraintes triaxiales élevées se produit au sein du matériau. Ces structures en béton, souvent massives, gardent un taux de saturation assez élevé durant leur durée de vie. La quantité d'eau libre dans les pores du béton a un rôle prépondérant sur son comportement sous confinement élevé par rapport à d'autres paramètres du matériau (par exemple: rapport eau / ciment ou porosité du béton). Sous une telle charge, la fermeture de la porosité se produit et provoque une augmentation de la pression interstitielle qui n'a été jamais mesurée.Une nouvelle technique de mesure de pression interstitielle en utilisant la presse triaxiale Giga est proposée dans la première partie de cette étude. Elle consiste à remplacer l'échantillon de béton (14 cm en longueur) par un autre plus petit (8 cm de longueur) et une enclume de collecte d'eau (6 cm de longueur) placé en dessous. Cette enclume est composée de deux parties: un bouchon mobile équipé d'un joint d'étanchéité torique permettant l'accès à l'espace libre de la cellule et d’une cellule équipée des micro-trous en contact avec l'échantillon de béton. Deux types de capteurs de pression ont été développés durant cette thèse, un capteur type Hydrostatique et un de type Membrane. Chacun des deux capteurs de pression est placé dans l'espace libre de l’enclume avant chaque essai. Lorsque l'échantillon est sous compression triaxial à fort confinement, l’eau libre de l’échantillon est drainée dans la cavité par le biais des micro- trous. La conception de chaque capteur, la protection de l’ensemble et les essais d'étalonnage des capteurs de pression sont discutés. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est dédiée aux analyses des résultats de mesure de la pression interstitielle effectuées sur des échantillons de béton de référence (R30A7). Les résultats révèlent que la pression interstitielle peut atteindre une valeur comprise entre 200 et 400 MPa sous une pression de confinement égale à 500 MPa. Une modélisation analytique, dans le cadre poro-mécanique, est développée afin d'estimer la pression interstitielle et le comportement volumétrique du béton sous confinement élevé. La comparaison des résultats de mesure et de modélisation est satisfaisante. / The main objective of this PhD thesis is to identify experimentally the interstitial pore pressure of a very wet concrete under high confining pressure. This work is a part of a more general project aiming to understand the concrete behavior under impact during which, a high triaxial stress states occurs. Besides, massive concrete structures keep a saturation ratio strongly depth dependent almost their life time. The quantity of free water contained in concrete pores has a preponderant role on its behavior under high confinement compare to other material parameters (e.g: water/cement ratio or the concrete porosity). Under such loading, porosity closure occurs and causes an increase of interstitial pore pressure which is never measured.In order to perform interstitial pore pressure measurement, two configurations issued from a new testing technic have been developed using the Giga press of 3SR Lab. The technic, detailed in the first two chapters, consists in replacing the 14 cm R30A7 reference concrete sample by a smaller one with a water collect cap below it. The latter is composed of two parts: a movable plug equipped by a sealing joint permitting the access into the cap free space, and a micro-holed cap which is accosted on the concrete sample. A deformable sensor is placed into the free space of the water collect cap. Thus, when the sample is pressurized at high confinement, the interstitial water inside the concrete is transmitted to the sensor through cap micro-holes. The design, protection and calibration of each sensor are discussed.The second part of this thesis is dedicated for pore pressure analysis results. This latter seems to reach high values ranging from 250 till 400 MPa for 500 MPa of confinement. The concrete volumetric behavior under drained condition is lower than the saturated concrete under undrained condition. The collected data reveals that pore pressure increases linearly with the confining pressure within a slope of 0.7.An analytical modeling, within the poro-mechanical framework, is developed in order to estimate the pore pressure and concrete volumetric behavior under high confinement. The model shows promising results while comparing it to the experimental values

Le béton est un matériau dont le comportement est complexe, notamment dans le cas de sollicitations extrêmes. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser expérimentalement le comportement du béton lorsque celui-ci est soumis à des sollicitations générées par un impact (compression confinée et traction dynamique) ; et de développer un outil numérique robuste permettant de modéliser son comportement de manière fiable. Dans la partie expérimentale, on a étudié des échantillons de béton provenant du centre de VTT (Centre de recherche technique en Finlande). Dans un premier temps, des essais statiques de compression triaxiale dont le confinement varie de 0 MPa (compression simple) à 600 MPa ont été réalisés. On observe que, sous l’effet de confinement la rigidité du béton devient plus importante à cause de la réduction de la porosité. Par conséquent, la résistance maximale au cisaillement du béton est augmentée. La présence d’eau joue un rôle important lorsque le degré de saturation est élevé et le béton est soumis à un fort confinement. Au delà d’un certain seuil de confinement, la résistance maximale au cisaillement diminue avec l’augmentation de la teneur en eau. L’eau influence également le comportement volumique du béton. Lorsque tous les pores libres du béton sont fermés sous l’effet de la compaction, la faible compressibilité de l’eau s’oppose à la déformation du béton, de sorte que le béton humide est moins déformé que le béton sec pour une même contrainte moyenne. Le deuxième volet du programme expérimental concerne des essais de traction dynamique à différentes vitesses de chargement, et à différents états d’humidité du béton. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la résistance en traction du béton C50 peut augmenter jusqu’à 5 fois par rapport à sa résistance statique pour une vitesse de déformation de l’ordre de 100 s-1. Dans la partie numérique, on s’intéresse à développer le modèle de comportement du béton PRM couplé (Pontiroli-Rouquand-Mazars) capable de prédire le comportement du béton sous impact. Ce modèle repose sur un couplage entre un modèle d’endommagement capable de décrire des mécanismes de dégradation et de fissuration du béton à faible confinement et un modèle de plasticité permettant de simuler le comportement du béton sous très fort confinement. L’identification du modèle a été réalisée avec les résultats des essais expérimentaux. L’amélioration du modèle, notamment sur le modèle de plasticité, porte sur trois points principaux : prise en compte de l’effet de la contrainte déviatoire dans le calcul de la contrainte moyenne ; de l’effet de l’eau avec la loi poro-mécanique au lieu de la loi des mélanges ; amélioration de la variable de couplage entre le modèle d’endommagment et le modèle élastoplastique avec une prise en compte de l’angle de Lode. Ces améliorations ont ensuite été validées par une confrontation des résultats numériques obtenus et des essais de type impact qui démontrent la fiabilité de la prédiction du modèle. Le modèle amélioré est capable de reproduire le comportement du béton sous différents trajets de chargement et à différents niveaux de confinement tout en tenant compte du degré de saturation du béton. / Concrete is a material whose behavior is complex, especially in cases of extreme loads. The objective of this thesis is to carry out an experimental characterization of the behavior of concrete under impact-generated stresses (confined compression and dynamic traction) and to develop a robust numerical tool to reliably model this behavior. In the experimental part, we have studied concrete samples from the VTT center (Technical Research Center of Finland). At first, quasi-static triaxial compressions with the confinement varies from 0 MPa (unconfined compression test) to 600 MPa were realized. The stiffness of the concrete increases with confinement pressure because of the reduction of porosity. Therefore, the maximum shear strength of the concrete is increased. The presence of water plays an important role when the degree of saturation is high and the concrete is subjected to high confinement pressure. Beyond a certain level of confinement pressure, the maximum shear strength of concrete decreases with increasing water content. The effect of water also influences the volumic behavior of concrete. When all free pores are closed as a result of compaction, the low compressibility of the water prevents the deformation of the concrete, whereby the wet concrete is less deformed than the dry concrete for the same mean stress. The second part of the experimental program concerns dynamic tensile tests at different loading velocities, and different moisture conditions of concrete. The results show that the tensile strength of concrete C50 may increase up to 5 times compared to its static strength for a strain rate of about 100 s-1. In the numerical part, we are interested in improving an existing constitutive coupled model of concrete behavior called PRM (Pontiroli-Rouquand-Mazars) to predict the concrete behavior under impact. This model is based on a coupling between a damage model which is able to describe the degradation mechanisms and cracking of the concrete at weak confinement pressure and a plasticity model which allows to reproduce the concrete behavior under strong confinement pressure. The identification of the model was done using the results of experimental tests. The improvement of this model, especially the plasticity part, focuses on three main points : taking into account the effect of the deviatoric stress in the calculation of the mean stress; better accounting for the effect of water using poromechanical law instead of mixing law, improvement of the coupling variable between the damage model and the elastoplastic model with consideration of the Lode angle. These improvements were then validated by comparing numerical results and impact tests. The improved model is capable of reproducing the behavior of concrete under different loading paths and at different levels of confinement pressure while taking into account the degree of saturation of concrete.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.