In an era of rapidly growing maritime trade, national and international efforts to prevent marine environmental disasters have taken various dimensions, including vessel safety mandates, traffic control measures and increased state inspections and control of ships. The advent of large modern tankers has generated new marine environmental risks. The customary right of access to a place of refuge for vessels in distress is becoming a complex issue of increasingly conflicting values reflecting humanitarian response and environmental conservation. A national ‘Places of Refuge’ policy is an essential component of Canada’s oceans management strategy. A cohesive and robust structure for conflict resolution will help assure the continued progress and development of ocean-based industries and minimize threats to Canada’s oceans and marine environment. The input of ship and port management personnel in the development of a national strategy and risk assessment procedure is vital for credibility and acceptance. The Canadian and international experience of ships in need of assistance and the lessons learned dictate that developing a ‘Places of Refuge’ policy and risk assessment procedure is not only prudent but imperative if Canada is to continue to be a major player in the global marketplace. This dissertation outlines a risk assessment procedure to categorize Canadian ports as places of refuge. This categorization of ports based on defined risk levels allows for the optimum allocation of resources for upgrading the refuge suitability of ports. Twenty-one ports on the east coast are evaluated for their suitability as places of refuge, based on their risk category. The measures suggested in this thesis propose elements of a Canadian national policy and risk assessment procedure for places of refuge which are comprehensive, pragmatic and flexible within the country’s existing command and control infrastructure.

El último periodo de crecimiento económico y el deseo de elevar la competitividad del comercio exterior peruano exigieron del Estado peruano una respuesta de modernización de su infraestructura portuaria. El proceso de modernización del Terminal Portuario del Callao, el número uno del país y considerado la plataforma logística más importante de la Costa Oeste de Sudamérica, resulta ser un interesante estudio de caso sobre la adaptación del Estado a una combinación de factores internacionales (aumento de los precios de las materias primas y el impulso de políticas de apertura comercial) y domésticos (demanda de empresarios y decisión política). Mientras que se evidencian nuevos aprendizajes del Estado peruano, por ejemplo en el manejo de nuevas reglas de juego en materia de concesiones portuarias con la participación de operadores de talla mundial y el notable incremento de la competitividad de su principal terminal portuario, se manifiestan serias debilidades en planificación y el aseguramiento de políticas a largo plazo que trasciendan gobiernos.

Цель исследования – изучить развития торговой деятельности Китая с Россией и европейскими странами в рамках внешнеторговой политики, проводимой правителями Цинской империи в разные периоды. Объект данного исследования – торгово-экономические отношения Китая с Россией и Европой в 1722-1820 гг. Предмет исследования – торговая деятельность Китая с Европой и Россией и политика экономического развития, проводимая цинским правительством в указанный хронологический период. Представленная магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка используемых источников и литературы, приложений. В первой главе рассматривается развитие межгосударственных торговых контактов Китая с Европой и Россией в эру Юнчжэн. Во второй главе исследуется этап активизации русско-китайских торговых отношений на Севере Китая в Кяхте и становление особой системы монопольной торговли с иностранцами в Гуанчжоу в эру Цяньлун. В третьей главе проанализированы особенности торговли на территории Кяхты и Гуанчжоу при императоре Цзяцине. В заключении приводятся краткие выводы по проведенным исследованиям. / The aim of the study is to examine the development of China's trade activities with Russia and European countries within the foreign trade policy pursued by the rulers of the Qing Empire in different periods. The object of this study is trade and economic relations of China with Russia and Europe. Subject of the research is China's trade activities with Europe and Russia and economic development policies pursued by the Qing government in the specified chronological period. This master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of used sources and literature, and appendices. The first chapter examines the development of China's interstate trade contacts with Europe and Russia in the Yongzheng era. The second chapter examines the stage of activation of the Russian-Chinese trade relations in the North China and formation of the special monopoly trade system with foreigners in Guangzhou in the Qianlong era. The third chapter analyses peculiarities of trade in the territories of Kyakhta and Guangzhou under the Jiaqing Emperor. The conclusion concludes with brief conclusions of the research.