Couples learn to negotiate a complex intersection between household labor and family processes. Using both observational coding and questionnaire self report, this study examined the relationship between father and mothers' reported equality with their division-of-labor, their satisfaction with division-of-labor and their respective positive parenting as observed in taped interaction with a target child while controlling for quality of the relationship between the parents. Findings showed that egalitarian division of labor was positively related to satisfaction in division of labor and that egalitarian division of labor was a significant predictor of mothers' relationship quality, but not fathers' relationship quality. It also showed that fathers', but not mothers', marital relationship quality was found to be correlated with positive parenting and satisfaction with division of labor was a significant predictor of positive parenting for mothers, but not for fathers. Therapists should be mindful of and address the role division of labor plays in a family. Researchers should examine the use of a more comprehensive overview of division of labor tasks.

In this thesis the intricacies of service user and staff perceptions of psychological interventions for mental health difficulties were explored. Expanding upon this theme, mothers and staff on a Mother and Baby Unit (MBU) were asked about their views regarding the acceptability and feasibility of the implementation of a parenting intervention, Baby Triple P Positive Parenting Programme (Baby TP). This investigation is presented as four papers: a literature review, two empirical papers (a & b) and, a critical review and personal reflection of the research process.The literature review, a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies, explores service user and staff perceptions of psychological interventions for mental health difficulties. Twenty-eight studies were synthesised to develop comprehensive understanding of subtle, specific and overlapping elements involved in the implementation of psychological intervention. Guided by Noblit and Hare’s (1988) approach, 11 over-arching themes and 25 sub-ordinate themes emerged from the synthesis. Findings provide a detailed description of the concepts pertinent to both service users and staff. Implications are identified for service managers and clinicians in obtaining optimum efficiency and outcomes of psychological intervention. The empirical study is a Q-methodological investigation into service user and staff perceptions of the acceptability and feasibility of a parenting intervention, Baby TP, on a MBU. This study is split into two population-specific papers. Overall five main factors were identified (service users: three; staff: two), which provides new insights into the acceptable and feasible elements of a parenting intervention within this specialist setting. The findings highlight a positive consensus as to the acceptability and feasibility of Baby TP in a MBU setting alongside a number of identified needs pertinent to service users, staff and the setting. Clinical implications and recommendations are provided to address identified areas of need for both populations within this setting. The third paper is a critical review of the thesis illustrated through personal reflections of the research process.

<div>Adversity stemming from socioeconomic risks poses a considerable threat to the wellbeing of parents and youth. Research has shown that children’s exposure to cumulative(consisting of multiple co-occurring risks), chronic(experienced across more than one timepoint), and early(experienced during the birth-to-three-year period) socioeconomic adversity is particularly detrimental to their development. The first aim of this dissertation was therefore to create a measure of socioeconomic adversity that incorporates multiple risk indicators, and that could be used to tap into both the chronicity and timing of exposure. Using this measure, the problem that this dissertation aimed to address is the conflicting evidence that effective parenting is crucial in facilitating positive outcomes in at-risk youth, but that parenting itself is severely compromised in families experiencing socioeconomic adversity. Therefore, the overarching goal of this dissertation was to identify protective factors that can be leveraged to promote positive cascades for parents and youth in the context of socioeconomic adversity. Paper 1 analyzed whether social capital facilitates parental resilience, or the capacity of parents to deliver competent and high-quality parenting to children despite the presence of socioeconomic risks. Paper 2 assessed whether positive parenting in turn facilitates adolescent resilience and well being, or the reduction of maladaptive outcomes and presence of flourishing outcomes despite their exposure to this adversity. Given differences in the experiences of socioeconomic adversity as well as its effects on parents and youth across race-ethnicities, a major goal of this work was to test dissertation aims separately within Black, Hispanic, and White families. Overall, Paper 1 findings suggest that social participation and perceived neighborhood control may attenuate the effects of socioeconomic adversity on positive parenting for Black and White mothers respectively. For Hispanic mothers, social cohesion was found to be a promotive factor for positive parenting in the context of socioeconomic adversity. Paper 2 results indicate that socioeconomic adversity is indirectly associated with higher levels of adolescent substance use in Black youth, and lower levels of adolescent wellbeing in White youth, through lowered self-regulation in middle childhood. However, higher levels of positive parenting in early and middle childhood seemed to weaken these negative effects within non-Hispanic families. These results reinforce the need to enhance social and neighborhood capital for parents facing socioeconomic adversity, in order to facilitate positive parenting behaviors that may in turn protect youth from its negative effects.<br></div>

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Les avancées technico-médicales contribuent à l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie des adultes atteints de cardiopathies congénitales (CC). Toutefois, ils sont confrontés à de multiples défis quotidiens, accompagnés d’un important fardeau de détresse émotionnelle. Des variables environnementales et sociales comme les pratiques parentales de surprotection durant l’enfance sont associées à l’anxiété dans la population générale, mais peu d’études ont été réalisées auprès de cette population. Notre étude évalue l’association entre les pratiques parentales perçues (globales ; positives : soins, structure, soutien à l’autonomie ; négative : surprotection) et la variance de la symptomatologie anxieuse, au-delà des facteurs sociodémographiques et de l’historique médico-chirurgical pédiatrique chez les adultes porteurs de cardiopathies congénitales (CC). Cette étude transversale a été menée sur 264 adultes suivis à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal pour une CC. Les symptômes anxieux à l’âge adulte ont été évalués avec l’Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, tandis que la perception des pratiques parentales durant l’enfance a été évaluée rétrospectivement à l’aide d’auto-questionnaires validés, à savoir : Parental Bonding Instrument, Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale et Multidimensional Parenting Structure Scale. Les informations sociodémographiques et l’historique médico-chirurgical pédiatrique ont été recueillis dans les dossiers médicaux des patients. Des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont été effectuées et démontrent que les pratiques parentales perçues sont associées à l’explication de 9 % de la variance de l’anxiété au-delà des données sociodémographiques et l’historique médico-chirurgical pédiatrique. Les pratiques parentales constituent des cibles potentielles d’intervention visant à améliorer le profil d’anxiété des adultes atteints de CC. / Techno-medical advances are contributing to the increased life expectancy of patients with congenital heart disease. From birth, they face multiple medical, surgical, and daily challenges. This physical condition may be accompanied by a significant burden of emotional distress and poorer psychological health. Environmental and social variables such as overprotective parenting practices during childhood are associated with anxiety in the general population, but little is documented in this population. Our study assesses the association between parenting practices (global; positive: care, structure, autonomy support; negative: overprotection) and variance in anxiety symptomatology, over and above sociodemographic factors and pediatric medical-surgical history in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 264 adults followed at the Montreal Heart Institute for a diagnosis of CHD. Adult anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, while perception of childhood parenting practices were assessed retrospectively with validated self-administrated questionnaires, namely: Parental Bonding Instrument, Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale, and Multidimensional Parenting Structure Scale. Sociodemographic and pediatric medico-surgical history information were collected from patients' medical files. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed, demonstrating that perceived parenting practices explained more variance in anxiety symptoms (9 %) beyond sociodemographic variables and pediatric medico-surgical history. Parenting practices are potential targets for future interventions to prevent the development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms in adults with CHD.

Schema therapy is a leading contemporary approach to treating mental illness. The therapy integrally uses self-report measures of negative schemas (“long lasting patterns of emotions, cognitions and memories”), and the negative parenting patterns that are linked to the development of these schemas. However, the negative parenting measures are insufficient, and there are no corresponding measures of positive schemas or positive parenting patterns. Study 1 focused on the development of a measure for positive schemas, the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ). Study 2 focused on the development of a measure for positive parenting patterns, the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI). Finally, Study 3 empirically showed that the subscales of the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) were not robust, and it provided a revised alternative (YPI-R2). For all three studies combined, community samples (n = 204 to 628) were collected from five countries in Asia (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines) as well as the United States. The factor structure of the three instruments (the YPSQ, PPSI and YPI-R2) was stable in both Eastern and Western samples (in multigroup confirmatory factor analysis). All three scales showed prediction of mental health over and above what was possible with previous measures (incremental validity). The scales were not simply proxies for previously measured constructs (divergent validity). These scales also demonstrated significant associations with other established measures of parenting (construct validity). They also showed associations with negative schemas, well-being and ill-being (convergent validity). This thesis provides the tools needed to include a focus on positive as well as negative schemas and parenting patterns in both research and clinical practice. It also shows the benefits of so doing.

Contrairement aux parents de la population générale, ceux présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) sont plus à risque d’être référés à la protection de la jeunesse, ainsi que de perdre la garde de leur enfant. Malgré que plusieurs programmes d’intervention parentale soient disponibles pour soutenir les parents, la plupart ne sont pas adaptés au fonctionnement d’apprentissage des personnes présentant une DI. Le programme The Family Game est un outil conçu spécifiquement pour les parents présentant une DI dans le but d’enseigner des stratégies parentales positives et d’augmenter la coopération de l’enfant. Sous forme de jeu, le programme enseigne trois stratégies parentales : a) donner des consignes claires, b) renforcer les comportements coopératifs et c) corriger les comportements inappropriés de l’enfant. Une première étude expérimentale a évalué le programme The Family Game auprès de deux mères présentant une DI et ayant un enfant âgé de 10 et 14 ans (Tahir et al., 2015). Les résultats suggèrent une amélioration des stratégies parentales enseignées chez les mères et des résultats variables quant à la généralisation des apprentissages. Dans cette perspective, d’autres études expérimentales sont nécessaires afin de mesurer les effets de ce programme. Ce projet de mémoire visait à évaluer l’efficacité du programme The Family Game sur les stratégies parentales positives auprès de parents présentant une DI. Un couple de parents présentant une DI légère et une DI moyenne et ayant un enfant âgé de 3 ans ont complété l’étude. Un protocole à niveaux de base multiples en fonction des stratégies parentales à enseigner a été utilisé pour évaluer les effets du programme. Les résultats de cette étude sont similaires aux résultats de la recherche menée par Tahir et al. (2015). Ils indiquent une amélioration de l’utilisation des trois stratégies parentales chez le couple et un maintien des apprentissages un mois après le programme. La généralisation des apprentissages était toutefois variable chez les deux parents. En somme, le programme The Family Game montre des résultats encourageants auprès des parents présentant une DI. Cependant, des stratégies supplémentaires, comme la rétroaction par vidéo, devraient être intégrées au programme afin de favoriser la généralisation des apprentissages. / Unlike parents in the general population, parents with an intellectual disability (ID) are more at risk of being referred to youth protection as well as losing custody of their child. Although several parental intervention programs are available to support parents, most are not adapted to the learning functioning of individuals with ID. The Family Game is a training program designed specifically for parents with ID for improving the cooperation of the child by teaching positive behavior management strategies. The program uses a board game format to teach three parenting strategies: a) providing clear instructions, b) reinforcing cooperative behaviors, and c) correcting inappropriate behaviors. A first experimental study evaluated The Family Game program with two mothers with ID and children aged 10 and 14 (Tahir et al., 2015). The results suggest an improvement in the parenting strategies taught and variable results regarding the generalization of learning. Thus, further experimental studies are needed to measure the effects of this program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of The Family Game program on positive parenting strategies of parents with an ID. A couple of parents with mild and moderate ID with a 3-year-old child participated in the study. A multiple baseline design across skills was used to assess program effects. The results of the study are similar to those reported by Tahir et al. (2015). We observed improvements in the use of the three parenting strategies by the father and the mother as well as maintenance of learning one month after the program. However, the generalization of learning remained variable for both parents. In sum, The Family Game program shows promising results with parents with ID. However, additional strategies, such as video feedback, should be integrated into the program to support generalization.