Orientador: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Resumo: Este trabalho visa tratar da reciclagem das embalagens plásticas flexíveis pós-consumo no Brasil, apresentando o panorama atual, os principais desafios e dificuldades para a reciclagem e, potenciais soluções tecnológicas disponíveis ou em desenvolvimento no Brasil e em outros países. Dados indicam que o volume de embalagens plásticas flexíveis pós-consumo seguirá crescendo nos próximos anos no Brasil. Atualmente uma parte deste tipo de material está sendo descartado de forma inadequada em aterros sanitários ou então descartadas aleatoriamente em lixões à céu aberto, com impacto negativo ao meio ambiente. Ao não ser reciclado, há a necessidade de extração contínua de recursos naturais, para a continuidade do processo produção-consumo. É necessário estabelecer ações que permitam um ciclo em que recursos extraídos da natureza possam voltar à produção de novos bens ao final de cada ciclo, estabelecendo as bases da economia circular. O trabalho foi realizado a partir de revisão bibliográfica, leitura de artigos técnico-científicos, participação em reuniões, visitas, consultas, entrevistas e acesso a “sites” da internet envolvendo órgãos públicos, associações de classes e empresas pertencentes à cadeia de produção de plásticos, conversão de embalagem, coleta seletiva e à reciclagem de embalagens plásticas. Como resultados, este trabalho reporta a necessidade de aplicação do conceito de eco-design no projeto de novas embalagens, tecnologia para separação automática de materiais, del... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The value consumers attach to their clothing creates a high demand and frequent consumption of fast fashion. This results in the increase of post-consumer textile waste that ends up on landfills, which has a negative impact on the environment. This raises the critical issue of disposal methods and necessary education to create awareness and equip users to contribute to a circular economy that aims to extend the lifecycle of each garment. This study aims to design for the facilitation of a circular economy driven by post-consumer textile waste that encourages sustainable consumption. The short lifecycles of commercial interior due to the influence of societal taste results in the frequent alteration of these interiors, increasing building waste which has a negative environmental impact. This study explores how the lifecycle of an interior environment can be extended through the design principles derived from the design informants identified through the investigation of the theoretical framework, site, precedents, users and programme, and proposed brand. The result is the design of sustainable interior environments that encourages sustainable consumption. The design for multi-use programme allows for users to learn and contribute on various platforms to empower the local community and close the loop for fast fashion to generate a new fashion culture at 012 Central. Through the alteration of the identified interior environments the design intervention aims to reinvigorate the underutilised buildings at 012 Central to support a circular economy driven by post-consumer textile waste. The design intervention aims to provide an informative spatial experience that encourages interaction with space and object, empowering users to contribute to a circular economy driven by post-consumer textile waste. The technical resolution of the proposed design intervention is concerned with the design of sustainable interior environments and components that considers their environmental impact through a closed-loop design approach. / Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / MInt (Prof) / Unrestricted

The title of this work origins from the muse created to give the thought of equal value in discarded material a persona. This crazy-cat-lady-like muse that compulsively hoards and stacks every possible item in her house and values her low-status-material single-use-waste-collection equally to her high-status-material jewelry box. This understanding that every material has some sort of value that one can enhance and add to through re-contextualization, repeats or manipulation is key within this work. This collection will therefore present you with design-examples generated by an upcycling-design-tool, the method-cards, where materials such as waste garments or non textile-objects are re-contextualized together into new wearable hybrids. These resulting hybrids are proposing a suggestion on how sustainable material sourcing in our post-consumer-waste-streams can generate new expressions in dress. All individual examples combined together in a five-looks-collection. Every example is responsible for adding value by upcycling and re-designing discarded post-consumer material and items and therefore reducing the need for virgin produced goods in fashion design. The hybrids generated will also aim to lift a serious cause with a touch of humor and therefore make the subject of overconsumption more reachable.

Kinesio taping constructions are translated into garment construction in order to explore different principles for integrating kinesio taping devices and applying them to function and well-being in an everyday sports context. The significance of this project lies in developing sportswear that integrates similar functions to a Kinesio Tape. Recurring physical ailments are addressed with garments to improve flexibility between the health problem and kinesiology taping functions. A series of design experiments integrating elastic tapes and involving test subjects led to new perspectives in the field. Within the process, different principles were tested that mimic the function of a Kinesio Tape. The developed prototypes were fitted to specific test subjects and then tested with the help of a user test during an activity. The process showed that the subject area still leaves much room for further research. Specifying the field of application more is one possibility.

Background:   The demand of textiles and clothing is constantly increasing; as a result the post-consumer textile waste increase as well. This point is bringing the focus on creating the value from waste by recycling. Sweden, municipalities are responsible for handling the textile waste that is currently categorized as the household waste. The post-consumer textile when disposed is mixed with the other household waste, which eliminates the commercial value of the material Purpose:          The purpose of this study is to explore the current system in Nässjö municipality to manage post-consumer textiles and identify the possibilities for value creation through reverse logistics processes.  Method:          To fulfil the research purpose a qualitative study employing single case is used. Study caters multi-perspectives from different actors i.e. municipality, logistics service providers and consumers. Purposive sampling is used to select the respondents from each actor seeing their position in the companies and knowledge on the subject. Primary data is gathered by conducting 11 semi-structured interviews and field visit to the waste collection site. Secondary data is obtained using web sources and also from different project reports from government and other agencies. The empirical data is categorized and then analysed by thematic analysis with the developed theoretical framework of systems’ theory. Findings:         Legislation to collect textiles as the separate entity and put it in the reverse logistics system is on the way. Today, input in the system is very low due to the unawareness of consumers about the available options. Municipality is processing the waste as a normal household waste and it is incinerated to produce energy for the residents.  LSP are coordinating with municipality and tend to increase their resources for effective participation in the new system. Municipality requires strategic changes to meet the coming legislative requirements. Conclusion:     A sub-system could be developed for post-consumer textile in Nassjo municipality. Input in the system has to be determined by consumers education and convenience. Municipality has to define their roles for manage sub-system effectively. The study has provided the rich description of potential possibilities in this context.

No contexto em que vivemos é crescente a necessidade de reciclar materiais, principalmente, devido a questões que envolvam a redução dos impactos ambientais, como, por exemplo, a reciclagem de materiais para fabricação de produtos tecnológicos. Equipamentos eletroeletrônicos possuem grande potencial para reciclagem e são descartados diariamente. A degradação por foto-oxidação é um fator que pode influenciar nas propriedades dos polímeros que compõe um equipamento eletroeletrônico, e em sua reciclagem, mesmo em ambientes internos, pois o UVA tem capacidade de transpor janelas de vidro. Este estudo analisou alguns aspectos da foto-oxidação do poliestireno de alto impacto (PS-HI) reciclado de carcaças de impressoras, exposto à radiação UVA com base nas normas de envelhecimento ASTM G24 e G154. Amostras de PS-HI virgem e reciclado foram injetadas e expostas ao envelhecimento acelerado em laboratório por meio de grades, com a exposição total das amostras, e em máscara, com o direcionamento da radiação UVA em ponto determinado das amostras. As consequências da foto-oxidação nas propriedades das amostras foram caracterizadas por: Colorimetria, Espectroscopia de Infravermelho, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Análise Térmica Dinâmico Mecânico, com o objetivo de avaliar a degradação foto-oxidativa do poliestireno de alto impacto reciclado e caracterizar e as diferenças entre a exposição total e direcionada. Os resultados apontaram que as amostras recicladas expostas a radiação UVA não apresentaram mudanças consideráveis em relação as suas propriedades ou processabilidade quando comparado com o material virgem, pois a foto-oxidação ficou concentrada na superfície das amostras. / In today’s context it is increasingly necessary to recycle materials, such as the ones used in the manufacturing of technological products, mainly due to issues involving the reduction of environmental impact. Electronic devices are discarded daily and they have a great potential for recycling. Degradation by photo-oxidation is a factor that can influence the properties and the recycling of polymers that make up pieces of electronic equipment. This factor exists even indoors, because UVA is able to travel across glass windows. This study analyzes some aspects of the photo-oxidation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) recycled from printer carcasses that were exposed to UVA under the ASTM G24 and G154 aging standards. Virgin and recycled HIPS samples were injected and exposed to an accelerated aging process in the laboratory through the use of pallets, with the total exposure of the samples, and masks with the targeted UVA exposure at certain points of the samples. The consequences of the photo-oxidation on the properties of the samples were characterized by: colorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis with the objectives of evaluating the degradation of recycled HIPS caused by photo-oxidation and characterizing the differences between pallet and mask exposure. The results showed that when compared to the virgin material, the recycled samples that were exposed to UVA radiation did not undergo significant changes regarding the properties and processability because the photo-oxidation effect remained focused on the areas near the surface of the samples.

A utilização de polímeros tem crescido de maneira significativa em diversos setores da indústria, substituindo materiais como madeira, metais, vidros, entre outros. Entretanto, a constante geração de resíduos poliméricos pós-consumo e seu descarte, tem gerado problemas ao meio ambiente, pois grande parte desses materiais ainda é disposta em aterros sanitários. Assim, a reciclagem de polímeros tem se mostrado uma alternativa mais econômica e ambientalmente correta, já que contribui para minimizar o consumo de recursos finitos, como o petróleo, além de reduzir a emissão de gases tóxicos nos processos de produção e decomposição. No processo de reciclagem, a separação dos polímeros em seus diferentes tipos é uma das etapas mais importantes, pois devido às diferenças nas propriedades químicas e físicas desses materiais, quando misturados e processados, geram produtos finais de baixa qualidade. No Brasil, o método de separação mais utilizado é o de separação manual, porém apresenta grandes desvantagens devido às condições insalubres às quais o trabalhador é submetido e devido a erros de natureza humana cometidos durante o processo. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos de separação de resíduos poliméricos, dando ênfase na separação triboeletrostática, além de determinar limites de contaminação entre poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) e polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) no produto final reciclado. Foi desenvolvido um dispositivo para separação triboeletrostática de polímeros, o qual se mostrou efetivo na separação de misturas de poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC)/PET, PVC/acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) e ABS/PEAD, atingindo porcentagens de recuperação maiores que 80% e grau de pureza acima de 90%. No estudo da contaminação entre PET e PEAD, com base na morfologia e propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelas blendas avaliadas, foi determinado o limite de 3% de contaminação de PET no PEAD, porém não foi possível determinar um limite para a contaminação de PEAD no PET, pois mesmo em pequenas concentrações do contaminante, as blendas apresentaram comportamento instável nos ensaios mecânicos realizados, devido às suas características morfológicas. / The use of polymers has increased significantly in several industrial sectors, replacing materials such as wood, metals, glass, etc. However, the constant generation of plastic wastes and their disposal generate environmental problems, because most of them are disposed to landfill. Thus, polymer recycling seems to be the most economical and environmentally friend alternative, since it contributes to minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources, as petroleum, also reducing the toxic gases emission generated during the production and decomposition processes. The polymer separation in their different types is one of the most important stages of the recycling process, because due to the diferences in their chemical and physical properties, when they are mixed and processed, low quality products are produced. In Brazil, manual separation is the most used method, but it presents great disadvantages, due to the unheathy conditions that the workers are subjected to and the possibility of human errors during the process. The aim of this work was to study different polymer separation methods, emphasizing the triboelectrostatic separation, besides determining contamination limits between polyterephthalate ethylene (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the final recycled product. A device for triboelectrostatic separation of polymers was developed, which was effective in the separation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) / PET, PVC / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and ABS / HDPE blends, reaching percentages of recovery greater than 80% and purity above 90%. Contamination between PET and HDPE was evaluated, based on the morphology and mechanical properties presented by the blends prepared. The limit of 3% of PET contamination in the HDPE was determined, but it was not possible to determine the limit for the contamination of HDPE in PET, because even in small concentrations of the contaminant, the blends presented unstable behavior in the mechanical tests performed, due to the morphological characteristics of the blends produced.

Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) have advantages over natural wood such as improved stiffness, recyclability, and waste minimization. However, issues such as the difficulty of processing WPC with conventional methods, volatile emission from the wood and the composites’ lack of strength must be addressed. A system for continuous extrusion of rectangular profiles of WPC was developed and some critical processing strategies were identified. The use of a lubricant and a calibrator also improved the profile extrusion of WPC. In this work, glass was also added to improve WPC’s mechanical strength. Generally, a glass content of 2.5% appears to improve the properties but further addition does not have a significant effect. Foaming of WPC, which can enhance their properties, was investigated through studying the effect of heating time and temperature on void fraction and cell density. / UOIT

No contexto em que vivemos é crescente a necessidade de reciclar materiais, principalmente, devido a questões que envolvam a redução dos impactos ambientais, como, por exemplo, a reciclagem de materiais para fabricação de produtos tecnológicos. Equipamentos eletroeletrônicos possuem grande potencial para reciclagem e são descartados diariamente. A degradação por foto-oxidação é um fator que pode influenciar nas propriedades dos polímeros que compõe um equipamento eletroeletrônico, e em sua reciclagem, mesmo em ambientes internos, pois o UVA tem capacidade de transpor janelas de vidro. Este estudo analisou alguns aspectos da foto-oxidação do poliestireno de alto impacto (PS-HI) reciclado de carcaças de impressoras, exposto à radiação UVA com base nas normas de envelhecimento ASTM G24 e G154. Amostras de PS-HI virgem e reciclado foram injetadas e expostas ao envelhecimento acelerado em laboratório por meio de grades, com a exposição total das amostras, e em máscara, com o direcionamento da radiação UVA em ponto determinado das amostras. As consequências da foto-oxidação nas propriedades das amostras foram caracterizadas por: Colorimetria, Espectroscopia de Infravermelho, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Análise Térmica Dinâmico Mecânico, com o objetivo de avaliar a degradação foto-oxidativa do poliestireno de alto impacto reciclado e caracterizar e as diferenças entre a exposição total e direcionada. Os resultados apontaram que as amostras recicladas expostas a radiação UVA não apresentaram mudanças consideráveis em relação as suas propriedades ou processabilidade quando comparado com o material virgem, pois a foto-oxidação ficou concentrada na superfície das amostras. / In today’s context it is increasingly necessary to recycle materials, such as the ones used in the manufacturing of technological products, mainly due to issues involving the reduction of environmental impact. Electronic devices are discarded daily and they have a great potential for recycling. Degradation by photo-oxidation is a factor that can influence the properties and the recycling of polymers that make up pieces of electronic equipment. This factor exists even indoors, because UVA is able to travel across glass windows. This study analyzes some aspects of the photo-oxidation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) recycled from printer carcasses that were exposed to UVA under the ASTM G24 and G154 aging standards. Virgin and recycled HIPS samples were injected and exposed to an accelerated aging process in the laboratory through the use of pallets, with the total exposure of the samples, and masks with the targeted UVA exposure at certain points of the samples. The consequences of the photo-oxidation on the properties of the samples were characterized by: colorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis with the objectives of evaluating the degradation of recycled HIPS caused by photo-oxidation and characterizing the differences between pallet and mask exposure. The results showed that when compared to the virgin material, the recycled samples that were exposed to UVA radiation did not undergo significant changes regarding the properties and processability because the photo-oxidation effect remained focused on the areas near the surface of the samples.

No contexto em que vivemos é crescente a necessidade de reciclar materiais, principalmente, devido a questões que envolvam a redução dos impactos ambientais, como, por exemplo, a reciclagem de materiais para fabricação de produtos tecnológicos. Equipamentos eletroeletrônicos possuem grande potencial para reciclagem e são descartados diariamente. A degradação por foto-oxidação é um fator que pode influenciar nas propriedades dos polímeros que compõe um equipamento eletroeletrônico, e em sua reciclagem, mesmo em ambientes internos, pois o UVA tem capacidade de transpor janelas de vidro. Este estudo analisou alguns aspectos da foto-oxidação do poliestireno de alto impacto (PS-HI) reciclado de carcaças de impressoras, exposto à radiação UVA com base nas normas de envelhecimento ASTM G24 e G154. Amostras de PS-HI virgem e reciclado foram injetadas e expostas ao envelhecimento acelerado em laboratório por meio de grades, com a exposição total das amostras, e em máscara, com o direcionamento da radiação UVA em ponto determinado das amostras. As consequências da foto-oxidação nas propriedades das amostras foram caracterizadas por: Colorimetria, Espectroscopia de Infravermelho, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Análise Térmica Dinâmico Mecânico, com o objetivo de avaliar a degradação foto-oxidativa do poliestireno de alto impacto reciclado e caracterizar e as diferenças entre a exposição total e direcionada. Os resultados apontaram que as amostras recicladas expostas a radiação UVA não apresentaram mudanças consideráveis em relação as suas propriedades ou processabilidade quando comparado com o material virgem, pois a foto-oxidação ficou concentrada na superfície das amostras. / In today’s context it is increasingly necessary to recycle materials, such as the ones used in the manufacturing of technological products, mainly due to issues involving the reduction of environmental impact. Electronic devices are discarded daily and they have a great potential for recycling. Degradation by photo-oxidation is a factor that can influence the properties and the recycling of polymers that make up pieces of electronic equipment. This factor exists even indoors, because UVA is able to travel across glass windows. This study analyzes some aspects of the photo-oxidation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) recycled from printer carcasses that were exposed to UVA under the ASTM G24 and G154 aging standards. Virgin and recycled HIPS samples were injected and exposed to an accelerated aging process in the laboratory through the use of pallets, with the total exposure of the samples, and masks with the targeted UVA exposure at certain points of the samples. The consequences of the photo-oxidation on the properties of the samples were characterized by: colorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis with the objectives of evaluating the degradation of recycled HIPS caused by photo-oxidation and characterizing the differences between pallet and mask exposure. The results showed that when compared to the virgin material, the recycled samples that were exposed to UVA radiation did not undergo significant changes regarding the properties and processability because the photo-oxidation effect remained focused on the areas near the surface of the samples.