Aim: The aim of our research is to explore and narrate the post-merger effects on employees' motivation and effective managerial role for the motivation management in the staff in Post-Merger Phase. Methodology: The research is qualitative and covers both, the managerial and employees’ approach through application of Herzberg (1966) motivational theory to assess certain changes in employees’ motivation level during the Post-Merger phase. Primary data is sourced from face to face interviews of respondents and narrated in empirical findings. Analysis and conclusion are derived on the basis of the State of Art theories. Conclusion: Merger affects the employees’ motivations by ignoring their motivational factors, communication and information sharing management. Managerial role is important to answer the employees’ job insecurities and maintain the level of their motivation effectively. Optimum employees-organization relationship can be secured through effective information and communication management for the success of corporate objectives and employees’ satisfaction. Contribution: The research greatly contributes towards knowledge in management studies and relevant information is useful for business management students, managers, and Merger implementing management about certain aspects of consequential organizational changes and motivational factors of the workforce. The repeated research to periodically observe the staff's motivation and effective managerial implements can enhance in-depth knowledge of potential effective remedies especially for new and possibly merging organizations. Through such kind of research works, Merger failure rate can be reduced and overcome gradually that result due to employee’s diminishing motivations at workplace and management's’ failure to take cognizance of Post-Merger changes in employee’s behaviour

Drawing on the organizational trust literature and research on postmerger integration, the authors develop a model that conceptually synthesizes the antecedents and consequences of trust in acquired organizations. The model proposes that the acquiring and target firms' relationship history, the interfirm distance, and the acquirer's integration approach will affect target firm member trust in the acquiring firm's management. Target firm member trust, in turn, may influence several sociocultural integration outcomes as well as postacquisition performance. The results of a case survey suggest that certain aspects of the relationship history and interfirm distance, such as the firms' collaboration history and preacquisition performance differences, are poor predictors of trust, whereas integration process variables, such as speed of integration, communication quality, and acquirer multiculturalism are major factors infl uencing trust. The implications for postmerger integration research and practice are discussed.

Submitted by Daniele Santos (danielesantos.htl@gmail.com) on 2017-01-18T19:20:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ina -02102016.docx: 798193 bytes, checksum: c83882123b0ea9a1393ce60a818df5a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-01-24T13:34:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ina -02102016.docx: 798193 bytes, checksum: c83882123b0ea9a1393ce60a818df5a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T12:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ina -02102016.docx: 798193 bytes, checksum: c83882123b0ea9a1393ce60a818df5a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-08 / The thesis explores the factors to consider for a successful post-merger integration. The hy-pothesis states that there are several levels of formal and informal factors critical in the post-merger integration contributing to successful mergers. The main focus of companies has typi-cally been on addressing possible synergies and financial effects. However, while analyzing the outcome of merger and acquisitions it has been seen that 70 to 90 percent of mergers fail to meet the long term financial goals over time. This indicates that the assessment of possible partners for a merger may not be the most effective. This thesis argues that factors such as organizational and cultural compatibility need to play a stronger role when selecting a partner to merge or acquire.

The merger integration process in one of the most critical stages of the deal, and getting a good price is important, but not as important as making sure the deal works. There have been several theses discussing the merger process as well as the importance of post-merger integration, focusing on culture melding or financial system synergy. This study focuses on the post merger integration process of a subsidiary of MNC in Taiwan. The parent company in the past few years have acquired two MNCs and experienced two large global scale integration processes in which the Taiwan subsidiary followed the HQ directives to undertake acquisition integration of the two acquired firms’ local subsidiaries. The integration of two other local subsidiaries provides a rare opportunity to investigate the post-acquisition process occurred in a MNC context. The finding throws light on the post-acquisition process at the subsidiary level and how the process related to the parent’s global strategy of merger and acquisition. All three subsidiaries involved are mainly marketing and sales organizations. Therefore, this study would focus on the integration of marketing and sales functions. This study chose the case study research methodology because the pharmaceutical industry is the industry the research is most familiar with and there is no other case, either a subsidiary or a company, having experienced similar M&A. The researcher found the case company-subsidiary is a unique one, because of the two M&A it experienced, presenting a rare opportunity for studying M&A at subsidiary level. The case study approach investigated deeply the two complete M&A integration process. The case study approach relies on researching the parent and subsidiary history, academic literature on M&A, and in-depth interview with key executives of the subsidiary to identify key activities and decision points in the whole integration process. The research discovers that successful melding of cultures and integration of product management helps post-acquisition growth, and organizational learning played a key role in utilizing the first M&A experience to accelerate the subsequent merger-integration activities. Key words: Merger/ Acquisition, Post-merger integration, Product management process / The merger integration process in one of the most critical stages of the deal, and getting a good price is important, but not as important as making sure the deal works. There have been several theses discussing the merger process as well as the importance of post-merger integration, focusing on culture melding or financial system synergy. This study focuses on the post merger integration process of a subsidiary of MNC in Taiwan. The parent company in the past few years have acquired two MNCs and experienced two large global scale integration processes in which the Taiwan subsidiary followed the HQ directives to undertake acquisition integration of the two acquired firms’ local subsidiaries. The integration of two other local subsidiaries provides a rare opportunity to investigate the post-acquisition process occurred in a MNC context. The finding throws light on the post-acquisition process at the subsidiary level and how the process related to the parent’s global strategy of merger and acquisition. All three subsidiaries involved are mainly marketing and sales organizations. Therefore, this study would focus on the integration of marketing and sales functions. This study chose the case study research methodology because the pharmaceutical industry is the industry the research is most familiar with and there is no other case, either a subsidiary or a company, having experienced similar M&A. The researcher found the case company-subsidiary is a unique one, because of the two M&A it experienced, presenting a rare opportunity for studying M&A at subsidiary level. The case study approach investigated deeply the two complete M&A integration process. The case study approach relies on researching the parent and subsidiary history, academic literature on M&A, and in-depth interview with key executives of the subsidiary to identify key activities and decision points in the whole integration process. The research discovers that successful melding of cultures and integration of product management helps post-acquisition growth, and organizational learning played a key role in utilizing the first M&A experience to accelerate the subsequent merger-integration activities. Key words: Merger/ Acquisition, Post-merger integration, Product management process

Agility is referred to as the ability of a firm to proactively or reactively adapt successfully to rapid changes within the business environment both internally and externally. The Post-Merger Integration (PMI) phase is characterized by rapid organizational changes which require new strategy methods that suit the nature of today’s fast paced business environments. Though characterized by changes, the PMI presents an opportune moment for the transformation of a business by exploring and exhausting the innovation potential of the integrating firms through the use of agile aspects that seek to identify risks and explore opportunities in a nimble manner. These aspects are several, but in this study, we delve into three namely, flexibility, adaptability and customer focus. The aspects of agility originated from fields of Software Development and are fairly new to the discipline of Business Administration but are considered to be evolving and popular across other fields of study. The current era is noted by scholars as the Scaled Agile Framework Development Era which is characterized by an emergence in agile frameworks that aid in large scale programs of an organization, such as the PMI in this case. This era represents a steppingstone to business agility, the future of agility that seeks to transform an organization to be adaptive to changes. The purpose of this study is to develop an agile framework drawing from empirical findings of the use of agility aspects in the context of a merger and acquisition, more specifically, the post-merger integration phase, to act as an innovation catalyst. To obtain insights and a better understanding on what we set ourselves to research, we explore an embedded single case study of a firm operating in a traditional industry, the maritime industry, in order to investigate the following research question:How can agility in the context of a Post-Merger Integration (PMI) contribute toinnovation? Eight semi-structured interviews with senior executives and senior managers of the case company were conducted in order to draw insights on their previous experiences with mergers and acquisitions. Empirical evidence was collected and coded in line with the Gioia methodology and with the aid of references to extant literature we began to build theory thereof. Our findings revealed that agile aspects may be adopted to complement and not necessarily replace existing hierarchical structures, procedures and processes within the PMI. Additionally, all three aspects of agility we sought to investigate prove to be useful to promote innovation in PMIs when adopted. The theoretical contribution of our study is the development of an agile framework that may be utilized in the PMI to identify, exploit and exhaust the innovation potential of the M&A activity. Furthermore, the framework may be validated in a different company or setting other than the company under study.

Today, mergers and acquisitions often grab headlines due to the large sums of money involved, and the number of stakeholders affected by it. Still, the increase in merger and acquisition activities, the capital involved, and the pervasiveness of these activities stand in sharp contrast to their high rates of failures. Scholars have attributed the failure of mergers and acquisitions to management failure when it comes to dealing with human aspects during the integration phase. The purpose of this paper was to examine how individual’s identities change overtime in a merger. More specifically, it examines the process of post-merger organizational identification in merger contexts through the lens of social identity theory. From this purpose, we formulated the following research question and two sub-questions: • How can post-merger identification be managed and integrated in an organization? o How can organizational identities transit from a pre-merger state to a post-merger state successfully? o What is the outcome of the post-merger identification process? The method used in this study was qualitative with an interpretive approach, which allowed us to gain a deeper understanding regarding the purpose and to answer our research question. Primary data came from purposive sampling, where 14 semi-structured interviews with individuals with various managerial positions in post-merger integrations were conducted to gain an understanding of how they tackled the integration process. The secondary data used resulted from previous research, literature, articles and other internet sources. The interviews were qualitatively analyzed through a thematic coding procedure. The backbone of our theory consists of perspectives on mergers and acquisitions from the lens of social identity theory. Particularly, it was used to understand the post-merger organizational identification process. The theoretical components were used to understand group formations and intra- and intergroup relationships, the effects mergers have on individuals, and what the effects of the outcomes of post-merger identification have on group and organizational identity. Our findings disclose that organizational identities are exclusive by nature and that they remain in this state unless managerial actions are taken which triggers commitment from groups to change. These actions must combine communication efforts with managerial interventions which promote intergroup cooperation, prototypical norms and values. Depending on the actions and the goal of the merger, the nature of the post-merger identity is a combination of two identities which forms an overarching one, or an assimilation of one identity into another. The contributions from this study come in two forms: theoretical and managerial. The theoretical contributions come through our findings showing how organizational identity emerge, change and how they are formed. The managerial contributions provide recommendations on how practitioners should facilitate the process, the vital role the manager has in the process and approaches they could take based on our findings.

In recent years, the global mergers and acquisitions (M&As) boom surging, especially after the financial tsunami. The enterprise mentality ¡§the big get bigger¡¨, for the rapid expansion and market share. Breaking the previous mode of operation alone, corporate mergers and acquisitions have become an important strategy for the rapid growing and maintain competitive advantage. There are many factors that impact mergers and acquisitions integration. The real test is just beginning after mergers and acquisitions transaction is completed. Mergers and acquisitions integration management can help companies to play the synergies of mergers and acquisitions. It¡¦s an important key to determine the success of mergers and acquisitions. Information systems (IS) integration is among the most challenging tasks in corporate mergers and acquisitions (Alaranta and Henningsson, 2008). Corporate mergers and acquisitions generate the integration and remodeling of the corporate culture, business and organizational overlap. The relative makes the complexity of information systems integration becomes higher, and more difficult in the integration. At the same time, considering how to achieve the synergies, through integration of information systems and overcoming the uncertain changes. This study adopts the case study approach to a large panel manufacturer. Summarized the primary and secondary data and actually involved in the observed induction, related aspects of the system functionality, business process, organizational and external supply chain, to find the factors of information systems integration. And then explore the process of information systems integration in corporate mergers and acquisitions in order to establish the mode of information system integration. Finally also provide reference for large-scale merger and acquisitions.

<p>The problem areas of the 'human side' of mergers andacquisitions as well as post-merger integration are focusedupon in this study. An extensive review of merger-relatedliterature points to the problematic nature of this area oforganisation. Through the analysis of two international casemergers, their post-merger integration processes and theirproblem areas, the nature and causes of these problem areas areinvestigated. The results of the investigation indicate thatexpectations influence mergers and post-merger integration.What seems to be expected of mergers, post-merger integration,of the management of these processes as well as the involvedparties plays a role in the interpretation of and reaction tomerger-related occurrences. If expectations of a merger or anyof its specific features are not met, attitudes towards themerger can get increasingly negative. This evidentlynecessitates 'expectation management' within mergers and theirpost-merger integration processes.</p><p><b>KEY WORDS</b>: merger, acquisition, post-merger integration,'human side' of organisations, expectation, experience, casestudy, emergent theory</p>

“All marriages are happy. It’s the living together afterwards that causes all the trouble.” - Raymond Hull, Canadian Playwright. Although Mergers and Acquisitions are common, no merger is termed as successful until post merger integration is successful. During M&A, two companies that function uniquely are fused together, and the Information Technology group is expected to consolidate two different systems efficiently. This integration should be well-executed, and without any disruption to business or customers. Every merger is different, and can have innumerable reasons for failure, ranging from poor implementation strategies to cultural or attitudinal problems. One of the reasons, many Post-Merger Integration activities fail, is due to the Information Technology complexity and inadequacy to address the issues, it brings to the table. This thesis aims at studying the importance of post-merger Information Technology (IT) integration and developing an IT strategy for the integration. There are no scientific guidelines laid out for a post-merger IT integration and each company employs its own methods. Hence the author has researched and developed a post-merger IT integration framework that can give definitive approach and assist in seamless integration. This framework includes practices that can be followed for a smooth IT transition and checklist to ensure successful integration. Lastly the author presents two cases of M&A that illustrate the importance of IT integration, namely, Sallie Mae- USA Group and HP-Compaq. Sallie Mae & USA Group was a huge success due to its successful IT integration implementation while HP-Compaq merger was a disappointment for the lack of understanding the importance of IT integration. From these two cases, the author has also derived the usefulness of the proposed framework. Author has also presented another case of Oracle-Sun merger, which does an analysis of the IT integration carried out by the two companies. It would not be unwise to say, that IT plays an ever increasing pervasive role in today’s organizations, hence a successful merger demands successful IT integration. / text

Vad innebär det att jobba med integration i ett fusionerat företag? Studien som denna avhandling bygger på syftade till att utforska, skildra och reflektera över hur en ledningsgrupp strävade efter att uppnå socio-kulturell integration. Resultatet illustreras genom påvisandet av hur nya referensramar skapades i den pågående kommunikationen på integrationsmöten i ett nordiskt konfektyrföretag. På dessa möten försökte ledningsgruppen, som bestod av medarbetare med olika nationell, funktionell och organisatorisk hemvist, att skapa en ny gemensam kultur. En paradox uppstod då företagsledningen hade för avsikt att bevara de gamla kulturerna, samtidigt som de ville skapa något nytt. Kultur har i denna studie betraktats som en social referensram vilket möjliggör att man kan tala om kultur i förhållande till andra föreställningar i integrationsprocessen. Genom analys av integrationsdiskursen med hjälp av begreppet föreställningsramar, framträdde ett flertal i integrationsprocessen aktiva föreställningsramar. Dessa visar hur ledningen rörde sig mot en gemensam föreställningsram under integrationsprocessen. Med tiden framträdde en gemensam föreställning: the one company frame. Denna föreställningsram drevs på ett djupare plan av människors vilja att tillhöra och skapa mening i det som hände, något som beskrivs i the faith frame. På mötet utmanades dock the faith frame av the game frame som betonar den konkurrensmässiga aspekten av affärsverksamhet. Avhandlingen avslutas med en diskussion om hur förståelsen för integrationsprocessen skulle kunna ökas genom att tydligare erkänna konkurrens som ett inslag i integration. / What does it mean to integrate an organization after a merger? The purpose of the study on which this thesis is based was to explore, depict and reflect on how a management group strived to achieve socio-cultural integration. The findings are illustrated by applying the idea of framing to the on-going communication at integration meetings in a Nordic confectionery company. At these meetings, the management group - with different national, functional and organizational backgrounds - worked with creating a new, shared culture. Paradoxically, the intention of the managers was to keep their old cultures at the same time as they wanted to create something new. In this text, culture has been regarded as a frame of reference. This makes it possible to talk about culture in relation to other constructs in the integration process. The use of the frame concept in the analysis of the integration discourse revealed different frames at work, and how people observed in the study moved towards a shared frame of reference during the integration process. Over time, there was frame alignment at the integration meetings towards a one company frame. On a deeper level, the one company frame seemed to be motivated by people’s desire to belong in the new company and to make sense of what was going on. This was expressed in the faith frame. At the integration meetings, the faith frame was challenged by the game frame. The game frame enhanced the competitive aspect of business. It is suggested that recognition of the competitive aspects of integration could increase our understanding of the integration process.