Protéines difficiles à exprimer: un goulot d'étranglement pour la plupart des biologistes. J'ai choisi d'utiliser comme modèle d’étude Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus. Ce virus géant à ADN possède des protéines subissant des modifications post-traductionnelles, des structures multi-protéiques ou encore des voies enzymatiques jamais identifiées auparavant dans un virus, ce qui en font un modèle idéal pour l’étude de protéines récalcitrantes. Le but ultime de cette thèse, était de produire les protéines de capsides de Mimivirus. Le rôle de la protéine de capside dans l’assemblage de la particule virale, son infectivité et ses caractéristiques moléculaires sont d’une grande importance. Pour aller du gène à la protéine, J’ai participé à la compréhension de ce qui gouverne la terminaison de la transcription de Mimivirus et également participé à l'analyse globale du transcriptome au cours du cycle d'infection des amibes par Mimivirus. Nous avons montré que les transcrits de Mimivirus sont systématiquement polyadénylés dans des régions formant une structure secondaire en tige-boucle, même s’il n’existe pas de signal de polyadénylation canonique en amont. Nous en avons conclu que la polyadénylation de Mimivirus suit exclusivement une règle «épingle à cheveux». De plus, l’étude du transcriptome a révélé 3 phases temporelles distinctes dans le cycle infectieux: précoce, intermédiaire et tardive. Les transcrits de capsides sont tous exprimés durant la phase tardive mais leur profil d’expression ne sont pas superposables dans le temps. Les données de transcriptomique ont révélées la présence de plusieurs glycosyltransférases chez Mimivirus, dans la phase tardive du cycle, concomitant avec la production de la protéine de capside. Les informations recueillies sur l'expression des gènes à différents temps post-infection ont contribué à la conception de protocoles pour la production des protéines de capsides (la protéine majeure de capside (MCP) et ses paralogues) dans de systèmes eucaryote. / Difficult to express proteins: a bottleneck for most biologists. I have chosen to use Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus as my study model. This giant dsDNA virus possesses post-translationally modified proteins, multi-protein structures and enzyme pathways never before seen in a virus, which makes it ideal for refractory studies. The ultimate goal of my thesis was to produce the capsid proteins of Mimivirus. The role of the capsid protein in the assembly of the viral particle, its infectivity, and molecular features are of great importance. To go from gene to protein, I participated in the comprehension of what governs the post-transcriptional termination in Mimivirus and equally participated in the global analysis of the transcriptome during the infectious cycle of Acanthamoeba by Mimivirus. We have shown that the Mimivirus transcripts are systematically polyadenylated in the regions forming a stem-loop secondary structure; even when a canonical poyadenylation signal is absent We concluded that Mimivirus polyadenylation obeys a strict “Hairpin rule”. Moreover, the transcriptomic study revealed three distinct temporal phases: early, intermediate and late. The capsid transcripts are all expressed during the late phase but their expression profiles are not superimposable. The transcriptomic data also revealed the presence of several Mimivirus glycosyltransferases in the late temporal phase, concomitant with the capsid proteins. The expression data gathered throughout my thesis has contributed to the rational design of a protein production experiment to produce the major capsid protein and its three paralogs in eukaryotic systems.

In eukaryotes, mRNA decay pathways are important for cellular response to various physiological conditions and also function in co-translational quality control systems that target translationally aberrant mRNAs for degradation. My work on identification and characterization of novel components and pathways of mRNA degradation and quality control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is summarized below.I have identified Edc3p as a novel protein important for mRNA decay. Deletion of Edc3p leads to a defect in mRNA decay in strains deficient in decapping enzymes and, in combination with a block to the 3' to 5' decay pathway, causes exaggerated growth defects and synthetic lethality. An Edc3p-GFP fusion protein localizes in processing bodies, which are specialized cytoplasmic foci containing decapping proteins. Together, these observations indicate that Edc3p directly interacts with the decapping complex to stimulate the mRNA decapping rate.Quality control during mRNA translation is critical for regulation of gene expression. My work shows that yeast mRNAs with defects in translation elongation, due to strong translational pauses, are recognized and targeted for degradation via an endonucleolytic cleavage in a novel process referred to as No-Go Decay (NGD). The cellular mRNA decay machinery degrades the 5' and 3' cleavage products produced by NGD. NGD is translation-dependent, occurs in a range of mRNAs and can be induced by a variety of elongation pauses. These results indicate NGD may occur at some rate in response to any stalled ribosome.I also show that two highly conserved proteins, Dom34p and Hbs1p, homologous to the eukaryotic release factors eRF1 and eRF3 respectively, are required for NGD. Further characterization of the No-Go decay pathway indicates that Dom34p function during NGD is conserved across species. Identification of RPS30, a small ribosomal protein as a trans-acting factor during NGD suggests that the ribosome may have a novel role during NGD. Other experiments indicate that the No-Go decay pathway may cross talk with the unfolded protein response pathway. The identification of No-Go decay as a novel quality control pathway during translation elongation supports the existence of a global cellular mechanism for maintenance of translational quality control.

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Orientador: Michel Georges Albert Vincentz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T12:39:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_GustavoTurqueto_D.pdf: 11219627 bytes, checksum: b885f7a08525b694c5783c91f122c6c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As plantas, sendo organismos sésseis, desenvolveram um conjunto de mecanismos que possibilitam a adaptação a condições ambientais adversas visando à manutenção da homeostase energética para o desenvolvimento e propagação. Tais respostas valem-se da integração entre a biossíntese de hormônios, ativação de vias gênicas de resposta a estresse e um balanço adequado do uso da energia disponível. Os açúcares, além de serem fontes de carbono e energia, também atuam como moléculas sinalizadoras podendo agir conjuntamente com sinais hormonais na adaptação a estresses bióticos e abióticos e no controle do desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, diversos estudos apontam para uma importante relação entre o ácido abscísico (ABA), um dos principais hormônios relacionados à resposta a estresses, e a glicose. A sinalização por ABA, além de atuar sobre a regulação da transcrição, é conhecida por envolver fatores de controle de estabilidade do RNAm. Contudo, a participação destes mecanismos em respostas mediadas por glicose ainda é pouco explorada. Num primeiro momento, o presente trabalho visou avaliar o potencial das participações de regulações pós-transcricionais em resposta a ABA e glicose em Arabidopsis thaliana, através da determinação do perfil de expressão de RNAm após a inibição da transcrição. Um modelo experimental com condições de inibição de transcrição otimizadas foi estabelecido e utilizado para análise de transcriptoma por microarranjos CATMA em resposta à glicose e ABA. Um total de 962 genes foi identificado como diferencialmente expresso após os tratamentos, sugerindo uma possível regulação pós-transcricional por glicose sobre 204 transcritos, por ABA sobre 245 e pela combinação dos dois sinais sobre 513 transcritos. Esses genes foram classificados de acordo com o Gene Ontology, sugerindo uma relação importante com respostas adaptativas a condições de estresse. Aparentemente, as respostas mediadas por glicose e ABA seguem estratégias opostas, sendo que as respostas pós-transcricionais por ABA podem também atuar como um mecanismo rápido de retro-regulação negativa sobre a via central de sinalização desse hormônio, uma forma de dessensibilizar e reiniciar as respostas da via. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, levando em consideração as evidências do envolvimento do controle de estabilidade de RNAm na sinalização por glicose, foi avaliada a participação da via de regulação por microRNAs (miRNAs) em respostas mediadas por esses sinal durante os estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento da planta. Os mutantes ago1-25 e hyl1-2, deficientes em atividade e biossíntese de miRNAs, respectivamente, apresentaram hipossensibilidade à glicosedurante um determinado período do desenvolvimento da planta, entre a germinação e o estabelecimento. Tal resultado levanta a possibilidade de que a via dos miRNAs participa do atraso do desenvolvimento mediado por glicose. Visando compreender quais miRNAs poderiam estar envolvidos, análise de expressão em larga escala por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qRT-PCR) de 200 precursores de miRNAs (pri-miRs) em resposta a glicose foi conduzida, apontando para uma potencial regulação sobre 38 deles, vários dos quais já são conhecidos por participarem direta ou indiretamente do controle de desenvolvimento da planta. Aparentemente, a deficiência na maquinaria de miRNAs leva a um desbalanço nas regulações de genes responsivos à glicose durante os primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento / Abstract: Plants, as sessile organisms, have developed a set of mechanisms that allow efficient adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. These processes rely on the integration of hormone biosynthesis, activation of stress-responsive pathways and on a balanced use of the available energy. Sugars, besides their role as carbon and energy sources, may also function as signaling molecules that may act together with hormonal signals to trigger adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this context, several studies have indicated an important relation between abscisic acid (ABA), one of the major hormones related to abiotic stresses responses, and glucose. ABA signaling, besides its function over transcription control, is known to involve factors regulating the stability of mRNAs. However, the importance of glucose-mediated mRNA decay control is essentially unknown. Our work intended to evaluate the potential of the participation of post-transcriptional regulations in response to ABA and glucose in Arabidopsis thaliana, by determining mRNA profile alteration in response to these signals after transcription inhibition. An experimental model which optimizes the conditions for transcription inhibition was established and used for transcriptome profiling with CATMA microarrays. A total of 962 genes were found to be differentially expressed after the treatments, suggesting a possible post-transcriptional control acting upon 204, 245 and 513 transcripts in response to glucose, ABA and the combination glucose + ABA, respectively. The genes were classified by their functions according to Gene Ontology, suggesting a close relation with adaptive response to stress conditions. Apparently, ABA- and glucose-mediated control of mRNA stability follows two opposite strategies, while ABA post-transcriptional responses may also act as a fast negative feedback mechanism over its own core signaling pathway, as a way to desensitize and reset the pathway responses. The second part of this work focused on the participation of microRNAs (miRNAs) pathway in responses mediated by glucose during plant early developmental stages. The mutants ago1-25 and hyl1-2, which are deficient in miRNA activity and biogenesis, respectively, showed hyposensitivity to glucose during a narrow time window of early plant development, between germination and seedling establishment. Such result raises the possibility that miRNA pathway may be involved in the glucose-mediated delay of early seedling development. To obtain further evidences about which miRNAs could be involved, the expression profile of 200 pri-miRs was evaluated by large-scale quantitative real-timepolymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) profiling, indicating that 38 pri-miRNA are potentially regulated by glucose, several of which are known to participate directly or indirectly in plant development. The data indicate that deficiency in miRNA machinery leads to an imbalance on glucose control over gene expression during early seedling development / Doutorado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

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