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Behavioral and neural correlates of chronic blast-related mild traumatic brain injuryMiller, Danielle 15 June 2016 (has links)
Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common injury among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans due to the frequent use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). A significant minority of veterans with blast-related mTBI complain of postconcussion symptoms (PCS) and cognitive difficulties, even years after the injury. Studies have suggested that these behavioral sequelae are primarily linked to mental health disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, mTBI is associated with neural changes and the impact of these changes on behavioral sequelae is unclear. As such, this dissertation had three goals. First, this dissertation assessed whether the severity of PCS in blast-exposed individuals is associated with the extent of mTBI-related neural injury. Results revealed that individuals with mTBI with loss of consciousness (LOC) had significantly more white matter abnormalities than no-TBI controls and that these white matter abnormalities were spatially variable across individuals. Importantly, the extent of white matter abnormality was associated with physical PCS severity and mediated the relationship between mTBI with LOC and physical PCS. Second, this dissertation examined whether these white matter abnormalities were also associated with overall cognitive impairment. In light of the observed variability in white matter injury, a measure of overall cognitive status that takes into account heterogeneity of cognitive impairment was used. Results showed that the extent of white matter abnormality was associated with cognitive status and mediated the relationship between mTBI with LOC and cognitive impairment. Third, this dissertation examined performance and brain function in the context of an experimental measure of cognitive control known to be sensitive to residual effects of mTBI. Results revealed that although behavioral performance was similar across groups, the mTBI group had enhanced functional connectivity between brain networks important for task performance, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism in mTBI. Together, the findings of this dissertation suggest that mTBI is associated with structural and functional connectivity alterations years after the injury. Further, this dissertation suggests that whereas structural connectivity changes may have negative behavioral consequences, changes in functional connectivity may serve as a compensatory mechanism for successful performance.
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A study of sexuality following traumatic brain injury : moving towards the validation of a biopsychosocial modelMoreno, Jhon A. 03 1900 (has links)
L’étude de la sexualité dans le contexte des maladies neurologiques est un domaine
émergent qui nous permet de mieux comprendre les corrélats cérébraux et
neurocomportementaux de divers aspects de la sexualité. Les changements au sujet de la
sexualité sont fréquents à la suite de troubles neurologiques tels que les blessures de la moelle épinière, la sclérose en plaques, l’accident vasculaire cérébral, l'épilepsie et les traumatismes craniocérébraux (TCC). Compte tenu de la complexité de la sexualité après un TCC, celle-ci doit être analysée à partir d'une perspective biopsychosociale qui comprend trois facteurs interdépendants : a) les facteurs neuropsychologiques et psychologiques, b) les variables médicales et physiques, et c) les facteurs relationnels.
L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier certains éléments de la sexualité auprès de
personnes ayant subi un TCC afin de fournir des preuves empiriques pour contribuer à la
validation d’une perspective biopsychosociale de la sexualité après un TCC. Trois études
quantitatives originales ont été effectuées auprès de personnes ayant subi un TCC léger,
modéré ou grave et ayant reçu des services de réadaptation post-TCC, et d’un groupe de
témoins en bonne santé, tous vivant dans la communauté. Les groupes étaient comparables en ce qui concerne l’âge, le sexe, le nombre d’années de scolarité, le statut d’emploi et
relationnel, et le revenu annuel. Les variables ciblant la sexualité, incluses dans cette thèse,
étaient la qualité de vie sexuelle, le comportement sexuel à risque, et la sociosexualité (p. ex.,
les différences individuelles en ce qui concerne la volonté d’une personne à avoir des relations sexuelles sans engagement). Les variables neuropsychologiques et psychologiques incluaient les fonctions exécutives, la dépression et l’anxiété. Les aspects médicaux et physiques englobaient les symptômes postcommotionnels. Les facteurs relationnels comprenaient les attitudes envers l'infidélité.
Les résultats démontrent que par rapport aux témoins en santé, les individus avec un
TCC ont montré une diminution de la qualité de vie sexuelle, alors que les groupes étaient
comparables sur le plan du comportement sexuel à risque, de la sociosexualité et des attitudes envers l'infidélité. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont montré une différence entre les hommes et les femmes sur le plan de la sociosexualité (p. ex., plus restrictive chez la femme). Chez les personnes ayant subi un TCC, une faible qualité de vie sexuelle était significativement associée à un nombre élevé de symptômes postcommotionnels, un comportement sexuel plus à risque corrélait avec une plus grande fréquence de symptômes dysexécutifs, et une plus faible acceptation de l'infidélité était liée à une sociosexualité moins restrictive.
Les résultats de ces trois études soutiennent une perspective biopsychosociale de la
sexualité après le TCC. Elles apportent des connaissances nouvelles en ce qui a trait aux
domaines de la sexualité qui peuvent être touchés après un TCC, ainsi qu’à certaines variables neuropsychologiques et psychologiques, médicales et physiques, et relationnelles qui sont associées à ces changements. Les implications théoriques, ainsi que pour la pratique clinique et la réadaptation sont discutées. Les limitations des études sont présentées et des
recommandations pour la recherche sont proposées. Le modèle biopsychosocial peut être
utilisé comme une référence pour guider la recherche future dans ce domaine. D’autres études sur la sexualité et le développement d'interventions multidisciplinaires dans ce domaine pour les personnes TCC sont nécessaires. / The study of sexuality in the context of neurological disorders is an emerging area
leading us to better understand the brain and neurobehavioral correlates of various aspects of
sexuality. Changes in sexuality are common following neurological disorders, such as spinal
cord injury, multiple sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Given the
complexity of sexuality after TBI, it needs to be analyzed from a biopsychosocial perspective
that includes three interrelated factors: a) neuropsychological and psychological factors, b)
medical and physical variables, and c) relationship factors.
The objective of this thesis was to study certain aspects of sexuality in individuals with
TBI to provide empirical evidence to contribute to the validation of a biopsychosocial
perspective of sexuality after TBI. Three original quantitative studies were conducted in
individuals with mild, moderate, and severe TBI who received post-TBI rehabilitation services
and in a group of healthy controls living in the community. The groups were comparable in
age, sex, years of education, work and relationship status, and annual income. The variables
targeting sexuality included in this thesis were sexual quality of life, risky sexual behavior,
and sociosexuality (e.g., individual differences regarding the willingness to engage in
uncommitted sexual relationships). Neuropsychological and psychological variables included
executive function, depression and anxiety. Medical and physical aspects encompassed
postconcussion symptoms. Relationship factors involved attitudes toward infidelity.
The results demonstrate that compared to healthy controls, individuals with TBI
showed lower sexual quality of life, while the groups were comparable in risky sexual behavior, sociosexuality, and attitudes toward infidelity. Furthermore, the results showed
differences between men and women regarding sociosexuality (e.g., more restrictive in
women). In individuals with TBI, lower sexual quality of life was significantly associated with
the presence of post concussion symptoms; an increase in risky sexual behavior correlated with greater frequency of dysexecutive symptoms, and lower acceptance of infidelity was linked to a less restricted sociosexuality.
The results of these three studies support a biopsychosocial perspective of sexuality
following TBI. They provide new knowledge in the areas of sexuality that may be affected
after a TBI, as well as some neuropsychological and psychological, medical and physical, and
relational variables associated with these changes. The theoretical implications, as well as
those related to clinical practice and rehabilitation are discussed. The limitations of the studies
are presented and recommendations for research are proposed. The biopsychosocial model can be used as a reference to guide future research in this area. Other studies about sexuality and the development of multidisciplinary interventions in this area for individuals with TBI are
warranted.
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