Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane_ Bernardi corrigido.pdf: 1649830 bytes, checksum: 3c9dff07f437b88c79ff564794ef4d29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Maize is among the main crops with economic and cultural importance in the world, and the second most important to Brazilian economy. In order to meet the market s requirements, it is necessary to produce high quality seeds and avoid possible losses due to pests and disease. Seed managementhas been considered an efficientway to pestcontrol, but some of these products may cause phytotoxicity problems in the seeds after sowing or during storage. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the influence of active principles: clothianidin (Poncho 600), fipronil (Standak top), and deltamethrin (K-obiol) on the longevity of maize seeds IPR 164 from commercial lots of 2014/15 from the Agronomic Institute of Paraná IAPAR, during a six-month storage period. Two experiments involving seed treatment using insecticide were conducted: one in which the seeds were treated before being stored and theother in which they were treated at the time of planting,afterstorage.The seeds were treated following the manufacturer's recommendations, with K-obiol, Standak top, Poncho and water (control), and stored in laboratory. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in the Seeds and Plants Assessment Laboratory / UNIOESTE. For a period of six months, monthly, starting June 2015, tests were performed to verify:germination, infested seed, seedling growth, mass of a thousand seeds, determining the water content, fresh and dry weigh to froot and shoot, and emergence in sand to monitor the physiological seed quality during storage. In general, after the evaluation of the tests, it was concluded that the tested insecticides did not reduce the physiological quality of the maize seeds; there was no difference between the previously treated and theafter storage and after sowing treated seeds in quality. At the end of the period, the seeds maintained a germination percentage above the established by legislation / O milho é uma das principais culturas de importância econômica e cultural do mundo, e é a segunda mais importante para a agricultura brasileira. Para atender às exigências do mercado, é necessário produzir sementes de alta qualidade e evitar as possíveis perdas decorrentes da ação de pragas e doenças. O tratamento de sementes vem sendo considerado um método eficiente no controle de pragas; porém, alguns destes produtos podem causar problemas de fitotoxidez nas sementes, logo após sua semeadura ou durante o armazenamento. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do princípio ativo clotianidina (Poncho 600), fipronil (Standak top) e deltametrina (K-obiol) na longevidade das sementes de milho do híbrido IPR 164 provenientes de lotes comerciais, da safra 2014/15, do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná IAPAR, ao longo de seismeses de armazenamento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos envolvendo o tratamento de sementes com inseticida: um em que as sementes foram tratadas antes do armazenamento e outro em que foram tratadas no momento da semeadura após o armazenamento. As sementes foram tratadas seguindo recomendações dosfabricantes, com os produtos K-obiol, Standak top, Poncho e água (testemunha) e armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório.O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro repetições no Laboratório de Avaliação de Sementes e Plantas/UNIOESTE. Durante seis meses, mensalmente, a partir de junho de 2015, foramrealizados os testes de germinação, sementes infestadas, crescimento de plântulas, massa de mil sementes, determinação do teor de água, massa fresca e seca de raiz e parte aéreae emergência em areia para monitorar a qualidade fisiológica da semente durante o armazenamento. De modo geral, após a avaliação dos testes, concluiu-se que os inseticidas testados não reduziram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho. Não houve diferença entre o tratamento anterior ao armazenamento e o tratamento após o armazenamento e posterior à semeadura, quanto à qualidade de sementes.Ao final do período, as sementes mantiveram porcentagem de germinação acima do estabelecido pelas normas para comercialização de sementes

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane_ Bernardi corrigido.pdf: 1649830 bytes, checksum: 3c9dff07f437b88c79ff564794ef4d29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Maize is among the main crops with economic and cultural importance in the world, and the second most important to Brazilian economy. In order to meet the market s requirements, it is necessary to produce high quality seeds and avoid possible losses due to pests and disease. Seed managementhas been considered an efficientway to pestcontrol, but some of these products may cause phytotoxicity problems in the seeds after sowing or during storage. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the influence of active principles: clothianidin (Poncho 600), fipronil (Standak top), and deltamethrin (K-obiol) on the longevity of maize seeds IPR 164 from commercial lots of 2014/15 from the Agronomic Institute of Paraná IAPAR, during a six-month storage period. Two experiments involving seed treatment using insecticide were conducted: one in which the seeds were treated before being stored and theother in which they were treated at the time of planting,afterstorage.The seeds were treated following the manufacturer's recommendations, with K-obiol, Standak top, Poncho and water (control), and stored in laboratory. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in the Seeds and Plants Assessment Laboratory / UNIOESTE. For a period of six months, monthly, starting June 2015, tests were performed to verify:germination, infested seed, seedling growth, mass of a thousand seeds, determining the water content, fresh and dry weigh to froot and shoot, and emergence in sand to monitor the physiological seed quality during storage. In general, after the evaluation of the tests, it was concluded that the tested insecticides did not reduce the physiological quality of the maize seeds; there was no difference between the previously treated and theafter storage and after sowing treated seeds in quality. At the end of the period, the seeds maintained a germination percentage above the established by legislation / O milho é uma das principais culturas de importância econômica e cultural do mundo, e é a segunda mais importante para a agricultura brasileira. Para atender às exigências do mercado, é necessário produzir sementes de alta qualidade e evitar as possíveis perdas decorrentes da ação de pragas e doenças. O tratamento de sementes vem sendo considerado um método eficiente no controle de pragas; porém, alguns destes produtos podem causar problemas de fitotoxidez nas sementes, logo após sua semeadura ou durante o armazenamento. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do princípio ativo clotianidina (Poncho 600), fipronil (Standak top) e deltametrina (K-obiol) na longevidade das sementes de milho do híbrido IPR 164 provenientes de lotes comerciais, da safra 2014/15, do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná IAPAR, ao longo de seismeses de armazenamento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos envolvendo o tratamento de sementes com inseticida: um em que as sementes foram tratadas antes do armazenamento e outro em que foram tratadas no momento da semeadura após o armazenamento. As sementes foram tratadas seguindo recomendações dosfabricantes, com os produtos K-obiol, Standak top, Poncho e água (testemunha) e armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório.O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro repetições no Laboratório de Avaliação de Sementes e Plantas/UNIOESTE. Durante seis meses, mensalmente, a partir de junho de 2015, foramrealizados os testes de germinação, sementes infestadas, crescimento de plântulas, massa de mil sementes, determinação do teor de água, massa fresca e seca de raiz e parte aéreae emergência em areia para monitorar a qualidade fisiológica da semente durante o armazenamento. De modo geral, após a avaliação dos testes, concluiu-se que os inseticidas testados não reduziram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho. Não houve diferença entre o tratamento anterior ao armazenamento e o tratamento após o armazenamento e posterior à semeadura, quanto à qualidade de sementes.Ao final do período, as sementes mantiveram porcentagem de germinação acima do estabelecido pelas normas para comercialização de sementes

The sensing needs for the fresh produce industry can be split into two primary stages: during maturation in the field, also referred to as Precision Farming, and during storage and transport of the produce, or Postharvest Storage. This work seeks to improve the accuracy and reliability of commercially available electrochemical and spectroscopic sensors tailored to the sensing needs of the fresh produce industry. For electrochemical sensing, this study proposes the use of an inline filter to remove polar organic compounds, which can interfere with the readings of a platinum-based electrochemical sensor. A 50% improvement in measurement accuracy was achieved when monitoring the storage headspace of a container of apples. For portable spectroscopy instruments, this study suggests improvements for the alignment of the optical bench and the spectral collect protocol. Methods to reduce the influence of environmental noise, such as variability of background light (sunlight in the field) and thermal effects on hardware performance, are presented. This study also presents the first report of the calibration transfer of spectral regressions developed with Karl Norris's Derivative Quotient Method. The motivation for this aspect of research was to develop methods to collect stable and accurate data in the field, which can be used to improve the quality of fresh produce reaching the customer and reduce premature food spoilage.

Though usually a nuisance in swimming pools and ponds, algae has the potential to be a valuable commodity for use as food and fuel. But before algae butter and biofuel become commonplace, issues with harvesting and storing this new crop need to be overcome. Though there has been ample research into how to grow and use algae, scientists have spent little time figuring out what to do after you pull it out of the water and before you eat it (or turn it into biodiesel). Algae, like all food products, starts to spoil as soon as it is harvested. This study looked at three methods of preserving algae, freezing, drying, and pasteurization. Freezing is a good method for preserving fats and proteins, but it is expensive to freeze tons of algae. Freezing and thawing destroyed the algal cells, producing a soupy mixture that may cause complications for processing into foods or fuels. Drying was able to preserve the fats in algae, but only if it was dried just the right amount, about as dry as cheese or ham. Pasteurization was able to prevent the oils in the algae from going rancid by inactivating a protein in the algae that causes the oil to spoil rapidly. Overall, this research is an initial step in finding a process to produce a shelf stable algal commodity, opening the door to new and valuable products for human use.

Brown and Penicillium rot (blue and green mould) are the most common postharvest diseases in New Zealand, causing significant postharvest fruit losses. Current practice uses fungicides to control the postharvest diseases; however there are perceived health risks associated with the use of such chemicals. Recently, there has been substantial interest in chemicals that are considered Generally Regarded as Safe or GRAS and natural products as alternative postharvest treatments to replace currently used fungicides. In this study, ethanol (GRAS chemical) and the natural products honey, milk and essential oils (lemon, lemongrass, manuka and orange) were assessed as potential alternative treatments to replace the currently used fungicides on both peaches and oranges. In pilot studies ethanol was applied to the fruit by either vapour or dipping (30 seconds or 1.5 minutes). Honey, milk and essential oils were applied by dipping at 30 seconds. Essential oils were also tested using a microtiter assay. Exposing fruit to ethanol vapour proved effective at inhibiting fungal growth, but impacted negatively on fruit quality. Peaches that were exposed to 70% to 100% ethanol vapour were protected against fungal infection for up to 30 days when stored at either 4ºC or room temperature. This is compared to two days for untreated peaches and three days for fungicide -treated peaches. However, the ethanol-treated peaches suffered from severe browning. In contrast, 20% ethanol protected peaches for ten days when stored at 4ºC and two days at room temperature. The fruit that were exposed to 20% ethanol did not brown as a result of the treatment. Oranges that were exposed to 20%, 50%, 70% and 100% ethanol vapour were protected from fungal inhibition for 30 days at both 4ºC and room temperature, but they too suffered from severe browning. Dipping was not as effective as vapour at protecting against fungal infection, but had a little effect on fruit quality. Peaches dipped in 20% to 100% ethanol were completely rotten by ten days when stored at room temperature, but the peaches experienced little to no browning. Untreated and fungicide-treated fruit were protected for one day and two days, respectively. Milk and honey do not appear to have potential as postharvest treatments. Peaches that were treated with 20%, 50% and 100% whole milk and 50% manuka honey showed greater degree of fungal infection compared to untreated peaches after both room temperature and 4ºC storage. At room temperature, peaches that were exposed to 20%, 50% and 100% milk were completely rotten at eight days, compared with ten days for untreated peaches. In contrast, at 4ºC, peaches that were treated with 100% milk were completely rotten at 30 days, while only a slight fungal infection observed on untreated fruit. Similar to milk, honey-treated peaches were also completely rotten at 30 days at 4ºC storage.In vitro (microtiter) assay of the essential oils showed that orange and manuka oils appeared to be effective only at high concentrations. In contrast, lemongrass and lemon oils appeared to be effective even at low concentrations. Of the essential oils tested in the in vivo assay, lemongrass and lemon oils have the greatest potential. Oranges that were exposed to 0.05% lemongrass oil, 0.25% and 0.5% lemon oil were protected for 30 days when stored at 4ºC or room temperature. They provided the best antifungal activity compared to the other concentrations of all four essential oils tested as well as fungicide treatment for 30 days. Of all the treatment tested, 0.05% lemongrass oil, 0.25% and 0.5% lemon oil appeared to be the most promising treatments. However, these treatments need to be tested for antifungal effects, fruit quality, flavour and nutritional effects in large scale experiments before they can be applied as replacements to currently used fungicides. Also, essential oils are complex compounds; therefore it would be of interest to determine the active compound(s) of the lemongrass and lemon oils.

Strawberries are an extremely perishable fruit mainly due to their soft texture and sensitivity to fungal infection. The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for grey mould on strawberries and is the main causal agent of postharvest decay and subsequent economic loss. As an alternative to fungicides, manipulation of plant nutrition, such as calcium and boron, has been suggested as a means of disease management. This project investigated the effects of calcium and boron application on fruit quality and grey mould development in strawberry. The effect of calcium on fruit quality, grey mould development and leaf blight in strawberry cultivars ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ was investigated through preharvest and postharvest applications. To determine the effect of preharvest application, calcium sulphate in 0.25X strength Hoagland’s solution was applied at 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm Ca through fertigation. Fully-ripened fruit were harvested and evaluated for postharvest quality at harvest and then after storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 2 to 10 days. Although fruit firmness of both cultivars declined slightly during storage, this was not affected by preharvest calcium application. Similarly, preharvest calcium treatment had no effect on the external appearance, pH, soluble solids content (SSC) or titratable acidity (TA). No grey mould development was observed on fruit at harvest when flowers were inoculated with a conidia suspension of B. cinerea (10⁴ conidia per mL). However, fruit harvested from plants that received calcium at any concentration had less incidence of grey mould during storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 14 days than fruit harvested from plants that received no calcium for both cultivars. For ‘Aromas’, 79% and 51% of fruit, and for ‘Selva’, 69% and 43% of fruit, showed rot when treated with 0 and 500 ppm Ca, respectively. The shelf life of ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ increased by about 8% when plants received 500 ppm Ca in comparison with plants that received 0 ppm Ca. After 7 days of incubation at 22 to 24⁰C, there was no difference between blight lesions on wound-inoculated detached leaves from different calcium treatments for either cultivar. However, the lesions on ‘Selva’ were smaller than on ‘Aromas’. The calcium levels in leaves from plants that received calcium at any concentration were adequate for strawberry growing and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in leaves from plants that received 0 ppm Ca. However, calcium treatment did not ensure transfer of calcium to fruit tissues. Calcium lactate and calcium chloride were used as postharvest calcium treatments at 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca. Fruit of ‘Selva’ were dipped in calcium solution for 5 min and wound-inoculated with B. cinerea (10⁶ conidia per mL). Calcium lactate and calcium chloride at 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca, respectively, were most effective in delaying Botrytis rot development on ‘Selva’ after 7 days of storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH. Storage for least 24 h after calcium dips prior to inoculation was required to delay the development of fruit rot. Fruit harvested early in the season seemed to be less susceptible to grey mould than those harvested later. However, calcium treatment tended to be more effective when applied to late-season fruit. Preharvest boron treatment, applied as for calcium but at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm B, had no effect on fruit firmness of either cultivar. However, firmness of ‘Aromas’ fruit was slightly greater than ‘Selva’ fruit for all treatments. The amount of boron applied had no effect on the external appearance, pH, SSC or TA for either cultivar after storage of fruit for up to 10 days. Application of boron had no effect on fruit grey mould development in either cultivar. Furthermore, boron had minimal effect on the incidence of blight on woundinoculated detached leaves of ‘Aromas’ 7 days after inoculation. However, blight lesion diameters on ‘Selva’ leaves in the 1.0 ppm B treatment (8.0 mm) were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than in the 0 ppm B treatment (13.0 mm). Phytotoxicity was observed in boron treatments even at the level considered optimum for strawberry growing. Severity increased with increasing boron concentration but no consistent effect on flower death or flower abortion was observed. In conclusion, strawberry is sensitive to boron toxicity. Calcium may enhance fruit firmness and, consequently, delay grey mould development if calcium penetrates the fruit. Postharvest calcium treatment tended to be more effective in delaying development of grey mould when applied to late-season fruit. Calcium lactate is a potential alternative to calcium chloride for reducing decay caused by B. cinerea in strawberry without providing undesirable bitterness. This finding may provide a basis for application in industry. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331382 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine 2008

M. Tech. Agriculture. / Aims of this study was to select a suitable modified atmosphere packaging that retained the overall quality and bioactive compounds of the traditional leafy vegetables during storage. In this study, three types of biorientated polypropylene packaging namely BOPP04, BOPP05 and BOPP06 with different perforations were tested on retention of quality parameters (weight loss, leaf yellowing, colour L*, C*, h&#x00BA%x;), decay, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, bioactive compounds (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds), antioxidant scavenging activity, and sensory properties at 10 &#x00BA%x;C at 2 day intervals up to 14 days.Films without perforation, with macro perforation and unpacked leaves were included for comparison.

M. Tech. Engineering: Mechanical. / Determines the highest energy savings which could be achieved by using variable air ventilation (VAV) strategy in cool processing, without affecting the performance of the cold room.

Avocados are becoming an increasingly important crop in South Africa, where the main producing areas include Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. The South African avocado industry faces considerable challenges including increasing competition exporting avocados, particularly to the European market. The processes involved to export avocados has markedly improved over the past two decades, however there is always room for improvement and it is necessary to remain competitive on a global scale. Issues such as fruit being partially soft on arrival, quality defects and cold chain management breakdown are still present. It is necessary to investigate new aspects of cold storage such as extending the storage period and understanding the physiological aspects involved. To improvement such issues, an investigation was conducted on ultra-low temperature shipping (1°C) as well as the use of 1-MCP; the implementation of deliberate cold chain breaks to achieve a better understanding as to the quality influences involved; an extended storage period of 56 days to assess the quality issues and benefits involved; as well as investigating the physiological aspects involved with all above treatments on 'Hass' avocados. An initial study saw early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 28 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. Storage at 1°C was comparable with 1-MCP treatment for both fruit softening in storage and extending the ripening period. Storage at 5.5°C resulted in partial in-transit ripening, if 1-MCP was not used. Early-season fruit incurred the most external chilling injury but overall levels were minimal and not concerning. Mid-season fruit were the most sound in terms of quality. It is suggested that 1°C can be used as a viable economic alternative to 1-MCP for long distance shipping of 'Hass' up to 28 days. The cold chain break trial included a 24 hour delay before cold storage, a deliberate 8 hour break at day 14 of cold storage where fruit were removed from cold storage and a control of 28 days cold storage where no break was involved. Early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados were stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 28 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. It was found that cold chain breaks do influence the amount of water loss, fruit softening and days taken to ripen. Storage at 1°C did not entirely negate the effects of cold chain breaks compared with 5.5°C, but did result in fruit which were harder at the end of storage and took longer to ripen. The use of 1-MCP also had advantageous effects with respect to significantly lengthening the ripening period, even when a cold chain break occurred, compared with fruit not treated with 1-MCP. As results of the study differed in some respects to those of previous studies, it is recommended that further work be conducted to determine what fruit or pre-harvest factors affect the fruit physiological changes which take place when cold chain breaks occur. Having the option to make use of an extended storage period would be of benefit to the industry if delays occur and fruit have to be maintained under cold storage. Extended storage of South African avocados, especially at the end of the season would also allow for the option of strategically holding back fruit from the export market in order to extend the supply period. It would not only benefit export options, but would also be highly beneficial to local pre-packers, as it would reduce the need to import fruit from the Northern hemisphere production areas during the South African off-season. Early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados were stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 56 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. The combination of 1°C with the use of 1-MCP resulted in a good shelf life as well as maintenance of internal quality and integrity. External chilling injury is of concern for early-season fruit, however, mid- and late-season fruit did not incur extensive damage. It is, therefore, advised that fruit placed in extended storage are marketed through the 'Ready ripe' program to mask any chilling injury on the 'Hass' fruit. Avocados are renown as a "healthy food" due to their nutritional value as well as containing relatively high concentrations of antioxidants. The fruit also contain high amounts of C7 sugars which can act as antioxidants. Additionally, C7 sugars and other antioxidants play important roles in fruit quality. Therefore, it is important to understand how varying storage conditions and treatments affect the levels of these physiological parameters. Treatments of cold chain break/delay included a deliberate 8 hour break at day 14 of cold storage where fruit were removed from cold storage, a 24 hour delay before cold storage and a control of 28 days where no break was involved. A 56 day extended storage period was also used. Early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados were stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 28 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. The use of 1-MCP maintained higher levels of antioxidants, ascorbic acid and C7 sugars for both the 28 day and the 56 day storage periods. The 24 hour delay had a tendency to increase consumption of anti-oxidant and sugar reserves. The use of 1°C resulted in antioxidant and ascorbic acid levels decreasing while maintaining higher sugar levels. Overall, high stress imposed on fruit decreased reserves resulting in poor quality fruit. The use of 1°C and 1-MCP treatments maintained fruit quality. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

No description available.