No / The last two decades has seen increased use of imaging in forensic practice. Although radiography has been used historically, the evidence base for the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in forensic practice appears to be growing. This article reviews the evidence base for the use of radiography, CT and MRI in an attempt to ascertain the future use of these imaging techniques in forensic medicine.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-05T13:57:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Adriele Siqueira.pdf: 3157302 bytes, checksum: f88abb8338221a76b0e8b9c24d5aa7f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T13:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Adriele Siqueira.pdf: 3157302 bytes, checksum: f88abb8338221a76b0e8b9c24d5aa7f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar discursos que circulavam nas fotografias pós-morte e tumulares infantis entre os anos de 1920 a 1965 na cidade de Ponta Grossa, analisando as formas como as crianças são representadas. Deste modo, como metodologia utiliza-se três acervos fotográficos: foto Bianchi, localizado na Casa da Memória de Ponta Grossa; fotografias da Casa do Divino e três cemitérios da cidade, São José, São João Batista e Colônia Dona Luiza. Essas fotos foram escolhidas por retratarem a criança morta por meio de sua particularização demostrando crenças que são oriundas da religiosidade popular na cidade. Assim, totalizam-se vinte e quatro fotos pós-morte e vinte fotos tumulares que serão analisadas por meio da linguagem fotográfica e representações contidas nelas. Para que essa análise seja possível, será exposta a relação da fotografia com a morte, fazendo um estudo da história da morte e da fotografia e a sua relação com a memória. Além disso, se faz uma ligação entre a morte e o sentimento pela criança, expondo como a infantilidade ganhou reconhecimento e particularização até mesmo após a morte. Após isso, realiza-se um apanhado histórico da cidade de Ponta Grossa e sua relação com as fotografias pós-morte, destacando o local de origem dos objetos analisados para então se fazer a análise das fotos a partir da linguagem fotográfica e também das simbologias existentes nas fotos. Da mesma forma, analisam-se as fotos tumulares das crianças, descrevendo a história dos cemitérios ponta-grossenses e demonstrando que existia um padrão nas fotografias encontradas. Os estudos revelam que as fotografias da morte buscavam imortalizar as crianças por meio da memória e que existiam formas de representações particulares relacionadas a infância, mostrando a religiosidade popular em torno das crianças por meio da particularização infantil. / The purpose of this work is to show which discourses circulated in the infant post-mortem photographs and infant tumular photographs between 1920 to 1965 in the city of Ponta Grossa, analyzing how the children are represented. Thus, as methodology is used three photographic collections: photo Bianchi, located in the Casa da Memória in Ponta Grossa; photographs of the Casa do Divino and three cemeteries of the city, São José, São João Batista and Colônia Dona Luiza. These photos were chosen for portraying the dead child through his particularization demonstrating beliefs that are derived from the popular religiosity in the city. Thus, twenty-four postmortem photos are added and twenty tumular photographs that will be analyzed through the photographic language and representations contained in them. For this analysis to be possible, the relationship between photography and death will be exposed, making a study of the history of death and photography and its relation to memory. In addition, a connection is made between death and feeling for the child, exposing how childishness has gained recognition and particularization even after death. After this, a historical survey of the city of Ponta Grossa and its relation with the postmortem photographs is carried out, highlighting the place of origin of the objects analyzed so that the analysis of the photos can be made from the photographic language and also from the existing symbologies in the pictures. In the same way, the children's tomb pictures are analyzed, describing the history of the cemeteries in Ponta Grossa and demonstrating that there was a pattern in the photographs found. Studies reveal that death photographs sought to immortalize children through memory and that there were forms of particular representations related to childhood, showing the popular religiosity around children through the child's particularization.

Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) es un múscido de origen tropical y subtropical, siendo la única especie conocida dentro del género Synthesiomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893. Se trata de una especie con gran importancia forense para la estimación del intervalo postmortem, en diferentes zonas del mundo (p. ej.: Costa Rica, Estados Unidos, India, Malasia, Tailandia). Su presencia en España y Europa es relativamente reciente y en los últimos años se ha citado con cierta frecuencia en autopsias realizadas en el Sureste de la Península Ibérica. Por todo ello, el estudio profundo del ciclo biológico y la biología de S. nudiseta reviste gran importancia e interés tanto en el campo de la investigación básica como aplicada. El principal propósito de esta Tesis Doctoral es establecer las bases que permitan su adecuada aplicación en el ámbito de la entomología forense en nuestro país. A continuación se indican los principales aspectos desarrollados en los diferentes capítulos de la memoria. En primer lugar, se estudia el efecto de la temperatura en el desarrollo preimaginal de S. nudiseta, analizando el crecimiento larvario (longitud) y el desarrollo de la pupa (peso, longitud y diámetro); también se registró el tiempo de desarrollo de cada una de las fases preimaginales y los diferentes estadios larvarios. Con toda esta información, se calculó la temperatura mínima de desarrollo (t0) y los grados-día acumulados (GDA) necesarios para su aplicación en el cálculo del intervalo postmortem. Finalmente se elaboró el diagrama isomorfo para la especie. En segundo lugar, se evaluó el efecto de la competencia larvaria de S. nudiseta con especies de Calliphoridae con importancia forense presentes en esta zona de Europa (Chrysomya albiceps, Lucilia sericata, Calliphora vicina). Los parámetros analizados fueron el tiempo de desarrollo de cada etapa preimaginal, la mortalidad y el tamaño de los adultos de cada una de las especies. En este último caso se utilizaron técnicas de geometría morfométrica mediante el cálculo del centroide y su relación con el tamaño de las alas. Se detectaron diferencias significativas en todos los aspectos analizados demostrando la importancia de la interacción de S. nudiseta con otras especies. El siguiente aspecto estudiado fue la caracterización morfológica y química de las glándulas salivares de S. nudiseta. Las larvas maduras de esta especie segregan una sustancia producida en sus glándulas salivares que permite mimetizar el pupario con el microhábitat donde se encuentre Se realizaron fotos al microscopio electrónico de barrido y con microscopía óptica convencional de esta sustancia. El análisis de las glándulas salivares y de la sustancia que producen permitió entender mejor este mecanismo de defensa pasiva durante el desarrollo preimaginal y se indicó su importancia a la hora de analizar evidencias forenses de origen entomológico. Por último, se participó en el desarrollo de una herramienta informática para la gestión automatizada de evidencias entomológicas mediante una aplicación en la que el conocimiento generado es compartido de manera colaborativa. Esta herramienta gratuita consta de dos partes: una base de datos y una herramienta específica para el cálculo del intervalo postmortem a través de los grados-día acumulados, las curvas de crecimiento y los diagramas isomorfos, entre otros datos que pueden ser introducidos de manera manual o automática.

Where do people die alone when they remain undiscovered for extended periods of time? Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is critical to reconstructing the events surrounding a person's death and this is an area in which forensic anthropologists have played a leading role. This thesis applied an anthropological framework that takes a comprehensive approach to analyzing the demography of unaccompanied deaths, the relationships and timing of decomposition in multiple depositional contexts, and created a model for the prediction of accumulated degree days (ADD) for bodies within enclosures. While there have been extensive experimental and case study reviews on decomposition in outdoor environments, very little data exist for enclosed spaces. A retrospective analysis of 2003-2008 Nebraskan autopsy records demonstrates that most people dying alone are within their homes. Of the 87 forensic cases reviewed, 69 unaccompanied deaths occurred within enclosed environments. The value of retrospective studies in combination to experimental research is that the large number of variables that affect decompositional rates may be explored in a natural context. Multivariate models put emphasis on the dynamics of decompositional change and comprehensively address death and decomposition within an anthropological framework. For enclosed depositions, the PMI ranged from 1 - 66 days (n= 64, X¯=4.84, s.d.=9.1037) and the ADD ranged from 0 - 786 ADD (n=64, X¯=67.43, s.d.=120.275). Bass' (1997) model for outdoor surface decay was found to be an adequate predictor of the PMI for this sample (r=0.829, n=64, p These results provided support for the prediction of ADD as a measure of the rate of decomposition. Relationships among ADD and multiple intrinsic, extrinsic and epidemiological variables were identified and considered for a multiple linear regression model. Variables selected by the model included: decomposition odor, use of air conditioning/heat, marbling, brain liquefaction, and mummification. The model was found to account for 95.2% of the variation in ADD (Adjusted R² =0.952; F=40.807, df=5, 5 and p

<p>Postmortem aging has been extensively practiced as value-adding process due to the beneficial impacts on meat palatability. Meat tenderization occurred through proteolytic fragmentation of myofibrillar structural proteins via endogenous protease systems, which is considered as the primary drive to enhance major palatability attributes including tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Recent theoretical framework proposes apoptosis, or programmed cell death, as the preceding step that initiates postmortem proteolysis. Whereas small heat shock proteins have been consistently recognized as meat quality biomarkers, probably due to their protective activities against proteolysis through anti-stress, anti-apoptotic, and chaperoning functionalities. To shed light on detailed mechanisms controlling postmortem proteolysis and consequential impacts on the development of fresh meat quality characteristics, postmortem proteolytic changes of small heat shock proteins, apoptotic factors, and myofibrillar structural proteins were profiled in postmortem skeletal muscles under different metabolic backgrounds and across species. </p> <p>In beef, three muscles, <i>longissimus lumborum</i> (LL), <i>semimembranosus</i> (SM), and <i>psoas major</i> (PM), have been selected to represent glycolytic, intermediate, and oxidative muscle types. Tenderness and water - holding capacity were determined, and proteolysis, apoptotic features, and small heat shock proteins were measured in 8 beef carcasses at 1, 2, 9, 16, and 23 days of aging. PM exhibited limited aging potential in quality developments shown by lower extents of shear force, water-holding capacity, and proteolytic changes, including calpain 1 autolysis, troponin T, and HSP27 compared to LL and SM. Conversely, LL had an increase in tenderization and water-holding capacity, which was accompanied with more extended calpain 1 autolysis, proteolysis and HSP27 degradation, compared with other muscles. The results of this study suggest that postmortem proteolytic changes of myofibrillar proteins, small HSPs and apoptotic factors occur in a muscle-specific manner, which is likely attributed to different rate and extent of meat quality developments of each muscle during aging. </p> <p>Callipyge lambs are a unique genetic background showing calpastatin over-expression, muscle hypertrophy in loin and hindquarter area, substantially compromised meat tenderization potential, and a shift of muscle fiber composition towards fast-glycolytic directions. Proteome and metabolome changes in muscles from callipyge mutation (+/C) and non-callipyge phenotype (+/+, C/+, and C/C) lambs were profiled to provide insight into the biochemical changes affecting meat quality attributes. M. longissimus thoracis from lambs with all four possible callipyge genotype (n = 4, C/+, C/C, +/C, and +/+) were collected after 3d aging and analyzed using mass-spectrometry based platforms. Among identified proteomes, cytochrome c (pro-apoptotic protein) was detected with significantly lower abundances in +/C. Anti-apoptotic HSP70, BAG3, and PARK7 were over-abundant in +/C, which could result in delayed apoptosis and possibly attributed to tougher meat in callipyge lambs. Eight glycolysis enzymes were overabundant in +/C lambs, whereas 3 enzymes involved in TCA cycle were overabundant in non-callipyge ones (C/C and/or C/+). Twenty-five metabolites were affected by genotypes (P < 0.05), including metabolic co-factors, polyphenols, and AA/short peptides.</p> <p>Pig production is facing increased public pressure regarding antibiotic usage restriction. Recently, dietary L-glutamine at cost effective level (0.2%) was identified as an effective antibiotic alternative in post-transport nursery pig diets. To evaluate carcass and meat quality characteristics in market-ready pigs when 0.2% dietary L-glutamine was applied as for early-life post-weaning and transport recovery, pigs (N=480) were weaned and transported in two replication trials in SPRING (April of 2017) vs. SUMMER (July of 2016), fed 3 different diets (Non: no antibiotic, Anti: 441 ppm chlortetracycline and + 38.6 ppm tiamulin, Gln: 0.20% L-glutamine) for 14 days after transport, and fed basal diet until reaching market weight. Pairs of <i>longissimus dorsi</i> (LD) and <i>psoas major</i> (PM) muscles from each carcass (n=10/diet/trial) were separated at 1 d and 7 d postmortem, respectively. Carcass yield and meat physical and quality attributes were evaluated. Overall impacts of Gln on physical attributes of carcasses and porcine muscles were minimal. No dietary effects were found in carcass, proximate composition, water-holding capacity, or shear force. Significant difference between trials were found in terms of productivity and pork/carcass qualities, where SPRING replicates showed increased body weight, faster pH decline, paler surface color, higher intra-muscular fat deposition, and improved tenderness and water-holding capacity as indicated by lower shear force values, thaw-purge loss, and cooking loss (P < 0.05).</p> <p>The pork and carcass quality results give rise to a postulation that different metabolism and animal growth might have been occured between the two production trials, consequentially differentiated meat quality development. In this regard, myofibrillar proteolysis, small heat shock proteins, and apoptotic factors were characterized during 7 d postmortem aging in porcine LD and PM muscles from both seasonal trials, combined with metabolomics profiles of 1d samples using the GC-TOF-MS/MS platform. Compared to SUMMER counterparts, SPRING muscles showed concurrence of more extended apoptosis, further calpain 1 autolysis, and increased structural protein degradation (P<0.05). SPRING muscles showed more ATP catabolism compounds and increase in carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and 16-18 carbon fatty acids, which could be chemistry fingerprints of increased cellular oxidative stress, consequentially favoring onset of apoptosis and proteolysis. Meanwhile, SUMMER pigs showed increased stress-defending metabolites, such as ascorbic acid, antioxidant amino acids, and decreased inhibitory neuro-transmitter GABA, which may indicate elevated stress-defending activity in SUMMER pigs that possibly inhibited apoptosis and proteolysis. </p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

<p>Historically, the meat industry has struggled to provide consumers with consistent beef tenderness. Various post-harvest technologies have been used in industry; however, there is still a need to develop a natural and safe post-harvest processing system that can be used to create consistently tender products for consumers. In addition to postmortem aging being a time-consuming process, literature has suggested that it is not a sufficient method to achieve tenderization in certain cull cow muscles. This has resulted in the large supply of cull cow beef to be underutilized due to its inferior quality, specifically tenderness. Applying a combination of mechanical tenderization with additional postmortem aging may be an effective strategy to overcome deficiencies in beef tenderness. Recent studies have found that tumbling without brine addition can be successful at improving instrumental tenderness and consumer liking of tenderness of fresh beef loin. The physical disruptions of muscles, which likely occur during tumbling, may enhance activity of proteolytic enzymes and thus induce more tenderization. The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of fresh beef tumbling methods and postmortem aging times on the tenderness and proteolysis of loin muscles from both A maturity cattle and cull cows.</p> <p>The first chapter of this thesis is a literature review that will address the factors affecting tenderness and the methods used by the industry to improve tenderness, specifically focusing on meat tumbling and cull cow beef. The second chapter is a study that investigated the effects of fresh beef tumbling at different postmortem times on meat quality attributes and proteolytic features of loins. The results from this study suggest that early postmortem tumbling coupled with aging can synergistically impact the improvements of beef loin tenderness and proteolysis, shortening the necessary aging period. The third and final chapter of this thesis is a study that aimed to determine the effect of fresh beef tumbling and postmortem aging on the quality and proteolysis of loins from cull cows. The results from this study indicate that aging would be effective at improving the quality and palatability of cull cow beef loins, although tumbling could improve consumer liking of tenderness at earlier postmortem times.</p>

No description available.

No / Recent casework in Belgium involving the search for human remains buried with lime, demonstrated the need for more detailed understanding of the effect of different types of lime on cadaver decomposition and its micro-environment. Six pigs (Sus scrofa) were used as body analogues in field experiments. They were buried without lime, with hydrated lime (Ca(OH)(2)) and with quicklime (CaO) in shallow graves in sandy loam soil in Belgium and recovered after 6 months of burial. Observations from these field recoveries informed additional laboratory experiments that were undertaken at the University of Bradford, UK. The combined results of these studies demonstrate that despite conflicting evidence in the literature, hydrated lime and quicklime both delay the decay of the carcass during the first 6 months. This study has implications for the investigation of clandestine burials and for a better understanding of archaeological plaster burials. Knowledge of the effects of lime on decomposition processes also has bearing on practices involving burial of animal carcasses and potentially the management of mass graves and mass disasters by humanitarian organisations and DVI teams. / No

No / Contradictions and misconceptions regarding the effect of lime on the decay of human remains have demonstrated the need for more research into the effect of different types of lime on cadaver decomposition. This study follows previous research by the authors who have investigated the effect of lime on the decomposition of human remains in burial environments. A further three pig carcasses (Sus scrofa), used as human body analogues, were observed and monitored for 78 days without lime, with hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) and with quicklime (CaO) in the taphonomy laboratory at the University of Bradford. The results showed that in the early stages of decay, the unlimed and hydrated lime cadavers follow a similar pattern of changes. In contrast, the application of quicklime instigated an initial acceleration of decay. Microbial investigation demonstrated that the presence of lime does not eliminate all aerobic bacteria. The experiment also suggested that lime functions as a sink, buffering the carbon dioxide evolution. This study complements the field observations. It has implications for the investigation of time since death of limed remains. Knowledge of the effects of lime on decomposition processes is of interest to forensic pathologists, archaeologists, humanitarian organisations and those concerned with disposal of animal carcasses or human remains in mass disasters.