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The nutritional value of fermentation residues for poultry was first demonstrated in 1937 at the University of Kentucky (Insko et al., 1937). Subsequently intensive investigations have been carried out and a considerable volume of information pertaining to these products has accumulated. [...]

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An investigation was carried out into the effects of some dietary factors on the serum cholesterol and serum total lipid levels in both normal and hyperthyroid chicks. Dietary factors investigated were the effects of two levels of protein, two levels of fat, and two levels of vitamins. Basal diets were fed at either a 20% or 26% protein level and when dietary fat was investigated the dextrose of the basal diet was substituted for a hydrogenated vegetable oil to make up 12% of the diet. The vitamin supplement in the high vitamin diets fed consisted of additional amounts of the following B complex vitamins: choline chloride, calcium panthothenate, folacin, niacin and riboflavin. Chicks were rendered hyperthyroid by feeding diets containing 0.02% iodinated casein. Hypothyroidism was induced by the feeding of 0.1% thiouracil. Normal chicks showed lower levels of serum cholesterol and serum total lipids when they were fed basal diets consisting of 26% protein level than when fed basal diets consisting of a 20% protein level. Normal chicks fed high fat diets showed higher levels of serum cholesterol and serum total lipids than normal chicks fed low fat diets. Normal chicks fed diets low in the B complex vitamins showed higher levels of serum cholesterol than normal chicks fed diets high in the B complex vitamins. The growth rate of chicks rendered hyperthyroid varied. In many instances hyperthyroid chicks grew at a significantly faster rate than normal chicks while in some instances no differences were noted. In some cases chicks rendered hyperthyroid showed depressed growth rates. No clear explanation could be given for such an effect on the growth rate of hyperthryoid chicks. It seems reasonable, however, to suspect that seasonal changes may affect thyroid activity and consequently the growth rate of the chicks in question. No differences were noted between the serum cholesterol and serum lipid levels from hyperthryoid chicks fed the basal diets containing 20%, and 26% protein. Hyperthyroid chicks, however, showed lower levels of serum cholesterol than normal chicks when the diet fed was low in the B complex vitamins, calcium panthothenate, choline chloride, folacin, niacin and riboflavin. The effect on the serum cholesterol and serum total lipids when the chicks were rendered hyperthyroid varied. The results suggest some interaction between thyroid state and diet on the serum cholesterol and serum total lipids. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the need by poultry for unidentified factors for maximum growth, egg production, fertility, hatchability and viability. Dehydrated cereal grass and dehydrated alfalfa were fed as supplements to a practical poultry diet. Data collected included body weights, feed consumption, egg production, fertility, hatchability and viability. The experiments were continued through three generations of birds in order to study any long term effects. In order to Investigate the possibility that bacterial synthesis provided a source of unidentified factors In the litter one additional group of adult birds was fed a basal diet and maintained on deep litter while another receiving the same diet was maintained on a raised wire floor. It was found that neither 2.5 nor 5 percent of either dehydrated cereal grass or dehydrated alfalfa had any effect on growth, maintenance of body weight, efficiency of feed utilization, egg production, fertility or hatchability. The presence of dehydrated green feed in the diet reduced the incidence of mortality in chicks during the period from 4 to 12 weeks of age. This effect was noted only when the chicks were under stress due to severe infection with coccidiosis. The dehydrated green feeds had no effect on the incidence of mortality during the first 4 weeks of age, the late growing stage, or the period of egg production. These results indicated that under normal conditions the Ingredients of the basal diet provided adequate amounts of the unidentified factor(s) present in dehydrated green feed. In addition, bacteria synthesis in the litter appeared to provide a source of an unidentified factor necessary for high hatchability. Another series of experiments were conducted in which chicks maintained in battery brooders were fed purified diets supplemented with dehydrated cereal grass, dehydrated alfalfa and forage juice. Various other supplements were added to the diet separately and in combination with the green feed supplements in. an attempt to determine the nature of the unidentified growth factor(s) present in green feeds. The additional supplements included herring meal, penicillin, lactose, the ash of dehydrated cereal grass and the ash of forage juice. In order to study the effect of maternal diet on the response of chicks to unidentified factors, the chicks used were from parent stock variously depleted of the unidentified factors. It was found that dehydrated cereal grass, dehydrated alfalfa and forage juice contain an unidentified factor required by chicks for rapid early growth. This factor differed from the factor present in herring meal. The response to either of these factors was dependent on the presence of the other in the diet. Both dehydrated cereal grass and forage juice, however, appeared to contain small quantities of the herring meal factor. The unidentified growth factor present in dehydrated cereal grass was shown to be carried over from the dam to the chick. The variability in growth rate of the chicks obtained from hens fed the control diet suggested that bacterial synthesis in the litter provided a source of the unidentified factor present in dehydrated green feed. The amount of the factor thus available to the hens varied as conditions were more or less favourable for bacterial growth. The nature of the factor(s) present in the green feed supplements is not clear. A growth response to the ash of dehydrated cereal grass and of forage juice was obtained as well as to the intact supplements. The balance among the various inorganic constituents of the diet may be involved rather than a single mineral. The fact, that a greater growth response was obtained from supplements which increased the acidity In the intestinal tract suggests that these supplements may act Indirectly by affecting the absorption of nutrients. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Five experiments in series, requiring a total of 3,000 chicks, were conducted to test modifications of and supplements to the Connecticut broiler ration. Wheat and/or No. 1 recleaned ground feed screenings were tested to replace the corn of the original ration. Soybean oil meal and / or fishmeal alone or in combination with meatmeal were tested as sources of supplementary protein. Furthermore, two crude fermentation antibiotic preparations, arsonic acid and B-complex vitamins were tested as supplements to the Connecticut broiler ration. Good quality feed wheat can replace the corn content of the Connecticut broiler ration on a pound per pound basis. The excess protein in a modified Connecticut broiler ration in which the corn was replaced with wheat cannot be reduced by lowering the level of supplementary protein without slowing the growth rate of chicks. No. 1 recleaned ground feed screenings when incorporated into the Connecticut broiler ration as the sole grain did not promote as great a growth response in chicks as a combination of wheat and corn. The efficiency of feed utilization was lower with the feed screenings ration than with the ration with corn and wheat. However, when No. 1 recleaned ground feed screenings replaced one-half of a grain mixture in a chick starting ration the chicks grew at the same rate as the chicks receiving the ration in which no replacement was made. The mixture of meatmeal, fishmeal and soybean oil meal of the Connecticut broiler ration was superior in promoting faster chick growth than was a ration containing either fishmeal or soybean oil meal as sole sources of supplementary protein. A combination of fishmeal and soybean oil meal as a source of supplementary protein was superior to either protein supplement alone in promoting the early growth of chicks. The fishmeal, when included as the sole source of supplementary protein, promoted the most efficient utilization of feed, though such a ration did not produce maximum growth. All the modified Connecticut broiler rations, when supplemented with crude commercial antibiotic preparation gave an increased growth rate in chicks. The extent to which the antibiotic supplement increased the growth rate depended on the basal ration used. In all instances antibiotic supplemented rations were more efficiently utilized than were the unsupplemented control rations. The addition of arsonic acid promoted a greater growth response in chicks fed this supplemented ration than the unsupplemented control rations. This increased growth rate of chicks receiving the arsonic acid persisted to seven and one-half weeks. The addition of B-complex vitamins to the Connecticut broiler ration promoted a growth response in chicks equal to the growth response of chicks receiving an antibiotic supplemented Connecticut ration. The extent to which the mixture of vitamins increased the growth rate depended on the basal ration used. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate