Hunger and malnutrition remain amongst the most devastating problems facing the world's poor and needy. About 80-90 million people have to be fed yearly and most of them are in developing countries in Africa. The majority of South African families live in poverty with a limited variety of foods available in their homes. Integrated aquaculture-poultry production systems can accommodate the demand for food. Integrated fish farming systems has been shown to can provide the vital animal protein necessary to relieve much of the prevailing problems of malnutrition in rural areas. Commercially orientated integrated aquaculture has been investigated in South Africa over the last two decades and intensive studies were done, yet little is known about the concept of aquaculture-agriculture systems in South African rural populations. Integrated fish-chicken farming has the potential to impact positively on the livelihood of rural populations because it can provide food, employment opportunities and recirculation of waste products for maximum utilization. The production from two farming enterprises integrated together, will therefore contribute much to poverty alleviation and provision of employment or income. The South African rural communities are more commonly involved in layer production with indigenous breeds which produce few eggs compared to commercial breeds. There is however a need to identify a suitable layer breed that can best perform when used in an integrated fish farming system. Since the purpose of promoting this system is to provide food security and regular sources of income to the poor, the best performing layer breed will be able to produce enough eggs for consumption and selling while the fish will be sold to increase profit. The spent hens will also provide meat and an income to the farmer at the end of the production cycle. Three hundred and twenty layer chickens of eight breeds were randomly assigned to either a conventional (control) layer house or a treatment house that was an open-sided layer house constructed over a dam (160 chickens/treatment). The eight layer breeds used were two lines of indigenous breeds (i.e. Potchefstroom Koekoek and Ovambo), dual purpose breeds (i.e. New Hampshire and Black Australorp) and commercial breeds (i.e. Hyline-Silver and Hyline-Brown; Lohmann-Silver and Lohmann-Brown). The design used for the study was a randomized block design. The houses were blocked in five blocks with one replicate per treatment (breed) in each of the blocks. Each replicate comprised of four hens, individually caged in adjacent cages. Parameters measured over the five month trial period were egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and hen day production %. Egg quality parameters were also measured i.e. egg shell strength, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit and meat and blood spots. The mortality and economic efficiency of all the layer breeds was calculated over the five months trial period. The commercial breeds produced significantly more eggs, heavier eggs, had better FCR and higher hen day production % than the dual purpose and indigenous breeds in both the house that was constructed over a dam and a conventional house system. However, the feed intake of laying hens did not differ significantly in both the housing systems. The housing systems did not significantly affect egg quality parameters of laying hens. Mortality per breed was higher in the conventional house than the dam house. The commercial breeds showed to be economically viable in an integrated chicken-fish farming system with a high profitability than the dual purpose and indigenous breeds. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

In the past two decades, changes in American housing policy have transformed the landscape of high-rise ghetto poverty. In its place, has emerged what I call the horizontal ghetto, where high-rise public housing has been demolished and poverty is turned on its side, spreading across the cityscape. Researchers are now beginning to document the reconcentration of voucher holders in moderately poor neighborhoods. This dissertation examines how residents come to live in this type of neighborhood, and how this new context shapes social organization for those who reside within it. I examine a case study neighborhood in Northwest Baltimore called Park Heights, in which I conducted 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 102 in-depth interviews. This neighborhood has a large population of working class black families who settled there in the late 1960's, a recent influx of voucher holders, and also a population of residentially unstable unassisted renters. I examine two complementary explanations for how and why voucher holders end up in neighborhoods like Park Heights. I propose that the landlord is an important piece of the puzzle; landlord practices sort the most disadvantaged voucher holders into some of the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, serving as a mechanism in the reproduction of spatial inequality and the concentration of poverty. I also consider how residents' experiences in contexts like Park Heights shape their decisions to remain in, and move to similar neighborhoods. Finally, I examine how the neighborhood context shapes social organization, and I argue that although poverty may be more moderate than in neighborhoods dominated by large-scale public housing, the horizontal context of instability and clustered voucher use may have deleterious consequences for social relations. / Sociology

The biggest problems facing South Africa is high rate of poverty. There are many reasons behind the high levels of poverty, and one of them is unemployment rate. Poverty is felt by particular groups, especially pro poor. Researchers brought to our attention that there is a link between poverty, children health and their school performance. According to the Millennium development goals, eradication of poverty, achieve primary education, empower women, and reduce mortality rate link together. For these goals to be achieved, full responsibility of women as life carriers should be taken into consideration as role players in upbringing children lives. Women health should be catered for better health as they are linked to the unborn and also born babies. In order to learn effectively and successfully one must be in good health. Children raised in poverty are subject to health problems, and at times suffer grave consequences because of some nutrients deficit in their bodies. The descriptive study investigated the impact of unemployment on Grade R learners in Stephen Mazungula Primary School in Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole. To understand the problems faced by learners and make recommendations. The study made use of sources like documents, government laws and policies, books, journals, newspaper articles and internet to promote the best interest of a child.

Poverty alleviation is not only a South African problem; it is a global concern as well. After 16 years of democracy, poverty and unemployment are still major issues facing South Africa. Poverty is not evenly distributed in South Africa; it is largely concentrated among black Africans. This study examines the impact of income generating projects in alleviating poverty and sustaining livelihoods in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality South Africa. The study also demonstrates the impact of income generating projects and challenges that face these projects and makes recommendations on identified challenges. The critical question is whether the income generated meets the needs of project members and their households. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used and a questionnaire was distributed in three projects. The research findings revealed that the projects are at the heart of alleviating poverty given the fact that these projects are formed by (a) marginalised community members, (b) very low income, (c) large family size, (d) widowed breadwinners and (e) ageing group. A limitation to the study is the fact that it was small scale; therefore findings cannot be generalized to the whole Eastern Cape and South Africa. Future aspects of the study include training of project members on marketing and project management skills.

The South African government implements numerous strategies with the aim of reducing poverty. The social grant system is one of these. Social grants are aimed at reducing poverty as well as income inequality. Considering the growing number of social grant beneficiaries, people often question whether these grants reduce poverty and, if they do, whether they are effective.This treatise investigates the impact of social grants in poverty reduction. In order to investigate this, the researcher used the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng Province, as a study area. This study examines the different views of social grants beneficiaries, and the importance of prioritisation when using this unearned money. It alsoinvestigates the role played by the heads of household and shows how beneficiaries’ locations can influence the use of unearned income. Social grants dispense little money, but the researcher discovered that the responsibility of spending and allocating the money lies with the head of household. The descriptive statists show that social grants have created dependency and that families require exit strategies to stop depending entirely on these grants. Findings from the correlation matrix show both positive and negative correlations. Finally, the study has identified the need for an integrated strategy that will not only provide income, but that will also improve the lives of South Africans.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The purpose of the study is to investigate the dynamics explaining Kampala's urbanisation, with a view of analysing their implications for an alternative urban policy framework for this city. This study was motivated by the fact that information about these dynamics and their policy implications was scanty; yet its understanding in a comprehensive manner was necessary to develop a suitable urban policy for Kampala. Consequently, this study was set to meet four objectives, which focused on (1) analysing the informal dynamics explaining Kampala's urbanisation from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; (2) investigating the formal dynamics responsible for the urbanisation of Kampala City from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; (3) establishing residents' satisfaction dynamics defining Kampala City urban changes resulting from official dynamics undertaken from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; and (4) identifying the dynamics that needed to be integrated in a policy framework that can be used to effectively prevent or halt Kampala's unplanned urbanisation while promoting planned urbanisation. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a mixed methods design. The sample constituted 24 purposively selected key informants and 720 city residents selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed using narrative and thematic techniques complimented by the descriptive method. This method was also used together with the factor analysis method to analyse quantitative data. Findings revealed that the informal dynamics that explained Kampala's unplanned urbanisation during the period 1990-2013 included unofficial administrative dynamics; unofficial political influence; political unrest caused by internal and regional civil wars; the city's attractiveness to jobseekers, job-makers and migrants from war-ravaged areas; and excessive rural poverty and underdevelopment. The formal dynamics which explained Kampala's urbanisation during the same period included official administrative dynamics, government political intervention, modernisation agenda implemented through government investment promotion programme, legal framework, and urban policy dynamics.

No description available.

This study is an attempt to discover relationships between particular factors which we felt would be indicators of poverty. Of the many factors suggested by the literature of poverty, we investigated relationships between income level, employment status, health conditions, education level, and age. Using the Vancouver data collected by the Nu-life Study, we designed a program which would indicate the nature and strength of the relationship between these factors. From a definition of our variables, a model was designed using as a basis income adequacy. The available data contained information on other variables which we used, such as - marital status, sex, and number of persons per household. From this the hypothetical construct was formulated around hypotheses relating to four groups which were configurations of the employment status and income adequacy variables. Our statistical analysis was based on the chi square method for measuring significance and consistency. The contigency co-efficient was employed to measure the relatedness of the variables. We found that there were indeed positive links between the factors referred to. However, these links were not as strong as we had anticipated. Although the project could not establish cause-effect relationships, the findings do help to establish some of the components in the poverty cycle. These components would not seem to have equal strength in determining level of income. Further research might investigate why some of these factors had greater bearing on income level than others. For example, the level of education seemed to have a greater effect than did the health factor. Consequently, we see this study as a step in determining the characteristics of poverty. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study presents results from a quantitative impact evaluation of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program, Juntos, in Peru. Using instrumental variable techniques, it estimates the overall impact of Juntos five years after its initial rollout and explores the differential impacts among beneficiaries according to the length of time they spent in the program. In so doing, the analysis explores whether it takes time for the program to make significant and sizable impacts; and whether some impacts change in magnitude the longer the beneficiaries spend in the program. The results seem to confirm both hypotheses: almost all indicators of interest are significantly higher among beneficiaries with longer treatment spells. However, in many cases these improvements are too small to be picked up in the analysis of overall effects, when beneficiaries are compared to non-beneficiaries. These findings suggest that while the program has a non negligible impact on welfare, there is room for improvement. / Cinco años del programa Juntos: Nuevas evidencias sobre sus impactos de corto y largo plazoEste estudio presenta resultados de la evaluación de impacto cuantitativo del programa de transferencias de dinero condicionales Juntos, aplicado en el Perú. Usando técnicas de variables instrumentales, se estima el impacto promedio del programa cinco años, desde su inicio, y explora los impactos diferenciados entre los beneficiarios, dependiendo de su tiempo de permanencia en el programa. Al hacer esto, el análisis explora si se necesita de tiempo para que el programa tenga impacto significativo, y si la magnitud del impacto depende de la estancia de los beneficiarios en el programa. Los resultados parecen confirmar ambas hipótesis: casi todos los indicadores de interés son significativamente más altos entre los beneficiarios con mayor tiempo en el programa.Sin embargo, en muchos casos estas mejoras son muy pequeñas como para ser tomadas en cuenta en el análisis de los efectos promedio, cuando los beneficiarios son comparados con los no beneficiarios. Estos descubrimientos sugieren que mientras el programa tenga un impacto poco significativo en el bienestar, hay espacio para mejorar.

A case study of seven religious institutions in the Greater Boston Area, this paper attempts to analyze the similarities and differences between religious-based and state-based social service programs beginning by examining the motivations of religious leaders and the influence various conceptions of poverty have on religious poverty programs and outreach. The paper begins with an overview of the current literature on the effects of government welfare programs and policies on the populations they target. It then continues with common categorizations of poverty used by scholars to understand government programs and concludes by using these categories as a starting point for understanding the points of view of local religious leaders towards the people they serve.