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Despite decades of foreign aid, abundance of natural and human resources, and numerous development initiatives, the African continent remains largely underdeveloped, marginalised and excluded from major decision-making processes that shape today’s world. The purpose of this research is to examine the reasons for the continuous underdevelopment and marginalisation of the African continent and to advance pragmatic measures to be put in place to reverse the situation. The thesis demonstrates that Africa’s underdevelopment and marginalisation cannot be divorced from the effects of centuries of exploitation, domination, and exclusion through the slave trade, colonialism, and neo-colonialism on the one hand, and decades of poor socio-economic and political governance that have characterised the continent since independence, on the other. One of the main findings of the research is that, over the years, African leaders have consciously or unconsciously failed to recognise the fundamental link between human rights, human development, and peace as a foundation for development, and this failure has resulted in their inability to craft sustainable development initiatives for the continent. Given the prominent place human rights, good governance, democracy, peace and stability occupy in both the Constitutive Act of the African Union (CA-AU)1 and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development2 (referred throughout this thesis as the NEPAD Document), the thesis further demonstrates that there is an intrinsic relationship between human rights, human development, and peace which is necessary for development. It analyses the extent to which this relationship has been taken into account in 1 The Constitutive Act of the African Union, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/23.15, was adopted 11 July 2000 in Lomé, Togo and entered into force May 26, 2001. 2 The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD or the NEPAD Document) 2001. The NEPAD is an economic development program of the African Union. The NEPAD was adopted at the 37th Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia. PhD Thesis Human Rights, Human Development and Peace – inseparable ingredients in Africa’s quest for prosperity xvi the conception, formulation, and implementation of the objectives of both the AU and the NEPAD; and concludes that the NEPAD and the AU initiatives provide a strong foundation and offer an excellent opportunity for Africans to begin to reverse centuries of exploitation, domination, and decades of socioeconomic and political exclusion, as well as re-orientate the governance and development strategy of the continent. The thesis is premised on the realisation that respect for human rights, the promotion of human development, and the consolidation of peace, coupled with good political and economic governance are conditions sine qua non for any meaningful development. It further reveals that respect for human rights provides a foundation upon which rests the political structures of human freedoms. The achievement of human freedom generates the will as well as the capacity for economic and social progress. The attainment of economic and social progress provides the basis for durable peace. The thesis concludes that human rights, human development, and peace are interdependent, interrelated, indivisible and mutually reinforcing, and thus inseparable ingredients in Africa’s quest for prosperity.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The purpose of the study is to investigate the dynamics explaining Kampala's urbanisation, with a view of analysing their implications for an alternative urban policy framework for this city. This study was motivated by the fact that information about these dynamics and their policy implications was scanty; yet its understanding in a comprehensive manner was necessary to develop a suitable urban policy for Kampala. Consequently, this study was set to meet four objectives, which focused on (1) analysing the informal dynamics explaining Kampala's urbanisation from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; (2) investigating the formal dynamics responsible for the urbanisation of Kampala City from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; (3) establishing residents' satisfaction dynamics defining Kampala City urban changes resulting from official dynamics undertaken from 1990 to 2013 and their policy implications; and (4) identifying the dynamics that needed to be integrated in a policy framework that can be used to effectively prevent or halt Kampala's unplanned urbanisation while promoting planned urbanisation. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a mixed methods design. The sample constituted 24 purposively selected key informants and 720 city residents selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed using narrative and thematic techniques complimented by the descriptive method. This method was also used together with the factor analysis method to analyse quantitative data. Findings revealed that the informal dynamics that explained Kampala's unplanned urbanisation during the period 1990-2013 included unofficial administrative dynamics; unofficial political influence; political unrest caused by internal and regional civil wars; the city's attractiveness to jobseekers, job-makers and migrants from war-ravaged areas; and excessive rural poverty and underdevelopment. The formal dynamics which explained Kampala's urbanisation during the same period included official administrative dynamics, government political intervention, modernisation agenda implemented through government investment promotion programme, legal framework, and urban policy dynamics.

Essa tese apresenta como investigação norteadora porque o Brasil, mesmo tendo avançado em sua matriz industrial e alcançado altas taxas de crescimento no período 1930-1980, não conseguiu escapar da armadilha do subdesenvolvimento econômico. Para tentar vislumbrar alguns caminhos que potencialmente alargariam a discussão e compreensão do tema, recorre-se à perspectiva da Abordagem da Complexidade, combinada com a retomada das discussões teóricas promovidas por alguns dos autores conhecidos como pioneiros do desenvolvimento econômico. Desse modo, a novidade proposta por essa tese reside na perspectiva pela qual se discute o tema, e não ao tema propriamente dito, que foi e vem sendo amplamente discutido pela literatura. O objetivo é a realização de algumas discussões e ilações teóricas relativas à experiência brasileira no período, tendo sempre em mente a Abordagem da Complexidade e sua potencial contribuição para o alargamento do escopo de compreensão do tema. / This thesis presents as main question why Brazil, even having developed its industrial park and having achieved high rates of growth between 1930 and 1980, was unable to escape from the trap of economic underdevelopment. In order to list some ways that could potentially enrich the thinking and the understanding of the question, this inquiry is based on the perspective of Complexity thinking combined with the resumption of theoretical contributions of some authors known as economic development pioneers. Thus, the core of this thesis lies in the perspective by which accomplishes the theme discussion, not in the theme itself, which was and is being widely discussed by the literature. The aim is the achievement of some theoretical considerations and discussions about Brazilian experience in the period, always keeping in mind the Complexity thinking and its potential contribution to broaden the theme comprehension.

Historically, the regional policies have been changed greatly in Mainland China ever since 1949. Since the ¡§Egalitarianism¡¨ in Mao, the ¡§ladder-step doctrine¡¨ in Deng, and the ¡§Western Investment Policy ¡§ in Jiang, each one possessed its own unique regional developing models. However, it is worth to note that the change of the models had deeply influenced the policies to determine the developing priority between coastal and inner regions. This article will focus on three questions. First, how the three different regional developing models had influenced the policies? And how the regional development had been influenced by those policies? Second, how the market system has an impact on the regional development in Mainland China? Finally, what kind of relationship existed between statecraft and market? And how did they interact each other?

Participatory methods have been deployed in different ways by actors in pursuit of a diverse range of personal, organisational and development objectives. With the rise of globalisation, neoliberalism and new aid delivery systems, so these methods have been adapted, re-branded and deployed to serve the objectives of a new range of actors. From these macro level currents come micro level initiatives which enrol the global poor in new projects of development. Most recently, the Millennium Development Goals have focused the agenda of participatory development on new models of public service delivery. With this new imperative comes an emergent focus on governance as a determinant of improved service provision. The same influential actors that have taken a lead role in redefining the problem have also offered new solutions. Just as many populations in the Global North have historically taken a role in the production of services that are responsive to their needs, so it is proposed that others in the Global South can be supported to claim similar rights, demand similar accountability. This thesis explores the increasingly popular technology of voice and accountability as a solution to inequalities in access to health services. I explore the extent to which the model is constitutive of a broader neoliberal discourse which is coproduced by a range of actors from Washington to village. Using a case study from a maternal health programme in Nepal; I discuss the implications of this social technology, with reference to the range of personal and organisational projects of which it is constitutive. I discuss how these discourses shape the way development is performed, and reflexively reproduce diverse regimes of power. I examine what is produced by such initiatives, and, the ways in which actors gain from this globalised project, or are disenfranchised in new ways.

Essa tese apresenta como investigação norteadora porque o Brasil, mesmo tendo avançado em sua matriz industrial e alcançado altas taxas de crescimento no período 1930-1980, não conseguiu escapar da armadilha do subdesenvolvimento econômico. Para tentar vislumbrar alguns caminhos que potencialmente alargariam a discussão e compreensão do tema, recorre-se à perspectiva da Abordagem da Complexidade, combinada com a retomada das discussões teóricas promovidas por alguns dos autores conhecidos como pioneiros do desenvolvimento econômico. Desse modo, a novidade proposta por essa tese reside na perspectiva pela qual se discute o tema, e não ao tema propriamente dito, que foi e vem sendo amplamente discutido pela literatura. O objetivo é a realização de algumas discussões e ilações teóricas relativas à experiência brasileira no período, tendo sempre em mente a Abordagem da Complexidade e sua potencial contribuição para o alargamento do escopo de compreensão do tema. / This thesis presents as main question why Brazil, even having developed its industrial park and having achieved high rates of growth between 1930 and 1980, was unable to escape from the trap of economic underdevelopment. In order to list some ways that could potentially enrich the thinking and the understanding of the question, this inquiry is based on the perspective of Complexity thinking combined with the resumption of theoretical contributions of some authors known as economic development pioneers. Thus, the core of this thesis lies in the perspective by which accomplishes the theme discussion, not in the theme itself, which was and is being widely discussed by the literature. The aim is the achievement of some theoretical considerations and discussions about Brazilian experience in the period, always keeping in mind the Complexity thinking and its potential contribution to broaden the theme comprehension.

Orientador: Fábio Antonio de Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zullo_GustavoJoseDanieli_M.pdf: 1349346 bytes, checksum: 3046c46d6a242c643fd933ff263cce76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em evidenciar que a economia brasileira está estruturalmente baseada em um baixo padrão de remuneração. Inicialmente amparados pela discussão sobre a marginalidade social, quando no primeiro capítulo fazemos um breve balanço do debate travado nos anos 1970 sobre suas origens econômicas, buscamos sintetizar as diferentes posições sobre os efeitos que a dominação do capital monopolista exerceu sobre o mercado de trabalho. Desse debate surgem duas concepções distintas e que, consequentemente, redundam em metodologias diferentes para quantificar a heterogeneidade que é própria de economias dependentes e de origem colonial, como a brasileira. A primeira dessas, que examinamos analiticamente no segundo capítulo, distingue as formas de trabalho em duas categorias: formal e informal. Sobre essa abordagem, antes de salientarmos de forma direta as deficiências inerentes a tal classificação, destacamos que alguns de seus pressupostos não estavam balizados pela formação econômico-social do país. Pensada dentro de um arcabouço teórico que julgava que o desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro seria suficiente para homogeneizar as estruturas econômicas e sociais, essa concepção subestima a dependência como uma força que delimita as potencialidades nacionais. Por outro lado, no terceiro capítulo, nos valemos de uma metodologia que, desagregando os ocupados entre empregados e subempregados, enfatiza mais fortemente as interações entre as estruturas agrária e urbana. Mais especificamente, analisamos a repercussão do processo de urbanização ocorrido em meados do século XX sobre o mercado de trabalho nos últimos trinta anos, período em que a heterogeneidade estrutural, ainda que sob novas formas, é reafirmada como singularidade nacional / Abstract: The aim of this work is to emphasize that the Brazilian economy is structurally based on a low standard of remuneration. Initially supported by the discussion about social marginality, when in the first chapter we give a brief assessment of the debate of the 70¿s on their economic backgrounds, we seek to synthesize the different positions on the effects that the domination of monopoly capital had on the labor market. This debate arises two distinct conceptions and therefore, originates different methodologies to quantify the heterogeneity that is typical of dependent economies and with colonial origins such as the Brazilian. The first of these, we examine analytically in the second chapter, we distinguish the forms of work into two categories: formal and informal. On this approach before we emphasize directly the inherent shortcomings of this classification, we point out that some of their assumptions were not justified by the socioeconomic structure of the country. Conceived within a theoretical framework that thought the capitalist development was enough to homogenize the economic and social structures, this conception underestimates the dependence as a force that delimits the national potential. On the other hand, in the third chapter, where we make use of a methodology that disaggregates the occupied labor force between employees and underemployed, we more strongly emphasize the interactions between agrarian and urban structures. More specifically, we analyze the impact of the urbanization process occurred in the mid-twentieth century on the labor market over the past thirty years, a period in which the structural heterogeneity, albeit in new forms, is reaffirmed as national singularity / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt Proni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:37:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_Tiago_D.pdf: 2364490 bytes, checksum: 346d8b800555715a5460f7a86c792855 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O estudo ora apresentado pretende colocar em discussão o significado do processo atual de reconfiguração do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, iniciado em 2004, destacando seus principais elementos, determinantes e obstáculos. De modo mais específico, as reflexões presentes nesta tese de doutorado têm como objetivos: a) analisar de que forma a adoção de um novo padrão de desenvolvimento condicionou a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho brasileiro e a sua nova configuração; b) ponderar acerca dos limites intrínsecos à estratégia de crescimento neoliberal na tarefa de superar os traços persistentes de subdesenvolvimento do mercado de trabalho brasileiro; c) e, finalmente, examinar se a reconfiguração em curso representa uma tendência à superação dos problemas estruturais deste mercado de trabalho. Assim sendo, defende-se que, muito embora o excedente de mão de obra, a informalidade, os baixos salários, a alta rotatividade e a desigualdade de rendimentos continuem sendo problemas crônicos, os determinantes estruturais da organização e funcionamento do mercado de trabalho se alteraram decisivamente no capitalismo contemporâneo. Além do mais, a nova divisão internacional do trabalho, as tendências de polarização e precarização do mercado de trabalho e de flexibilização das relações de emprego na Europa alteraram os termos do debate sobre a estruturação do mercado de trabalho e o padrão de emprego desejado, assim como da discussão sobre as políticas necessárias para a solução dos referidos problemas. Nesse contexto, trava-se no Brasil uma disputa entre dois discursos distintos no que tange ao tema "desenvolvimento e mercado de trabalho": o discurso neoliberal e o social-desenvolvimentista, derivando de cada um deles diferentes implicações sobre a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho. Diante desse debate, argumenta-se que a estratégia de crescimento neoliberal é incapaz de enfrentar os problemas crônicos inerentes a um mercado de trabalho subdesenvolvido como o brasileiro. Ao final do presente estudo, espera-se ter reunido argumentos para discutir a seguinte hipótese: a superação dos traços herdados do passado (responsáveis pela reprodução da pobreza extrema e das desigualdades socioeconômicas) e a consolidação de um mercado de trabalho condizente com a nova inserção do País na economia mundial e com os avanços no campo da cidadania e dos direitos sociais dependem, em última instância, da viabilidade de sustentação do novo padrão de desenvolvimento gestado na década passada / Abstract: The study presented here discusses the meaning of the current process of reconfiguration of the Brazilian labor market, started in 2004, highlighting its main elements, determinants and obstacles. More specifically, this doctoral thesis has the following objectives: a) to analyze how the adoption of a new development pattern conditioned the dynamics of the Brazilian labor market and its new setting; b) to identify the intrinsic limitation of a neoliberal growth strategy to overcome the persistent characteristics of underdevelopment of the Brazilian labor market; c) and finally to examine whether the ongoing reconfiguration has the potential to overcome the structural problems of the labor market. Therefore, it is argued that, although the labor surplus, informality, low wages, high turnover and income inequality continue to be chronic problems, the structural determinants of the organization and functioning of the labor market have changed decisively in contemporary capitalism. Moreover, the new international division of labor, the trends of polarization and precarious labor market and flexibilization of the labor relations in Europe changed the terms of the debate about the structure of the labor market and the intended job patterns, as well as the discussion on the policies needed to solve those problems. In this context, in Brazil two different discourses regarding the theme "development and the labor market" are in dispute: the neoliberal and the social-developmentalism, each one with implications for the dynamics of the labor market. Given this debate, it is argued that the neoliberal growth strategy is unable to address the inherent chronic problems of an underdeveloped labor market as is the Brazilian. This study gathers arguments to discuss the following hypothesis: overcoming the inherited traits of the past (responsible for the reproduction of extreme poverty and socioeconomic inequalities) and the consolidation of a consistent labor market with the new insertion of the country into the global economy and the advances in the field of citizenship and social rights depend, ultimately, on the new development pattern conceived in the last decade / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

The history of United States – Latin American relations has been dominated by discourses of development since the earliest stages of independent nationhood. In the twentieth century, these discourses found an epistemological anchoring in the geopolitical concepts of First World and Third World well past the Cold War Era, as well as in the related notions of Empire and Neo-Colony in more recent postcolonial studies. As cultural concepts, these binary categories exceed the economic basis to which they claim reference. The dissertation examines this projection beyond the economic foundation as a function of spectacular media and focuses on the degree to which these categories (which regulate crucial aspects of the mutual U.S. – Latin American imagination) may constitute compromised epistemological dogmas firmly governed by the very capitalist status quo that they attempt to counter. In order to develop a theorization of the textual forces at work in the formation of the cultural concepts of First and Third World, this dissertation examines the work of Cuban revolutionary filmmaker Santiago Álvarez in dialogue with an update of Guy Debord’s theories on the spectacle, the dérive, and psychogeography. Together with critical considerations of theories of space-time, modernity and postmodernity, as well as of the nation-state epistemological order, it formulates a reading of the development discourses, called here “demarcational critique.” This model is also put into conversation with a key theoretical work on the topic (John P. Leary’s A Cultural History of Underdevelopment), a fictional film (Gregory Nava’s El Norte), and an experimental montage of crucial meta-reflective value (Arthur Tuoto’s Não Me Fale Sobre Recomeços). Through an exploration that seeks to blur the line between theoretical and fictional texts, this dissertation concludes that development discourses, and their main subsidiary notions of First and Third World, generally studied as purely economic categories, possess a spectacular dimension, and that the analysis of this dimension must involve cultural studies. It further highlights the problematic nature of those notions in relation to a postcolonial project by examining their Eurocentric, moralizing, and racialized nature. Finally, this dissertation proposes and demonstrates an alternative, non-national model for postcolonial discourse.