The history of United States – Latin American relations has been dominated by discourses of development since the earliest stages of independent nationhood. In the twentieth century, these discourses found an epistemological anchoring in the geopolitical concepts of First World and Third World well past the Cold War Era, as well as in the related notions of Empire and Neo-Colony in more recent postcolonial studies. As cultural concepts, these binary categories exceed the economic basis to which they claim reference. The dissertation examines this projection beyond the economic foundation as a function of spectacular media and focuses on the degree to which these categories (which regulate crucial aspects of the mutual U.S. – Latin American imagination) may constitute compromised epistemological dogmas firmly governed by the very capitalist status quo that they attempt to counter. In order to develop a theorization of the textual forces at work in the formation of the cultural concepts of First and Third World, this dissertation examines the work of Cuban revolutionary filmmaker Santiago Álvarez in dialogue with an update of Guy Debord’s theories on the spectacle, the dérive, and psychogeography. Together with critical considerations of theories of space-time, modernity and postmodernity, as well as of the nation-state epistemological order, it formulates a reading of the development discourses, called here “demarcational critique.” This model is also put into conversation with a key theoretical work on the topic (John P. Leary’s A Cultural History of Underdevelopment), a fictional film (Gregory Nava’s El Norte), and an experimental montage of crucial meta-reflective value (Arthur Tuoto’s Não Me Fale Sobre Recomeços). Through an exploration that seeks to blur the line between theoretical and fictional texts, this dissertation concludes that development discourses, and their main subsidiary notions of First and Third World, generally studied as purely economic categories, possess a spectacular dimension, and that the analysis of this dimension must involve cultural studies. It further highlights the problematic nature of those notions in relation to a postcolonial project by examining their Eurocentric, moralizing, and racialized nature. Finally, this dissertation proposes and demonstrates an alternative, non-national model for postcolonial discourse.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 830858 bytes, checksum: dbdf0f1aa907e353a09ef711391607dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Racial prejudice is a thoroughly discussed and relevant theme in Brazil, where efforts have been done to identify that influence its outbreak. Social values are important factors due to their assimilation of widely diffused structures among social groups, also encompassing individual and social aspects. That is why it is important to investigate the relationship between values and prejudice. This dissertation is composed by two studies. Empirical Study I aimed at analyzing the the relationship between values and the various expressions of racism. This study was conducted with two samples: the first one with 220 students from a private higher education institution from João Pessoa PB (150 women and 70 men, mean age 24 years, SD = 6.22). And the second one had 200 public university undergraduate students (135 women and 65 men, mean age 22 years, SD = 4.3) from the same city. The employed instruments were: Psychosocial values questionnaire (QVP-24), Perceived distances scale, Affirmative policies rejection scale, Intimacy rejection scale (flagrant prejudice) and Scale of Favorable Attitudes toward 1st and 3rd world. With the aim of verifying if there are differences between the values attributed by students to themselves and to social groups (black and white) comparisons of means were made (t-test). Results indicate that the students of both universities practically attribute to themselves values related to Social Justice and Personal Development, whereas Material and Hedonistic (3rd world) values are attributed to the white and Social Justice (1st world) is attributed to the black. Further, a factor analysis (Varimax rotation) to verify the internal structure of the scales and to confirm the internal consistency of factors. The employed scales presented acceptable reliability and validity indexes in both studies. Finally, with the aim of verifying if study variables Psychosocial Values, Proximity to Black and White, Favorable Attitude toward 1st and 3rd world, and sociodemographic variables (Independent Variables, IV) influence Flagrant and Symbolic Prejudice directly (Dependent Variable, DV), a multiple linear regression (stepwise method) was carried out. It could be verified that the adhesion to Hedonistic and Materialistic values, that having a favorable attitude toward first world countries and having a proximity with the white are predictors of prejudice expression, as well as the adhesion to Social Justice and Religiosity values and the proximity with black people presented a relationship with the non expression of prejudice. The initial assumption from the study stated that third world values would be attributed to the black, and first world values to the white, but results were inverted, which contributed to the conduction of another study. Empirical Study II aimed at verifying what social values are attributed by undergraduate students to 1st and 3rd world people. A total of 220 students from a public university of the city of João Pessoa (75 men and 145 women), with mean age of 21 years (SD = 3; min = 17 and max = 34) took part of the study. Students were asked to indicate, in order of importance, three of the 24 values from the QVP-24 that he or she would classify as First and Third World values. First world countries were associated with values related to Individual Development and Materialism, while values related to Social Justice, Professional Development, Hedonism and Religiosity were attributed to 3rd World countries. The results from the second study indicated that the initial assumptions of the first study were coherent. The study allows to consider the adhesion to values in direct relationship with the expression of racial prejudice, and that skin color (black and white) influences in value attribution. / O preconceito racial é um tema bastante discutido e relevante no Brasil, onde se tem buscado identificar os fatores que influenciam o seu surgimento. Um fator importante são os valores sociais que, por sua natureza, assimilam estruturas amplamente difundidas entre os grupos sociais e abrangem aspectos individuais e sociais. Por isso, a importância de se investigar a relação entre valores e preconceito. Esta dissertação é composta por dois estudos. O Estudo Empírico I teve o objetivo de analisar a relação existente entre os valores e diversas expressões do racismo. Este estudo foi realizado com duas amostras: a primeira com 220 estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior particular de João Pessoa PB (150 mulheres e 70 homens, idade média de 24 anos, DP= 6,22). E a segunda com 200 estudantes de uma universidade pública (135 mulheres e 65 homens, idade média de 22 anos, DP= 4,3) da mesma cidade. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de valores psicossociais (QVP- 24), Escala de distâncias percebidas, Escala de Rejeição de políticas afirmativas, Escala de rejeição da intimidade (preconceito flagrante) e Escala de atitudes favoráveis ao 1º e 3º mundo. Com objetivo de verificar se existem diferenças entre os valores atribuídos pelos estudantes a si mesmos e aos grupos sociais (negros e brancos) foram realizadas comparação de médias (test-t). Os resultados indicam que os estudantes das duas universidades praticamente atribuem a si mesmos valores relacionados à Justiça Social e ao Desenvolvimento Pessoal, enquanto que aos brancos atribuem valores Materialistas e Hedonistas (3º mundo), e aos negros, valores de Justiça Social (1º mundo). Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise dos componentes principais (rotação Varimax) para verificar a estrutura interna das escalas e para comprovar a consistência interna dos fatores. As escalas utilizadas apresentaram índices de fidedignidade e validade aceitáveis em ambas as pesquisas. Por fim, com o objetivo de identificar se variáveis do estudo, Valores Psicossociais, Proximidade ao Negro e ao Branco, Atitude Favorável ao 1º e ao 3º mundo, e variáveis sócio-demográficas (Variáveis Independentes), influenciam diretamente o Preconceito Flagrante e Simbólico (Variável Dependente), foi realizada uma regressão linear múltipla (método stepwise). Pode-se verificar que a adesão a valores Hedonistas e Materialistas, como ter uma atitude favorável a países de primeiro mundo, ter proximidade com o branco, são preditores da expressão do preconceito, assim como a adesão aos valores de Justiça Social e de Religiosidade e a proximidade com pessoas de cor negra apresentaram uma relação com a não expressão do preconceito. O pressuposto inicial do estudo afirmava que, ao negro, seriam atribuídos valores de terceiro mundo e, ao branco, de primeiro mundo, porém os resultados apresentaram o inverso, o que contribuiu para a realização de outro estudo. O Estudo Empírico II objetivou verificar quais os valores sociais que os estudantes universitários atribuem às pessoas de 1º e 3º mundo. Participaram do estudo 220 estudantes de uma Universidade Pública da cidade de João Pessoa-PB (75 homens e 145 mulheres), com idade média de 21 anos (DP= 3; min= 17 e máx= 34). Foi solicitado ao estudante que indicasse, em ordem de importância, três valores dos 24 valores do QVP-24, que ele classifica como valores de Primeiro Mundo e de Terceiro Mundo. Aos países de 1º mundo, foram relacionados valores vinculados ao Desenvolvimento Individual e ao Materialismo, enquanto que aos países de 3º mundo foram atribuídos valores relacionados à Justiça Social, Desenvolvimento Profissional, Hedonismo, e à Religiosidade. Os resultados do segundo estudo indicaram que os pressupostos iniciais do primeiro estudo estavam coerentes. O estudo permite considerar que a adesão aos valores tem relação direta com a expressão do preconceito racial, e que a cor de pele (negro e branco) influencia na atribuição dos valores.