The study examined the relationship between financial intermediation and poverty in selected developing countries. In particular the study sought to examine the deterministic relationship, cointegration and the causality between financial intermediation and poverty. Panel data spanning the period 2004-2016 for 35 developing countries was employed. Substantial empirical research proposed that financial development expands economic prospects and reduces poverty and inequality. Hitherto, there is a dearth of empirical studies on the potential effects of formal financial dimensions of financial access, financial efficiency and financial stability in reducing poverty. There is also a lack of empirical work on the joint effect of the other financial dimensions in a financial intermediation setting in poverty reduction. The present study contributed to literature by including these financial dimensions in examining cointegration and causality between financial dimensions and poverty. The study employed a number of econometric methodologies to address the objectives of the research such as the GMM, panel ARDL and panel ECM. The GMM was employed to examine the determinants of poverty that were selected for this study. To examine the long run, short run and the causal relationship, the panel ARDL and the error correction model were used. In addition the study deployed PCA to develop the composite index for institutional quality. Panel heterogenous estimation methods such as the pooled mean group to infer the cointegration and causal effect between the financial dimensions and poverty were employed. The Hausman test was used to determine the most appropriate estimator and the PMG estimator was selected as the most appropriate since the p-value of the Hausman test was insignificant. The results from panel ARDL, cointegration test showed the existence of a long run relationship between financial intermediation, financial access, financial efficiency, financial access and poverty. Furthermore, the study noted that the relationship between financial intermediation and poverty differ depending on how poverty is measured. Therefore, the distortions in understanding and definition of poverty may consequently lead to distorted policies that yield little or no results for the effectiveness of the financial sector in poverty reduction.The study found strong causality in the long run for all the poverty proxies and the selected financial variables. Additionally the results from the panel causality tests indicate the bidirectional causality of the variables in the long run. We fail to observe the causality among most iii of the variables in the short run. There is strong joint causality among the variables in the panel as the results of the error correction term is negative and significant indicating that there is dynamic stability between the financial variables and poverty. The study further included the domestic public debt and remittances as determinants of poverty in a financial intermediation setting. Since domestic public debt can crowd out private credit, this study included domestic public debt for the panel of the developing countries and the study found that domestic public debt has a poverty reducing effect. Additionally the study found that remittances reduce the share of population living in poverty whilst increasing inequality as indicated in the findings of the study. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking

La seguente tesi raccoglie tre saggi su povertà, disuguaglianza e benessere in brasile. il primo capitolo si concentra sull'esplorazione delle principali determinanti della disuguaglianza brasiliana. tale capitolo prima traccia un'analisi della povertà e della disuguaglianza brasiliana. successivamente si concentra sull'analisi delle principali determinanti della disuguaglianza, in particolare le differenze etniche e geografiche, applicando alcune tecniche di scomposizione del reddito. il secondo capitolo studia la povertà brasiliana focalizzandosi sulle disparità geografiche per testare se l'approccio standard di studio della povertà è sufficientemente informativo quando si analizzano popolazioni chiaramente non omogenee. i primi due capitoli applicano metodologie di misurazione e scomposizione della povertà e della disuguaglianza nell'ambito dell'approccio standard monetario . lo scopo dell'ultimo capitolo è invece proprio quello di allargare la prospettiva della nostra analisi abbracciando l'approccio delle capacità. INFATTI, il terzo capitolo si focalizza sulla costruzione del modello e sulla stima econometrica della cosiddetta functioning production function che è una relazione in grado di spiegare in che misura gli individui sono in grado di convertire le loro risorse private e pubbliche nel raggiungimento del funzionamento specifico essere in buona salute . / This thesis is a collection of three essays on poverty, inequality and well-being for Brazil. The first chapter aims at understanding the key determinants of the Brazilian inequality. this chapter firstly sketches a poverty and inequality analysis for Brazil and then investigates the main determinants of inequality, particularly racial and geographical differences, by applying several decomposition techniques. the second chapter investigates Brazilian poverty by exploiting geographical differences and questions whether the standard approach in measuring poverty is informative enough taking into consideration that the population is clearly heterogeneous. The first two chapters of this work apply techniques able to measure and decompose both poverty and inequality within the context of the standard monetary approach. The purpose of the last chapter is to enlarge the perspective of our analysis by adopting the capability approach. hence the third chapter aims to model and estimate the health functioning production function as a relation that conveys to what extent people are able to convert private and public resources into the achievement of the specific functioning being healthy .

CAVALCANTE, Valberg Barbosa. Avaliação dos limites e restrições do fundo estadual de combate à pobreza do estado do Ceará – FECOP, um caso particular. 2013. 93f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-02T17:31:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-VBCAVALCANTE.pdf: 825527 bytes, checksum: f34e607381f288f1626c8021658f4e1e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-02T17:33:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-VBCAVALCANTE.pdf: 825527 bytes, checksum: f34e607381f288f1626c8021658f4e1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-02T17:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-VBCAVALCANTE.pdf: 825527 bytes, checksum: f34e607381f288f1626c8021658f4e1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The design of the proposed study to be described is a theme related to the Fund to Combat Poverty in the State of Ceará – FECOP, which was established by complementary Law No. 37, dated November 26, 2003 and regulated by State Decree 27379, which seeks to support the actions of public policies in overcoming poverty in the State of Ceará, in two-pronged in the structural change and the processes of compensatory policies, that involve all actions of state departments of Ceará in fighting poverty, and the proposed project seeks to put as problematic if this public policy is really reducing poverty in the State of Ceará, and what is its nature of operations in the period from 2004 to 2010, set against the backdrop Neo-Liberal and globalization of financial capitalism, as constituent elements of the expanded reproduction of poverty so widespread throughout developing countries, within an unfair inclusion of capitalist globalization. The main objective of this study is to evaluate, analyze critically and reflectively the implementation, concepts, principles and achievements of FECOP, regarding the behavior of the indices related to extreme poverty and poverty in the aforementioned period, in a differently and more comprehensive than the dominant explanatory variable used and focused only on insufficient income. / Este é um tema relacionado ao Fundo de Combate à Pobreza do Estado do Ceará – FECOP, instituído pela Lei Complementar nº 37, de 26 de novembro de 2003, regulamentado pelo Decreto Estadual nº 27.379, que busca dar suporte para as ações de políticas públicas na superação da pobreza no Estado do Ceará, em duas vertentes na mudança estrutural e nos processos de políticas compensatórias, que envolvem todas as ações das secretarias estaduais do Ceará no combate à pobreza, e o projeto proposto busca situar como problemática se está política pública esta realmente reduzindo a pobreza no Estado cearense, e qual a sua natureza de atuação, no período de 2004 a 2010, no contexto do quadro neoliberal e da mundialização do capitalismo financeiro, como elementos constitutivos da reprodução ampliada da pobreza, de forma generalizada em todos os países em desenvolvimento, dentro de uma inclusão injusta da globalização capitalista. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar, bem como examinar e reflexivamente a implementação, as concepções, os princípios e os resultados alcançados do FECOP, com relação ao comportamento dos índices referentes à pobreza extrema e da pobreza, no período há pouco mencionado, de maneira diferenciada e mais abrangente do que a variável explicativa dominante utilizada e focada apenas na insuficiência de renda.

Secretaria do Planejamento e GestÃo / RESUMO Este à um tema relacionado ao Fundo de Combate à Pobreza do Estado do Cearà â FECOP, instituÃdo pela Lei Complementar n 37, de 26 de novembro de 2003, regulamentado pelo Decreto Estadual n 27.379, que busca dar suporte para as aÃÃes de polÃticas pÃblicas na superaÃÃo da pobreza no Estado do CearÃ, em duas vertentes na mudanÃa estrutural e nos processos de polÃticas compensatÃrias, que envolvem todas as aÃÃes das secretarias estaduais do Cearà no combate à pobreza, e o projeto proposto busca situar como problemÃtica se està polÃtica pÃblica esta realmente reduzindo a pobreza no Estado cearense, e qual a sua natureza de atuaÃÃo, no perÃodo de 2004 a 2010, no contexto do quadro neoliberal e da mundializaÃÃo do capitalismo financeiro, como elementos constitutivos da reproduÃÃo ampliada da pobreza, de forma generalizada em todos os paÃses em desenvolvimento, dentro de uma inclusÃo injusta da globalizaÃÃo capitalista. O objetivo principal deste estudo à avaliar, bem como examinar e reflexivamente a implementaÃÃo, as concepÃÃes, os princÃpios e os resultados alcanÃados do FECOP, com relaÃÃo ao comportamento dos Ãndices referentes à pobreza extrema e da pobreza, no perÃodo hà pouco mencionado, de maneira diferenciada e mais abrangente do que a variÃvel explicativa dominante utilizada e focada apenas na insuficiÃncia de renda. / ABSTRACT The design of the proposed study to be described is a theme related to the Fund to Combat Poverty in the State of Cearà â FECOP, which was established by complementary Law No. 37, dated November 26, 2003 and regulated by State Decree 27379, which seeks to support the actions of public policies in overcoming poverty in the State of CearÃ, in two-pronged in the structural change and the processes of compensatory policies, that involve all actions of state departments of Cearà in fighting poverty, and the proposed project seeks to put as problematic if this public policy is really reducing poverty in the State of CearÃ, and what is its nature of operations in the period from 2004 to 2010, set against the backdrop Neo-Liberal and globalization of financial capitalism, as constituent elements of the expanded reproduction of poverty so widespread throughout developing countries, within an unfair inclusion of capitalist globalization. The main objective of this study is to evaluate, analyze critically and reflectively the implementation, concepts, principles and achievements of FECOP, regarding the behavior of the indices related to extreme poverty and poverty in the aforementioned period, in a differently and more comprehensive than the dominant explanatory variable used and focused only on insufficient income.

Throughout the twentieth century so-called Poor Whites caused anxiety in countries where racial domination was crucial, such as South Africa, the colonies of European empire and the United States. The Poor Whites were troubling for a number of reasons, not least because they threatened white prestige and the entire system of racial control. The efforts of various governments, organisations and experts to discipline, control and uplift the group necessarily disadvantaged other races. These controls, such as colour bars and Jim Crow laws, had an enormous effect on the countries where the Poor Whites were seen as a problem. The results can still be seen in the profoundly unequal contemporary racial landscape, and which is given expression by protest groups such as Black Lives Matter. Yet the efforts to manage the Poor Whites have thus far been examined on a national basis — as a problem of the United States, or of South Africa, to name just the most significant locales and regimes. This dissertation attempts to expand our understanding of the geography of the Poor Whites by arguing that the ‘Poor White Problem’ was a transnational concern rooted in racial interests that transcended national concerns. The racial solidarity displayed by so-called ‘white men’s countries’ was also extended to the Poor Whites. Efforts to control and discipline the population were thus in service of the white race as a whole, and ignored national interests and national borders. The transnational management of the Poor Whites was done through a network of transnational organisations such as the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as the careering experts they employed. The dissertation argues that these attempts constituted a transnational ‘governmentality’ according to which these organisations and their experts attempted to discipline a Poor White population that they viewed as transnational in order to uphold white prestige and tacitly maintain both global and local racial systems. This dissertation examines some of the ways in which Poor Whites were disciplined and racially rehabilitated. It examines health and sanitation, education and training, housing standards and the management of urban space, and finally photographic representation.