Rhetoric of "community-based conservation" has gained prominence among development specialists and environmentalists, yet such projects are often implemented from the top-down in Africa. This dissertation contends that only a bottom-up approach can foster resilient livelihoods and environmental stewardship. This study focused on determinants of household resilience within a poverty-stricken agricultural community near Gombe Stream National Park (GSNP) in western Tanzania. The research purpose was to explore: 1) relationships between villagers and GSNP management; 2) how groups and individuals view priority livelihood problems and solutions; 3) various attributes of households; and 4) perceived trends for household resilience and how these are related to natural, social, human, and financial capital as per the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF). A mixed-methods approach provided qualitative and quantitative assessments. Data collection consisted of Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys. The RRA was conducted adjacent to GSNP while other work was implemented over a larger area. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square, and logistic regression. Regression examined relationships between trends in resilience variables (quality of life or ability to solve problems) versus trends in capital. Results from the RRA indicated high polarization and problems between villagers and GSNP management. A more complex picture, however, emerged from subsequent investigations revealing that the most important issues facing local communities were inadequate public services, ineffective leadership, and development isolation. This situation was exacerbated by population growth, poverty, and environmental decline. Regression results identified lack of income, manual labor, and skills and knowledge as factors undermining household resilience. Other data indicated a need for improving farming systems. In conclusion, while all forms of capital mattered to resilience, human and financial were most lacking. Knowledge of such variation strengthens future applications of the SLF. Practical implications include how an indigenous educational institution, the Gombe School of Environment and Society (GOSESO), could operate in the area. The GOSESO needs to adopt a bottom-up, participatory approach that emphasizes capacity building for poverty reduction and conservation. This could allow for broader goals of economic and cultural vitality, as well as environmental stewardship, to be achieved.

Questa tesi è composta di tre saggi collegati relativi a povertà, distribuzione del reddito e stato di nutrizione dei bambini in Uganda. Il primo saggio intitolato “Poverty reduction and Income Distribution Impacts of Exogenous Policy Shocks in Uganda: A Social Accounting Matrix Perspective” analizza come e quali settori ed agenti economici sarebbero maggiormente colpiti da shock esogeni di politica economica che abbiano l'obiettivo della crescita economica, distribuzione del reddito e della riduzione della povertà. La metodologia applicata in questo studio è un modello di equilibrio economico generale - il modello del moltiplicatore della Matrice di Contabilità Sociale (SAM)- basato sulla SAM Ugandese del 2002. Il secondo saggio intitolato “Measurement of Multidimensional Child Poverty in Uganda” utilizza indicatori antropometrici ed un indicatore composito della ricchezza famigliare come misure del benessere dei bambini e applica l'approccio del Dual Cutoff e Counting proposto da Alkire e Foster (2007, 2011) per costruire un indice multidimensionale della povertà infantile in Uganda. Il terzo saggio, intitolato “The Relationship Between Maternal Autonomy and Child Stunting in Uganda” utilizza utilizza misure di autonomia femminile quali la libertà di movimento per visitare la famiglia ed i parenti, il potere decisionale nel fare cospicue spese familiari e giornaliere e l'atteggiamento femminile verso l'abuso fisico e verbale per analizzare la relazione tra autonomia femminile e rachitismo infantile in Uganda. I dati per i saggi 2 e 3 provengono dall'Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) per l'anno 2006. I risultati dimostrano che il settore immobiliare, agricolo, commerciale e di trasformazione alimentare sono fondamentali in Uganda; 30% dei bambini sono multidimensionalmente poveri e una bassa autonomia materna è associata al rachitismo. / The thesis consists of three interrelated essays on poverty, income distribution and child nutritional status in Uganda. The first essay titled “Poverty reduction and Income Distribution Impacts of Exogenous Policy Shocks in Uganda: A Social Accounting Matrix Perspective” asks, how and which sectors and economic agents would be most affected by exogenous policy shocks that target growth, income distribution and poverty reduction? This is answered by a way of a general equilibrium model - the social accounting matrix (SAM)-based multiplier model based on the 2002 Uganda SAM. The second essay titled “Measurement of Multidimensional Child Poverty in Uganda” uses the anthropometric indicators and a household composite wealth indicator as measures of child well-being and applies the Dual Cutoff and Counting approach proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007, 2011) to construct a multidimensional child poverty index for Uganda. The third essay titled “The Relationship Between Maternal Autonomy and Child Stunting in Uganda” uses direct evidence on measures of women’s autonomy namely, freedom of movement to visit families or relatives, decisionmaking power on making large household and daily purchases, and women’s attitude toward verbal and physical abuse to examine the relationship between maternal autonomy and child stunting in Uganda. Data for essay 2 and 3 were drawn from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) for the year 2006. Results show that key sectors in Uganda are Real estate, Agriculture, Trade and Food processing industries; 30% of children are multidimensionally poor; and low maternal autonomy is associated with stunting.

Aquesta recerca es va desenvolupar al Perú, país d'economia emergent i de renda mitjana-alta. Si bé té un creixement econòmic sostingut, els seus indicadors de pobresa no disminueixen al ritme del seu creixement i el seu nivell d'iniquitat econòmica continua essent un dels més elevats de l'Amèrica Llatina. L'objectiu d'aquesta recerca és comprendre i explicar la relació que s'estableix entre les empreses i les famílies que incentiven la reducció de la pobresa en l'àmbit rural. Els resultats contribueixen a entendre l'aportació que el sector privat pot fer en la reducció de la pobresa rural. La recerca s'ha fet d'acord amb el mètode qualitatiu, basat en l'estudi de quatre casos, de dues empreses financeres: la Financiera Confianza i la Caja Municipal de Ahorro y Crédito del Cusco, i de dues empreses extractives: la Minera Yanacocha i el Grupo Energético Aguaytía. El marc conceptual sobre la responsabilitat social s'ha basat en les teories d'Archie B. Carroll, Michael Porter i Mark Kramer, els quals identifiquen quatre tipus de relacions: econòmica, legal, ètica i filantròpica. I en tres teories endògenes sobre la reducció de la pobresa: la capitalització dels actius físics de la població pobra, d'Hernando de Soto; el desenvolupament de les capacitats humanes, d'Amartya Sen, i l'accés als mercats, de C. K. Prahalad, coneguda com el model de la "base de la piràmide" (BOP). D'acord amb les conclusions obtingudes, la relació entre l'empresa i la família ha contribuït efectivament a reduir la pobresa. Dels quatre tipus de relació empresa- família, el tipus de relació preponderant és l'econòmica, seguit de l'ètica i de la filantròpica. A partir de l'anàlisi dels casos, es comprova que les famílies rurals han utilitzat, principalment, dues de les estratègies esmentades per superar la pobresa: l'estratègia d'accés als mercats, enunciada per C. K. Prahalad, i l'estratègia de desenvolupament de capacitats, enunciada per Amartya Sen. L'estratègia de valorització dels actius físics, proposada per De Soto, acompleix una funció en la disminució de la vulnerabilitat social, és a dir, a evitar que les famílies que van superar la pobresa hi tornin a caure. Això confirma el potencial contributiu del sector privat en la reducció de la pobresa rural. / La presente investigación se desarrolló en el Perú, país de economía emergente y de renta media alta. Aún cuando cuenta con un crecimiento económico sostenido, sus indicadores de pobreza no disminuye al ritmo de su crecimiento y su nivel de inequidad economica sigue siendo uno de los más altos en latinoamerica. El propósito de esta investigación es comprender y explicar la relación establecida entre las empresas y las familias que incentivan la reducción de la pobreza en el ámbito rural. Los resultados contribuyen a la comprensión del aporte que puede hacer el sector privado en la reducción de la pobreza rural. La investigación se realizó con el método cualitativo, basado en cuatro estudios de casos; dos empresas financieras: La Financiera Confianza, La Caja Municipal de Ahorro y Crédito del Cusco, y dos empresas extractivas: la Minera Yanacocha y el Grupo Energético Aguaytía. El marco conceptual sobre la responsabilidad social se basó en las teorías de Archie B. Carroll y Michael Porter y Mark Kramer. Quienes han identificado cuatro tipos de relaciones: económica, legal, ética y filantrópica. Y tres teorías endógenas sobre la reducción de la pobreza; la capitalización de los activos físicos de la población pobre de Hernando de Soto; el desarrollo de las capacidades humanas de Amartya Sen, y el acceso a los mercado de C.K. Prahalad, conocida como el modelo de la Base de la Pirámide, BOP. Según los hallazgos la relación entre la empresa y la familia ha contribuido efectivamente en la reducción de la pobreza. De los cuatro tipos de relación Empresa-Familia; el tipo de relación preponderante es la económica, seguido del tipo de relación ética, y la relación filantrópica. De acuerdo con el análisis de los casos, se comprueba que las familias rurales han utilizado, principalmente dos de las estrategias mencionadas para superar su pobreza; la estrategia de acceso a los mercados, enunciada por C. K. Prahalad, y la estrategia de desarrollo de capacidades, enunciada por Amartya Sen. La estrategia de valorización de activos físicos, propuesta por De Soto, cumple una función en la disminución de la vulnerabilidad social, es decir en evitar que las familias que superaron la pobreza vuelvan a caer en ella. Confirmando de esta manera el potencial contributivo del sector privado en la reducción de la pobreza rural. / This research was undertaken in Peru. Peru is a country with an emerging economy, growing at an average annual rate of 7% per annum, and middle income country. Nevertheless, its poverty and economic inequality indicators are among the highest in Latin America. The aim of this research is to understand and explain those relationships established between business and families that promote poverty reduction in rural areas. This research was developed using a qualitative method based on four case studies; two finance companies: Financiera Confianza, Caja Municipal de Ahorro y Crédito del Cusco and two extractive companies: Yanacocha Mining Company, Aguaytia Energy Group. The conceptual framework relating to social responsibility is based on the theories of Archie B. Carroll, Michael Porter and Mark Kramer, who recognize four kinds of relationships between business and families: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic. In addition, they acknowledge three endogenous theories of poverty reduction: Hernando de Soto's theory of asset capitalization of the impoverished, the human capability development of Amartya Sen, and C.K. Prahalad's market access theory, known as the Base of the Pyramid model (BOP.) The findings of this research demonstrated that the relationship between business and families has contributed to poverty reduction in rural areas. Of the four kinds of relationships, the economic type predominated, followed by the ethic and philanthropic relationships. According to the case analyses, the participating rural families primarily employed two strategies in order to overcome their poverty: the market access model of C.K. Prahalad and Sen's capabilitiy development strategy. Furthermore, the asset capitalization theory of De Soto contributed to decreases in social vulnerability; that is to say, it helps ensure that rural families do not return to poverty. These outcomes confirm the strength of the private sector's contribution to rural poverty reduction.

No description available.

Economic growth alone may not solve the problem of poverty. Our behavioral analyses reveal that human capital is one of the key forces of reducing poverty and promoting economic growth. However, one's human capital accumulation is restricted by his personal lifetime funds. Then the efficiency of national funds allocation in China is investigated. Results show that an equal allocation of national funds should be adopted by Chinese government, with which the economy can develop in a way both fast and just.

In view of the high levels of poverty in most under-developed and developing countries, poverty reduction has become an international phenomenon. South Africa (SA) is a country faced with the challenge of poverty as a result of the high rates of unemployment fifteen (15) years after the introduction of the new democratic dispensation. Poverty reduction has been placed at the centre of global development objectives to improve people‟s lives through expanding their choices, their freedom, and their dignity. Numerous countries have developed poverty-reduction strategies, which are over-arching macro-strategies implemented by different social and economic sectors in collaboration with the private sector. South Africa, however, does not have an over-arching poverty reduction strategy, which is the key national governmental priority, although many poverty-reduction programmes exist. The existing poverty reduction initiatives in South Africa, such as Income Generating Projects (IGPs), are either established by Government or the Civil Society structures with the aim to assist in changing the standard of living of poor people so that they can at least meet their basic needs, such as food, shelter and clothing. This study focuses on the IGPs that operate in Atteridgeville, Tshwane, with the view to explore and describe the experiences of individuals who participate in these IGPs. A qualitative research approach was selected for the study and three IGPs were selected from the Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) that affiliate to the Phelindaba Forum. This Forum coordinates social development activities in Atteridgeville, Saulsville and Mshengoville. The findings of the study indicated that although IGPs are established to benefit participants financially, there are other factors that motivate people to join and remain in the projects, such as moral support amongst members. Furthermore, some NGOs claim to facilitate IGPs, but in some instances, these IGPs are left to operate on their own without much needed assistance. The recommendation for future studies is that participants need to be engaged with in order to get a true reflection of how the IGPs operate. The assistance and support of NGOs are crucial for the sustainability of such projects. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

Submitted by Rômulo Aguiar (romulo.aguiar@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-04T19:45:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEJACQUELINEJESUS.pdf: 3253726 bytes, checksum: 11d79bfe25a5931030fe2360ef0a7c52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-04T19:56:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEJACQUELINEJESUS.pdf: 3253726 bytes, checksum: 11d79bfe25a5931030fe2360ef0a7c52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T19:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEJACQUELINEJESUS.pdf: 3253726 bytes, checksum: 11d79bfe25a5931030fe2360ef0a7c52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / Esta tese tem por objetivo avaliar o microcrédito na Região Metropolitana de Salvador (RMS) no período compreendido entre 2010 e 2014. Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação a partir de dados coletados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), Banco do Nordeste (BNB), Banco Central (BACEN), Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE), dentre outros. Através da análise de dados, mostrou-se que tanto a população quanto os empreendimentos da região metropolitana buscam cada vez mais pelo microcrédito e, que os microempreendimentos individuais, solidários ou não, são vistos como a saída para geração e complementação da renda familiar. A pesquisa realizada também revela que o microcrédito é uma atividade importante na economia baiana e brasileira, especialmente se comparada a outros países da América Latina. Mostra ainda que a ampliação da oferta do microcrédito é parte do modelo que tem por objetivo a gestão da pobreza e seus efeitos na sociedade, e que a oferta de serviços de microfinanças cresce fundamentada nas orientações caracterizadas por procedimentos de rentabilidade tipicamente financeiros. Os resultados revelam que, entre 2010 e 2014, houve desenvolvimento social na Região Metropolitana de Salvador, porém não foi possível associar as melhorias aos programas de microcrédito ofertados na região. / This thesis aims to evaluate microcredit in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador (RMS) in the period between 2010 and 2014. This paper presents an investigation based on data collected from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), Banco do Nordeste (BNB), Banco Central (BACEN), Brazilian Service to Support Micro and Small Enterprises (SEBRAE), among others. Through the analysis of data, it was shown that both the population and the enterprises of the metropolitan region are increasingly seeking microcredit and that individual microenterprises are seen as the output for generation and complementation of family income. The research also reveals that microcredit is an important activity in the Bahia and Brazilian economy, especially when compared to other Latin American countries. It also shows that the expansion of the microcredit supply is part of the model that has the objective of managing poverty and its effects on society, and that the supply of microfinance services grows based on guidelines characterized by typically financial profitability procedures. The results show that, between 2010 and 2014, there was social development in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, but it was not possible to associate the improvements to the microcredit programs offered in the region.

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM / This research acknowledges that although literature abounds on development assistance in general, not much has been published yet on Cameroon specifically. Therefore, this mini-thesis seeks to contribute to fill this gap. Moreover, it aims to examine both development assistance legislative frameworks in Cameroon and above all to compare them in order to find out which development assistance approach is the most aligned in terms of international obligations relative to human rights and economic development. The IMF-World Bank’s Comprehensive Approach to debt Reduction, (the HIPC Initiative), and China’s White Paper on Foreign Aid have been specifically chosen for this research for two main reasons: first, these two international instruments are significantly impacting upon and reshaping Cameroon’s political, social and economic development architecture since Cameroon economic crisis exists till today; and secondly, to enlighten the public, academicians, policy makers, on development assistance in Cameroon given that legal sources on the topic exist but mostly unpublished and inaccessible Therefore this research will be restricted to the period from Cameroon’s economic crisis in 1980 up to 2014. Given the limited availability of primary legal sources at both the international and domestic levels, this research will primarily look at HIPC Initiative Agreement and the Chinese White Paper on Foreign Aid. Moreover, this study will be conducted in form of the available HIPC documents and reports on Cameroon regularly published by the staff of IMF and the World Bank and specifically the HIPC Decision Point Document and the HIPC Completion Point Document of Cameroon. In addition, this study will rely on primary legal sources relative to states international obligations regarding human rights and economic cooperation such as, the UDHR (10 December 1948), the ICCPR (16 December 1966), the ICESCR (16 December 1966) and the Declaration on the Right to Development (4 December 1986). In the case of China’s development assistance approach, given that neither China nor Cameroon release specific bilateral treaties or agreements related to their development co-operation and the fact that documents and publications relative to Cameroon’s development assistance are mostly unpublished and inaccessible, this study will principally focus on the Chinese White Paper on Foreign Aid. It will also look, amongst others, at the Beijing Declaration of the FOCAC (2004), the White Paper on China-Africa Economic and Trade Co-operation (August 2013). Moreover this research will be complemented through secondary sources such as books, journals articles, report, working papers, press reviews, drafts, deliberation of international conferences and international summits, and internet sources

Cette thèse est basée sur une analyse de l’importance des mots et concepts associés, et de leur efficacité dans la définition des politiques de développement mises en œuvre en Côte d’Ivoire, un pays qui a été longtemps considéré comme une vitrine de l’application de ces politiques.Le cadre conceptuel se fonde sur les analyses de Pierre Bourdieu (1982, 1991) qui insistent sur le pouvoir du discours et du vocabulaire qui lui est associé. En effet, pour lui, il existe un marché linguistique sur lequel s’échange, selon des rapports de force, une surenchère de mots et de concepts. En conformité avec cette vision, nous pensons qu’il existe aussi un tel marché qui est propre au développement. Ce marché se caractérise par des rapports de force entre acteurs sociaux pour le contrôle d’un « pouvoir symbolique » qui s’affirme dans les échanges linguistiques. Certains de ces acteurs appelés « experts » créent ainsi les mots du développement, alors que d’autres, notamment les gouvernements des pays en développement (PED) et leurs populations, les reçoivent, les intègrent ou, au contraire, les réinterprètent en leur donnant parfois un sens différent. Et comme sur tout marché, un prix d’équilibre permet de réguler les échanges. On peut considérer que ce prix correspond au montant des crédits et financements accordés par les bailleurs de fonds.Dans ce cadre, on peut s’interroger sur le pouvoir des mots, et concepts associés, dans la définition, et la mise en œuvre, des politiques économiques de développement, et sur leur efficacité en termes de réduction de la pauvreté. C’est ce questionnement qui fonde la thèse.Pour y répondre nous avons examiné le discours des différentes parties prenantes au développement de la Côte d’Ivoire, en confrontant les résultats d’entretiens qualitatifs auprès d’acteurs de la vie sociale ivoirienne aux textes officiels du gouvernement et des Institutions de Bretton Woods (IBW).La première partie de la thèse examine l’histoire des faits économiques du développement pour la Côte d’Ivoire, en montrant comment un discours s’appuyant sur des théories économiques qui fonde les pratiques du développement permet l’émergence d’un pouvoir symbolique. Ainsi, en est-il du « miracle économique ivoirien » dont la faillite a conduit aux politiques d’ajustement structurel, puis aux objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté. A chaque étape, l’apparition de vocables particuliers, concepts et expressions spécifiques, ont corroboré les jeux d’acteurs et théories sous-jacentes pas toujours clairement énoncées.La deuxième partie montre comment à l’issue des politiques d’ajustement, et de la crise qui s’en est suivie, la Côte d'Ivoire a tenté d'adapter ses politiques économiques aux nouveaux concepts et mots du développement, tels que « résilience », « équité » ou « émergence », en se référant à l’approche du développement humain durable. C’est peut-être l’occasion pour elle de reconquérir à travers de nouveaux échanges linguistiques sur le marché du développement, ce pouvoir d’ordre symbolique qu’elle possédait auparavant. / This thesis focuses on the analysis of official and usual discourses in order to evaluate the efficiency of wording and concepts in the definition of the economic development policies implemented in Côte d'Ivoire, a country which was considered as a showcase of the implementation of these policies.The conceptual framework refers to the work of Pierre Bourdieu (1982, 1991), who emphasizes the power of discourse and associated vocabulary. Indeed, according to Bourdieu, there is a linguistic market on which is exchanged, an overbidding of words and concepts. In keeping with this vision, we believe that there is also such a market that is specific to development. This market is characterized by a balance of power between social actors for the control of a "symbolic power" which asserts itself in linguistic exchanges. Some of these actors named as "experts" thus create the words of development, while others, notably developing country governments (DCs) and their populations, receive, integrate or reinterpret them, sometimes giving another meaning. And as in any market, an equilibrium price allows regulating the exchanges. The amount of credits and financing granted by donors may be considered as such a price.In this context, the power of words and related concepts in the definition and implementation of economic development policies and their effectiveness in terms of poverty reduction can be questioned. It is answering to this question which constitutes the objective of the thesis.In order to answer this question we examined the discourse of the various stakeholders involved in the development of Côte d'Ivoire, by comparing the results of qualitative interviews from actors of the Ivorian social life to the official texts of the government and the Bretton Woods institutions IBW).The first part of the thesis examines the history of Côte d'Ivoire's economic development policies, showing how a discourse based on economic theories that underpins the practices of development allows the emergence of a symbolic power. Thus, is the so-called "Ivorian economic miracle", the failure of which led to structural adjustment policies and then to the objectives of poverty reduction. At each stage, the appearance of specific terms, concepts and expressions, have corroborated the sets of actors and underlying theories that are not always explicitly stated.The second part shows how, following the adjustment policies and the ensuing crisis, Côte d'Ivoire has tried to adapt its economic development policies to the new concepts and words such as " resilience "," equity "or" emergence ", with reference to the sustainable human development approach. It is perhaps an opportunity for her to regain, through new linguistic exchanges within the development market, the symbolic power she possessed before.