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By August 2016, 180 countries have signed the Paris Agreement and committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2degC above pre-industrial levels. Abiding by the agreement will require a substantial reduction of emissions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases by the end of this century. In this context, the decarbonisation of the global power sector is of strategic importance, because low-carbon electricity has system-wide benefits that go beyond the electricity sector, enabling significant reductions of CO2 emissions in the industry, transport and buildings sectors. To make the necessary changes depends partly on improving the analysis and estimates of the economics of climate change, and for that there is an urgent need for a new generation of models that give a more accurate picture of the potential decarbonisation pathways. The technological transition towards a low carbon power sector depends on many uncertain factors, such as policy efficiency, renewable energy investment and availability of energy resources. The knowledge about how these uncertain factors interact, and the impacts on the technological evolution of the energy sector, are the key to creating successful policies for driving the economy towards a cleaner, low carbon society. In this context, the work presented here provides decarbonisation scenarios of the global power sector, under uncertain drivers of technological change, and in doing so, enables a better understanding of technology diffusion process in the power sector. The scenarios are created using the FTT:Power model, a representation of global power systems based on market competition, induced technological change and natural resource use and depletion. The scenarios analysed in this dissertation are focused on four drivers of technological change: energy policy, energy resource availability, learning and investment. The influence of uncertainty on each of these drivers is analysed in detail, through endogenous emission scenarios of the global power sector between 2016 and 2050. Emission pathways with uncertainty ranges, as well as policy recommendations, are presented as a result of the modelling exercise.

A energia elétrica vem se tornando cada vez mais relevante à medida que a tecnologia avança e se consolida em nossa sociedade. A crescente demanda por eletricidade e as gerações tecnológicas emergentes, como a indústria 4.0 e as cidades inteligentes, demandam das distribuidoras de energia maior capacidade de suprimento e melhores condições de fornecimento. Para se manterem viáveis a longo prazo e competitivas neste dinâmico setor, as distribuidoras de energia precisam perceber e se adaptar a essas transformações, promovendo iniciativas inovadoras que contribuam para a melhoria em seu desempenho. Esta e uma das propostas do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) do setor elétrico brasileiro que, em linha com outras iniciativas globais de inovação, pretende aperfeiçoar os serviços do setor. Enquanto alguns estudos sugerem que os investimentos em P&D contribuem para o desempenho das distribuidoras, outros discordam afirmando que não há qualquer relação, e que tais investimentos são realizados apenas por motivações regulatórias. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa analisa o modo como os investimentos em P&D afetam o desempenho das distribuidoras de energia elétrica, aqui visto sob três perspectivas: 1) econômico-financeiro; 2) qualidade do serviço; e 3) perdas técnicas. Esta pesquisa emprega a técnica de análise de regressão múltipla com dados em painel de 59 distribuidoras brasileiras, no período entre 2011 e 2016, coletados junto a ANEEL. Os resultados indicam que os investimentos em P&D contribuem positiva e significativamente para o desempenho econômico-financeiro das distribuidoras. Similarmente, os resultados sugerem que as perdas de energia sofrem redução à medida que as distribuidoras investem em P&D. Nossas análises, contudo, não apresentam evidências suficientes de que os investimentos em P&D contribuem para o desempenho em qualidade do serviço prestado pelas distribuidoras / Electrical energy is becoming more relevant as technology advances and consolidates in our society. Growing demand for electricity and emerging technology generations, such as the 4.0 industry and smart cities, demand from energy distributors greater supply capacity and better supply conditions. To remain viable in the long-term and competitive in this dynamic sector, energy distributors need to perceive and adapt to these transformations, promoting innovative initiatives that contribute to the improvement of their performance. That is one of the Research and Development Program (R&D) of the Brazilian power sector proposals, which in line with other global innovation initiatives, intends to improve services in the sector. While some studies suggest that R&D investments contribute to the performance of distributors, others argue that there is no relationship and that such investments are made only for regulatory reasons. Therefore, this study examines how R&D investment affects the performance of electric power distributors, viewed here from three perspectives: 1) economic and financial, 2) quality of service, and 3) technical losses. This research uses the multiple regression analysis techniques with panel data from 59 Brazilian distributors, between 2011 and 2016, collected from ANEEL. Results indicate that investment in R&D contributes positively and significantly to the economic-financial performance of the distributors. Similarly, the results reveal that investment in R&D reduces energy losses. This research, however, does not provide sufficient evidence that R&D investment contributes to a better quality of services.

O estudo visa investigar os impactos do abastecimento por águas subterrâneas no setor energético brasileiro, as dinâmicas das tomadas de decisões no gerenciamento hídrico e gerenciamento energético brasileiro, e apontar onde as ações para a sustentabilidade no bombeamento de águas subterrâneas devem ser tomadas. A geração, consumo e gestão de energia interagem de muitas formas com os recursos hídricos, contudo o gerenciamento das águas superficiais difere do gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas. Cerca de 2,6% do consumo energético brasileiro é utilizado para abastecimento por águas subterrâneas. Ações para eficiência energética neste setor podem trazer economia de energia. / The study aims to investigate the impacts of groundwater supply in the Brazilian energy sector, the dynamics of decision making in water management and Brazilian energy management, and to point out where actions for sustainability in pumping groundwater must be taken. Power generation, consumption and management interact in many ways with water resources, yet surface water management differs from groundwater management. About 2.6% of Brazilian energy consumption is used for groundwater supply. Actions for energy efficiency in this sector can bring energy savings.

Decarbonization of the power sector is of great importance for the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon world economy. Estimating carbon efficiency in the power sector is a key step to grasp the impact of demand-side usage changes and evaluate their potential environmental benefits. In order to quantify the environmental benefits of demand-side usage changes, Average Emission Factor (AEF) and Marginal Emission Factor (MEF) have been proposed in the electrical power sector. AEF is defined as the ratio of the total CO2 emitted in the system to the total electricity generated. It is an effective factor for reporting on CO2 emissions at system level and on an average basis, but the current AEF model lacks clarity on the factors actually affecting the estimation. MEF is defined as the incremental change in carbon emissions as a result of a change in demand. However, previous MEF assessments did not consider key technical limitations, such as ramp-rate constraint for generators and network constraints, and carbon trading mechanisms. This thesis improves the estimation for both AEF and MEF and key achievements can be summarized as: 1). A novel model of estimating AEF, with its application to GB, US and China’s electricity system. 2). Improvement on conventional MEF model by considering ramp-rate constraint in dispatch order. 3). Sensitivity studies on MEF using current fuel prices and future fuel prices. 4). A new model of estimating MEF considering both the utilization level of generators and the carbon costs when determining the dispatch order. 5). The effect of power network on MEF estimation, with a comparison of congested scenarios and non-congested scenario.

O estudo visa investigar os impactos do abastecimento por águas subterrâneas no setor energético brasileiro, as dinâmicas das tomadas de decisões no gerenciamento hídrico e gerenciamento energético brasileiro, e apontar onde as ações para a sustentabilidade no bombeamento de águas subterrâneas devem ser tomadas. A geração, consumo e gestão de energia interagem de muitas formas com os recursos hídricos, contudo o gerenciamento das águas superficiais difere do gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas. Cerca de 2,6% do consumo energético brasileiro é utilizado para abastecimento por águas subterrâneas. Ações para eficiência energética neste setor podem trazer economia de energia. / The study aims to investigate the impacts of groundwater supply in the Brazilian energy sector, the dynamics of decision making in water management and Brazilian energy management, and to point out where actions for sustainability in pumping groundwater must be taken. Power generation, consumption and management interact in many ways with water resources, yet surface water management differs from groundwater management. About 2.6% of Brazilian energy consumption is used for groundwater supply. Actions for energy efficiency in this sector can bring energy savings.

Turkey, as a recent signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has to adopt policies to restrict greenhouse gas emissions at a time when energy demand is increasing rapidly. We report on an intertemporal, spatial network model representing the energy system that seeks to address the difficult trade-offs involved. We compute and optimal mix of fuels and technologies / considering efficiencies and investments in generation and transmission. The model allows analysis of emissions and investment decisions to attain set targets. Extensions allowing the study of dependency on fossil fuels and imports are also discussed.

One of the most relevant powers available for the Public Administration so it is able to meet its objectives is the supervisory power. However, this is a matter insufficiently studied in the national legal ambit. In this article, the author conceptualizes the legal figure of supervision, proposing that it is a synonym of “inspection” and other similar concepts, and that it has wider purposes than the ones established in the Peruvian administrative legislation (that tends only to subsume it into the sanctioning power). With this theoretical framework, the author briefly analyses the phenomenon of the delegation of this power in the Peruvian power sector. / Una de las potestades más importantes con las que cuenta la Administración Pública para cumplir con sus fines es la de supervisión. Sin embargo este es un tema que ha sido poco estudiado en el ámbito jurídico nacional. En el presente artículo, el autor conceptualiza jurídicamente la figura de la supervisión, planteando que es un sinónimo de “fiscalización” y otros conceptos similares, y que tiene unos fines más amplios que los reconocidos por la legislación administrativa (que tiende sólo a subsumirla en la potestad sancionadora). Con este marco teórico, el autor analiza brevemente el fenómeno de la delegación de esta potestad en el sector eléctrico peruano.

Orientador: Sérgio Luiz Monteiro Salles Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:46:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Massaguer_PedroXavierRodriguez_M.pdf: 1726231 bytes, checksum: eadbef8f84de75e31cc09360e94f0b81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Considerando a relação entre a inovação e o desenvolvimento econômico e social, os estímulos às atividades de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação (P,D & I) têm sido tema recorrente na agenda de discussão das políticas públicas voltadas à competitividade do setor produtivo nacional. No setor elétrico, o estímulo às atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) resultou na promulgação da Lei n° 9.991/2000, que determina às empresas concessionárias, permissionárias e autorizadas do serviço público de energia elétrica realizar investimentos mínimos nestas atividades, de acordo com regulamentação definida pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Desde 1998, início do programa, houve razoável evolução caracterizada principalmente pelo aumento do número de projetos, intensificação do relacionamento entre as concessionárias de energia, universidades e centros de pesquisa no planejamento e execução dos projetos. No entanto, com relação ao tema da inovação tecnológica, as empresas do setor elétrico, e a própria ANEEL, ainda tratam o tema com perspectiva de uma obrigação. Essa perspectiva decorre da dificuldade que o marco regulatório apresenta em compreender o papel da inovação e suas especificidades setoriais. Dentre os aspectos identificados nesta pesquisa, relacionados ás estratégias que leve em conta a inovação estão: (i) as características evolutivas da indústria de energia elétrica, (ii) os reflexos da regulação: de mercado, tarifária, e das atividades de P&D sobre as estratégias de expansão das concessionárias; (iii) as influências tecnológicas que englobam a competição entre diferentes alternativas, em patamares de desenvolvimento diferenciados; (iv) as influencias sociais e de programas institucionais relacionadas ao desenvolvimento, adoção e difusão de tecnologias de menor impacto ambiental e (v) as especificidades relacionadas às inter-relações das diferentes classes de atores envolvidos (concessionárias de energia, universidades, centros de pesquisa e indústria de máquinas e equipamentos elétricos). Assim, este trabalho discute quais seriam os desafios e perspectivas em termos de esforços de P,D & I no setor elétrico brasileiro. Dentre os desafios identificados relacionados ao estabelecimento de um ciclo virtuoso no sistema setorial de inovação elétrico brasileiro destaca-se a necessidade do estabelecimento de um modelo de regulação das atividades de P&D no qual o esforço de inovação seja premiado. Neste sentido, são discutidas diversas ações voltadas ao fortalecimento do sistema setorial. Além disso, são analisados três cenários relacionados às atividades de P,D & I no setor elétrico brasileiro no médio e longo prazo. Um primeiro cenário tendencial, um segundo de regressão e um terceiro que atribui maior protagonismo às empresas do setor nos esforços de inovação / Abstract: Considering the relationship between innovation and economic and social development, the stimulus for the activities of Research, Development & Innovation (RD & I) has been a regular theme in the agenda of public policies on competitiveness of almost all sectors. In the Brazilian power energy sector, the stimulus to RD & I is formally institutionalized in the Law 9.991/2000, which determines the concessionaires, licensees and authorized public service of energy power make investments in these activities. The enforcement is regulated by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). Since 1998, RD & I efforts has experimented a quite important evolution, mainly based on the increasing of projects, and by the strengthening of cooperation among energy companies and universities, research centers and some firms from the supply chain. However, electric companies, and ANEEL by itself, still consider RD & I in-house efforts as a matter of enforcement. This situation is strongly based on the conditions of the regulatory framework. Among the issues identified in this research related to strategies that take into account the innovation are: (i) the evolutionary characteristics of the electric power industry, (ii) the effects of the regulation: market pricing, and R & D on expansion strategies of utilities, (iii) the technological influences that include the competition between different alternatives in different stages of development, (iv) the influence of social and institutional programs related to the development, adoption and diffusion of technologies with less environmental impact and (v) the specific interrelationships of different stakeholders (power utilities, universities, research centers and industrial machinery and electrical equipment). The present dissertation discusses what are the challenges and trends in terms of R, D & I in the Brazilian electric sector. Among the identified challenges we highlighted the need for the establishment of a regulatory model of R & D in which the innovation effort is rewarded by incorporating gains of efficiency and productivity in order to motivate and expansion of investments in innovation. In this sense, we discuss several actions towards the strengthening of the Brazilian Power Energy Innovation System. Moreover, we analyze three scenarios related to the activities of R, D & I in the Brazilian Power sector in the medium and long term. The first is a trend scenario; the second is characterized by regression of R & D efforts, and a third scenario gives greater prominence to the energy companies in innovation efforts / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica