CAPES / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de controle baseado em controle ótimo para um sistema de condicionamento de energia. Para o projeto do controlador, propõe-se uma nova modelagem deste sistema, onde se inclui as dinâmicas impostas pela tensão da rede no ponto de conexão. O sistema de condicionamento de energia é capaz de atuar como um controlador de qualidade de energia, fornecendo potência reativa e não-ativa, mesmo submetido a cargas lineares e/ou não-lineares desequilibradas. Além disso, este trabalho propõe uma solução para a redução da defasagem inserida pelo filtro analógico passa-baixas de segunda ordem, anti-aliasing. O sistema de condicionamento de energia faz uso de um inversor de tensão (VSI do inglês Voltage Source Inverter ) trifásico a três fios. A geração das referências de corrente é obtida através de um método recentemente proposto e baseia-se na teoria de filtragem ótima. Este algoritmo, aliado às técnicas de controle escolhidas, permite que se obtenha um compromisso satisfatório entre resposta transitória e rejeição às perturbações na geração destes sinais e controle do sistema como um todo. No final do trabalho, a técnica de controle apresentada é comparada à outras duas técnicas aplicadas a este tipo de sistema, a saber, Proporcional-Integral (PI) e Regulador Linear Quadrático com parcela integral (LQRI), de forma a verificar a eficácia do método desenvolvido. Nesta comparação, verifica-se o desempenho destes controladores e do controlador proposto de acordo com diversos critérios de desempenho: rastreamento das referências, taxa de distorção harmônica de tensão e corrente bem como robustez a variações da impedância da rede. / This work presents the development of a control system, based on optimum control theory, applied for an energy conditioner device, where it is included, on its model, the dynamics imposed by the grid voltages at the connection point. The power conditioner system acts as a quality energy controller, supplying reactive and non-active power, even under unbalance linear and non-linear loads. Moreover, the present work proposes a solution for reducing the phase deviation problem inserted by a second order low-pass filter, used for mitigating the aliasing problem, showing an instrumentation alternative to solve this problem. The energy conditioner topology uses a three-phase three-legs shunt voltage source inverter (VSI). The current reference generation is obtained from a recently proposed method, based on optimum filtering theory. This algorithm, together with the chosen control strategy, allows to obtain a satisfactory compromise between transient response and perturbation rejection on the generation of the reference signals and control of the whole system. At the end of this work, a comparison among the proposed control structure and two others controllers, namely Proportional-Integral (PI) and Linear Quadratic Regulator with Integral action (LQRI), is made in order verify the efficacy of the developed methodology. On this comparison, its presented the performance of these 3 controllers, considering several performance criteria: reference tracking, voltage and current harmonic distortion as well as robustness of the system under grid impedance changes.

Os equipamentos de análise de qualidade da energia elétrica, em sua grande parte, salvam a forma de onda amostrada somente no entorno do instante onde é detectado algum distúrbio, tipicamente um transiente. Essa limitação se deve em grande parte aos limites de armazenamento das memórias retentivas e ao alto custo que estas representam para um equipamento. No entanto uma nova geração de analisadores está se tornando cada vez mais comum, os analisadores de registro contínuo. Essa família de analisadores, além de salvar relatórios baseados no cálculo de parâmetros pré-estabelecidos também realiza o armazenamento contínuo da forma de onda amostrada. Essa abordagem permite que, conforme evoluam as ferramentas matemáticas para análise da qualidade da energia elétrica, novas análises sejam feitas sobre os dados coletados, tirando assim novas conclusões sobre um sistema elétrico. No entanto, para poder aplicar esta abordagem é necessário que o armazenamento dessas informações seja feito da forma mais eficiente possível, dado o grande volume de dados amostrados ao longo de todo um período de análise. Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de compressão de registros de qualidade da energia elétrica, bem como sua implementação em hardware reconfigurável. Os algoritmos de compressão desenvolvidos estão baseados em um sistema de compressão composto por diferentes técnicas de compressão utilizadas em conjunto. Os métodos propostos fazem uso do algoritmo Deflate como algoritmo de compressão sem perdas. Para melhorar a capacidade de compressão do algoritmo Deflate, técnicas de transformação, aproximação polinomial e codificação de dados são aplicadas como meio para diminuir a entropia dos dados e assim aumentar a eficiência de compressão. Por fim, é apresentada a implementação dos algoritmos de compressão polinomial e Deflate, os quais foram implementados em linguagem VHDL e sintetizados para uso em FPGA. / Most of the power quality analyzers, just records the waveform of the sampled signals around the moment where a transient disturbance is detected. This limitation is due to the storage limits of the retentive memories and the high cost that it represents in a equipment. However a new generation of analyzers is becoming very common, the continuous logging power quality analyzers. This family of analyzers, as well as records reports based on the calculation of pre-defined parameters also performs the continuous storage of the sampled waveform. This approach allows new analysis on the collected data, thus allowing new conclusions about an electrical system. However, in order to apply this approach is required that the storage of such information is done as efficiently as possible, given the large amount of sampled data recorded in the entire period of analysis. This work aims to develop a compression algorithm to records of power quality as well as its implementation on reconfigurable hardware. The compression algorithms were developed based on a compression system composed of different compression techniques used together. The proposed algorithms make use of the Deflate algorithm as a lossless compression algorithm. The compression rate of the Deflate algorithm it is improved through the preprocessing of the data using techniques like polynomial transformation and data encode, as a way to reduce the date entropy. It is also presented in the work the implementation of the algorithms in VHDL language for use in FPGA devices.

Os equipamentos de análise de qualidade da energia elétrica, em sua grande parte, salvam a forma de onda amostrada somente no entorno do instante onde é detectado algum distúrbio, tipicamente um transiente. Essa limitação se deve em grande parte aos limites de armazenamento das memórias retentivas e ao alto custo que estas representam para um equipamento. No entanto uma nova geração de analisadores está se tornando cada vez mais comum, os analisadores de registro contínuo. Essa família de analisadores, além de salvar relatórios baseados no cálculo de parâmetros pré-estabelecidos também realiza o armazenamento contínuo da forma de onda amostrada. Essa abordagem permite que, conforme evoluam as ferramentas matemáticas para análise da qualidade da energia elétrica, novas análises sejam feitas sobre os dados coletados, tirando assim novas conclusões sobre um sistema elétrico. No entanto, para poder aplicar esta abordagem é necessário que o armazenamento dessas informações seja feito da forma mais eficiente possível, dado o grande volume de dados amostrados ao longo de todo um período de análise. Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de compressão de registros de qualidade da energia elétrica, bem como sua implementação em hardware reconfigurável. Os algoritmos de compressão desenvolvidos estão baseados em um sistema de compressão composto por diferentes técnicas de compressão utilizadas em conjunto. Os métodos propostos fazem uso do algoritmo Deflate como algoritmo de compressão sem perdas. Para melhorar a capacidade de compressão do algoritmo Deflate, técnicas de transformação, aproximação polinomial e codificação de dados são aplicadas como meio para diminuir a entropia dos dados e assim aumentar a eficiência de compressão. Por fim, é apresentada a implementação dos algoritmos de compressão polinomial e Deflate, os quais foram implementados em linguagem VHDL e sintetizados para uso em FPGA. / Most of the power quality analyzers, just records the waveform of the sampled signals around the moment where a transient disturbance is detected. This limitation is due to the storage limits of the retentive memories and the high cost that it represents in a equipment. However a new generation of analyzers is becoming very common, the continuous logging power quality analyzers. This family of analyzers, as well as records reports based on the calculation of pre-defined parameters also performs the continuous storage of the sampled waveform. This approach allows new analysis on the collected data, thus allowing new conclusions about an electrical system. However, in order to apply this approach is required that the storage of such information is done as efficiently as possible, given the large amount of sampled data recorded in the entire period of analysis. This work aims to develop a compression algorithm to records of power quality as well as its implementation on reconfigurable hardware. The compression algorithms were developed based on a compression system composed of different compression techniques used together. The proposed algorithms make use of the Deflate algorithm as a lossless compression algorithm. The compression rate of the Deflate algorithm it is improved through the preprocessing of the data using techniques like polynomial transformation and data encode, as a way to reduce the date entropy. It is also presented in the work the implementation of the algorithms in VHDL language for use in FPGA devices.

This thesis deals with the measurement of power quality and cryptographic security of measured data.

Current practices of power quality mitigation in the industry are characterized by sub-optimal investment decisions where over compensation is often the norm such causing huge wastage in financial resources. Providing power quality management services to industrial customers in the form of power quality contracts could yield substantial return for the network operator. With better understanding of network parameters, and the option of installing network level mitigation devices, network operators could employ wider range of cost effective mitigation solutions. Tapping into the market however, entails bearing the risks for the customers which network operators are not always willing or encouraged to do. With potentially millions at stake, extensive risk assessments are crucial for any proposed power quality management scheme. This thesis investigates the voltage sag aspect of the problem as part of a larger power quality management scheme. The aim is to develop general framework for technical and financial assessments of voltage sags prior to the introduction of power quality management service. The thesis focuses on five major aspects of voltage sag assessment: identification of customer requirement, financial loss assessment, network sag performance estimation, sag mitigation, and financial appraisal of mitigating solutions. The first part of the thesis gives a comprehensive overview of current power quality problems faced by industrial customers and provides ranges of typical financial losses incurred by different types of industries around the world. It then proposes robust methodology for assessment of typical financial loss, i.e., customized customer damage function (CCDF), for a given industry based on available survey data and taking into account characteristics of the assessed customer plant. For failure and financial risk assessments, the thesis introduces new customer models employing probabilistic methods to quantify risks induced by voltage sags and proposes generic models that incorporate full flexibility in failure risk assessment, taking into account the effect of unbalanced sags on equipment behavior. It further quantifies the error introduced by sag performance estimation using limited monitoring data with a case study on actual sag profile. It demonstrates how different estimation methods and different durations of monitoring period affect accuracy of estimation of voltage sag profile and associated risk of industrial process failure. Following this, the thesis presents new models for plant and network level sag mitigation devices. They include power injecting mitigation devices, devices that reduce number of faults in the network and devices that reduce the severity of faults. Developed models are then used to investigate the cost-effectiveness of sag mitigation at different levels. Finally, the thesis presents Genetic Algorithm based methodology for deciding on optimal investment scheme in voltage sag mitigation in the network. The sensitivity of the solution to various influential parameters, including plant type and size, sensitive equipment type, process characteristics, financial loss resulting from process interruption, cost and effectiveness of mitigating solution and network fault rates is also established.

Wind power generation has gained a large share in the renewable energy market over the past few years. This study investigates the impact of large scale penetration of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbines on power quality of the grid. PMSGs are attractive due to the absence of a gearbox in the drive-train, which results in lower maintenance costs and higher reliability. Moreover, the advancements in power electronics have facilitated PMSGs to generate optimal power at varying wind speed conditions. This is achieved through the use of maximum power point tracking algorithms. The drawbacks of PMSG-based wind energy systems are that they inject harmonics into the network and cause flicker as well as other power quality issues. Despite these disadvantages, the grid code requires that PMSGs stay connected to the grid even under grid disturbances. This is because the reactive power control capability of PMSG-based wind energy systems can actually assist with voltage support. It will be shown in this study that disconnecting large scale PMSGs based wind turbines during grid disturbances has a detrimental effect on transient stability of the grid. This study will show that PMSG-based wind energy systems improve transient stability and assist in voltage support through reactive power control. Moreover, the impacts of large scale PMSG based wind turbines on power quality of the grid can be reduced by various means, which are also addressed in the study.

In this thesis / Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of Electric Power Quality Monitor developed within the scope of National Power Quality Project has been investigated according to EN 61326 standard. Both immunity and emission tests have been carried out in EMC laboratories of ELDAS and ASELSAN for the device under test. Necessary counter measures such as using electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters and transient voltage suppressors, shielding the case of device with EMI protective materials have been taken to satisfy the immunity and emission limits defined in the standard for the device, and their success have been verified by laboratory tests. This research work has been fully supported by Public Research Grant Committee (KAMAG) of T&Uuml / B&amp / #272 / TAK within the scope of National Power Quality Project (105G129).

nÃo hà / O presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever a metodologia de construÃÃo de um diagnÃstico de qualidade de energia elÃtrica e a avaliaÃÃo de desempenho, quanto à qualidade de energia, da rede elÃtrica do Centro de Tecnologia da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. SÃo abordados os principais conceitos relativos ao estudo da qualidade da energia elÃtrica e da eficiÃncia energÃtica, alÃm das normas nacionais e internacionais que discorrem acerca destes temas. Considerando as instruÃÃes normativas e os valores de referÃncia estabelecidos nestes documentos, à descrita uma metodologia de anÃlise dos dados de mediÃÃo coletadas em um transformador de distribuiÃÃo da rede, utilizando o ExcelÂ, e as etapas da construÃÃo de um diagnÃstico de qualidade de energia para este ponto do sistema elÃtrico. A aplicaÃÃo do mÃtodo descrito à estendida à rede elÃtrica que supre o Centro de Tecnologia, utilizando os dados coletados a partir de um plano de mediÃÃo realizado nos quinze transformadores ativos que compÃem a rede. A partir da realizaÃÃo do plano, sÃo apresentados a anÃlise dos dados coletados e o diagnÃstico da rede, no que se refere à qualidade de energia elÃtrica. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os Ãndices de qualidade de energia elÃtrica e eficiÃncia energÃtica da rede em estudo violaram os valores de referÃncia normativamente estabelecidos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao fator de potÃncia e distorÃÃo harmÃnica total de corrente, alÃm do baixo carregamento dos transformadores, justificando as aÃÃes corretivas e preventivas propostas neste trabalho para elevaÃÃo da qualidade da energia e do uso eficiente e racional deste recurso na rede monitorada. Para as taxas de distorÃÃo harmÃnica de corrente, por exemplo, todos os pontos monitorados apresentaram pelo menos 80% de amostras superiores ao valor de referÃncia de 5%. Similarmente, o fator de potÃncia foi violado em todos os pontos monitorados, resultando no dimensionamento de banco de capacitores para compensaÃÃo de reativos com potÃncias nominais estimadas de 4 kVAr a 90 kVAr. Verificaram-se ainda reduÃÃes de atà 74% do fator de potÃncia devidas à presenÃa de correntes harmÃnicas. Quanto ao carregamento dos transformadores, diversas unidades monitoradas mostraram-se subutilizadas, ocorrendo Ãndices de carregamento inferiores a 10% em mais da metade do tempo de monitoramento em treze pontos monitorados.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur les fluctuations temporelles du flux lumineux des lampes LED, ce phénomène portant le nom de papilottement (flicker). Le papillotement est habituellement considéré comme une perturbation en raison de son impact négatif sur la santé. Pour les systèmes d'éclairage à base de diodes électroluminescentes (LED), sa définition vient d'être formalisée dans la norme IEEE 1789:2015 et a été décrite pour les appareils alimentés en courant alternatif (CA). Ce papillotement alternatif résulte des interactions entre l'impédance du réseau, l'onde de tension, les courants harmoniques et le convertisseur de courant alternatif en courant continu (CA - CC). L'alimentation en courant continu est généralement obtenue via des convertisseurs à découpage. Par conséquent, les mêmes facteurs perturbateurs sont également présents sur les réseaux à courant continu. Cette thèse résume les diférences entre les propriétés caractéristiques du papillotement sous alimentation en CA et en CC. Il a été montré dans la littérature et aussi dans cette thèse qu'avec les LED, le facteur clé qui affecte le papillotement réside dans la conception du driver de LED - une partie indispensable des systèmes d'éclairage à LED. Cette thèse décrit une méthodologie d'évaluation de la sensibilité au papillotement des lampes LED sous alimentation en CC et analyse la façon dont cette sensibilité se modifie lorsque les drivers de LED sont simplifiés et adaptés à des alimentations CC. La thèse présente un ensemble d'expériences de mesure visant à déterminer la réaction typique du papillotement des lampes LED à la fois sous alimentation CA et CC. D'autres expériences ont été efectuées pour révéler l'impact de l'adaptation du driver à l'alimentation CC (en enlevant le pont redresseur à diodes). On constate que certaines lampes présentent une meilleure résistance au papillotement, tandis que d'autres lampes présentent une moindre résistance. Ces expériences sont accompagnées de simulations de drivers pour les lampes LED visant à reproduire et à expliquer les résultats des mesures. La thèse décrit en outre une expérience de mesure visant à montrer la sévérité typique de la variation de tension dans un réseau CC à basse tension couplé au CA domestique et son impact sur le papillotement. On conclut qu'un tel système est suisamment robuste pour filtrer les perturbations provenant du CA, mais une interaction indésirable entre la lampe et l'alimentation peut se produire. / This dissertation thesis is concerned with temporal fluctuations of the luminous flux of LED lamps, a phenomenon referred to as flicker. Flicker is usually regarded as a disturbance due to its negative impact on human health. For lighting systems based on light emitting diodes (LED), its definition has recently been formalised in norm IEEE 1789-2015 and has been documented on devices supplied with AC voltage. AC flicker results from interactions between network impedance, voltage and current harmonics, and the AC to DC converter. DC supplies are generally obtained by switching converters. Consequently, the same perturbing factors are present on DC networks. The thesis summarises the differences between the characteristic properties of flicker under AC and DC supplies. It has been shown in the literature and also in this thesis that the key factor affecting flicker with LEDs is the design of the LED driver-a necessary part of the LED lighting systems. This thesis describes a methodology for the evaluation of the flicker sensitivity of DC supplied LED lamps and analyses how the sensitivity changes when the LED drivers are simplified and accustomed to DC supply. The thesis presents a set of measurement experiments aimed to determine the typical flicker response of LED lamps both under AC and DC supply. Further experiments were performed to reveal the impact of accustomising the driver to the DC supply (removing the diode rectifier). It was found that some lamps show better flicker immunity while other lamps show worse flicker immunity. These experiments are accompanied by LED driver simulations aiming to reproduce and explain the measurement results. The thesis further describes a measurement experiment aimed to show the typical severity of the voltage fluctuation in a low voltage DC network coupled to AC mains and its impact on the flicker. It is concluded that such a system is robust enough to filter out any perturbations coming from the AC supply, but an undesired interaction between the lamp and the supply may occur.

Increasing power demand and wide use of high technology power electronic devices result in need for power quality monitoring. The quality of electric power in both transmission and distribution systems should be analyzed in order to sustain power system reliability and continuity. This analysis is possible by examination of data collected by power quality monitoring systems. In order to define the characteristics of the power system and reveal the relations between the power quality events, huge amount of data should be processed. In this thesis, clustering methods for power quality events are developed using exclusive and overlapping clustering models. The methods are designed to cluster huge amount of power quality data which is obtained from the online monitoring of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System. The main issues considered in the design of the clustering methods are the amount of the data, efficiency of the designed algorithm and queries that should be supplied to the domain experts. This research work is fully supported by the Public Research grant Committee (KAMAG) of TUBITAK within the scope of National Power quality Project (105G129).