Orientadores: Sigmar Maurer Deckmann, Fernando Pinhabel Marafão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T01:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoralesParedes_HelmoKelis_M.pdf: 3000642 bytes, checksum: a52059dba0b167ed3326ffa3bf6f7d5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa a contribuir para os estudos de instrumentação de sistemas de potência e monitoramento de Qualidade da Energia Elétrica (QEE), discutindo a importância da referência da tensão, de forma a permitir relacionar os efeitos dos distúrbios com o verdadeiro impacto que causam sobre as cargas. Esta correlação ainda é um ponto pouco estudado no âmbito da QEE. Considerando o cenário do ponto de vista de teoria de potência e qualidade da energia elétrica, inicialmente serão apresentadas as técnicas de medição das tensões, fazendo uma análise crítica, mostrando suas convergências, particularidades e deficiências. Por outro lado, será mostrado que a escolha da referência de tensão, leva a diferentes equacionamentos para a potência aparente e o fator de potência em sistemas com formas de onda não-senoidais e/ou assimétricas. Essas divergências têm suscitado discussões em nível internacional sobre a forma mais adequada de medição. Estudos sobre alguns indicadores de QEE ilustram como a escolha da referência de tensão influencia na avaliação da distorção harmônica total, do fator de desequilíbrio e de uma VTCD, especialmente em sistemas trifásicos com condutor de retorno (4 fios). Finalmente, através do Teorema de Blakesley, será apresentada uma metodologia, que permite associar as medidas de tensão relativas ao condutor neutro, com as medidas com referência no ponto "zero virtual", de modo que possam ser utilizadas pelos fabricantes dos equipamentos, pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica e pelos consumidores em geral / Abstract: This dissertation presents a contribution to the study of power quality monitoring and power system' s instrumentation, discussing the importance of the voltage reference and aiming to relate the voltage disturbance with the true impacts they cause on electrical loads. The establishment of a clear relationship between them is still not a commonly studied subject on power quality. Considering the point of view of power theory and power quality, initially this work presents the usual measurement techniques of voltages, making a critical analysis, showing its validity, particularities and deficiencies. On the other hand, it will be shown that the choice ofthe voltages referential leads to different equations for the apparent power and the power factor in systems with non-sinusoidal and/or unbalanced waveforms. These questions have promoted long debates in international level about the most suitable form of measurement and calculation. Studies about some power quality indices, will illustrate as the choice of the voltage reference influences the evaluation of the total harmonic distortion, unbalance factors and voltage sags and swells, especially in three-phase systems with return conductor (4 wires-system). Finally, based on Blakesley's Theorem, a methodology is presented that allows to associate the related neutral conductor measures of voltage to the measurements to the "zero virtual" point reference, in such way that can be used by the manufacturers of the equipments, the electric energy utilities and end consumers in general / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Automated fault location systems use power quality monitoring and circuit data to provide with a distance or impedance estimate to the fault. This can be used to avoid manual patrolling of the entire feeder in case of a main feeder lockout. It can also be used for circuits with repeated momentary interruptions to pinpoint the section of the circuit causing such problems. Self clearing sub cycle faults have been identified as the precursors of a number of sustained faults (requiring the operation of protective device) in utility distribution networks. The frequency of such incipient faults increases considerably as they are about to evolve into a full blown fault. This report proposes a modified and improved fault location algorithm that can be used to accurately identify sustained as well as temporary faults. The algorithm is based in the time domain and takes into account the arc voltage during a fault event. The proposed algorithm is developed, validated and applied to known distribution field data. Time domain simulation models are also used for validation purposes. The developed algorithm was observed to be very accurate when compared to other impedance based fault location algorithms proposed in the literature. Finally, sub cycle event identification and fault pre-location is proposed that can be very useful for electric utility operations. Highly accurate results were observed during this application study. For instance, a current waveform containing three incipient and one full fault event is shown in the figure given below. The estimated reactance to an incipient fault location is approximately 1.1 Ω. The fault location results obtained from the first three sub-cycle faults can be used to avert the final sustained fault event. / text

Great portion of today's industry are <em>Adjustable Speed Drives</em> (<em>ASD's</em>) operated in order to fulfill certain processes. When these processes are critical ones or sensitive to voltage disturbances, that might take place due to inserting high load in an area near to the Point of Common Coupling (<em>PCC</em>) of the process or due to a short term outage, few tens of thousands up to millions of dollars will be lost once such interruptions (voltage sags) take place as a result of the process failure. On the other hand, a distorted voltage waveform at the PCC for some sensitive process might malfunction as a result of the high harmonic content of the voltage waveform. Utilities are required to deliver as pure as possible sinusoidal voltage waveform according to certain limits; thus, they might apply fines against the consumers who are responsible for producing high amounts of current harmonics that affect the voltage wave shape at the <em>PCC</em> in order to force them to improve the consumer's load profile by adding filters at <em>PCC</em> for instance. Utilities are charging the consumers who are drawing power at poor power factor as well. <br /><br /> This thesis presents an <em>ASD</em> retrofitted with a dual-functional piece of hardware connected in series to its <em>DC-link</em> that is capable of handling the previously two mentioned problems. In other words, hardware that is capable of providing <em>voltage sag ride-through</em> during the voltage sag conditions on one side, on the other side, during the normal operating conditions, it is capable to mitigate the harmonic contents of the drawn current by the ASD's rectifier and to improve the power factor. <br /><br /> Survey on voltage sag ride-through for ASD's approaches are presented in the literature has been made. Approaches are classified as the topology utilized; first, topologies that utilizes energy storage elements that store energy to compensate the DC-link voltage with during the voltage sags, second, topologies retrofitting the DC-link itself with additional hardware to compensate the DC-link voltage. The first group is capable to provide voltage compensating during the full outages while the second can't. The presented voltage sag ride-through work of this thesis belongs to the second group. <br /><br /> Boost converter has been used as the hardware to compensate the DC-link voltage because of its simplicity and cheap price. An adaptive linear network (ADALINE) is investigated as the detection system to detect the envelope of the input voltage waveform. Once the envelope of the voltage goes below a certain level, the boost converter is activated to compensate the difference between voltage set point and the actual DC-link voltage. Simulation results supporting the proposed configuration are presented. <br /><br /> A third-harmonic current injection approach is utilized in this work in order to achieve <em>total harmonic distortion</em> (<em>THD</em>) mitigation from 32% to 5. 125% (theoretically). Two third-harmonic current injection networks have been investigated; one utilizes a real resistor, the other utilizes a resistor emulator to reduce the energy dissipated. The proposed controller for the resistor emulator does not require a proportional-integral (PI) controller. <br /><br /> As a result of the common devices between the voltage sag ride-through circuitry and the harmonic mitigation one, they can be integrated together in one circuitry connected in series with the DC-link of the ASD. And hence, the dual functionality of the hardware will be achieved. Simulation results supporting the theoretical results have been presented.

<p>Naučna rasprava izložena u ovoj tezi bavi se analizom<br />kvaliteta električne energije. Visok nivo električne<br />energije podrazumeva da su napon napajanja i struja<br />potrošača idealne sinusoide sa tačno određenom<br />amplitudom i učestanošću. Bilo kakva odstupanja od<br />idealnog nazivaju se izobličenja i najčešće se<br />karakterišu sa harmonicima.<br />Poslednjih godina dolazi do naglog razvoja<br />poluprovodničkih komponenata. Takve komponente su<br />uticale na ubrzan razvoj snažnih uređaja energetske<br />elektronike. Ti uređaji su nelinearnog karaktera, što<br />dovodi do pojave harmonika u signalima napona i struja<br />elektroenergetskog sistema. Prvi problem kojim se bavi<br />ova teza je analiza talasnih oblika struja ispravljača.<br />Metode primenjene za analizu su wavelet transformacija<br />(VT) i modulated overlapped transformacija (MLT). MLT<br />nadoknađuje nedostatak VT da dekomponuje signal u<br />odgovarajuće podopsege koji mogu sadržati i više<br />harmonika i daje tačnu informaciju o svakom harmoniku.<br />Obe metode su pogodne za offline analizu. Za online analizu<br />predložen je hibridni metod baziran na diskretnoj<br />Furijeovoj transformaciji (DFT) i adaptivnom pojasnom<br />filteru (EPLL). Hibridni metod je zadržao dinamički<br />odziv DFT-a, dok je EPLL obezbedio sinhronizaciju sa<br />osnovnom učestanošću sistema. Hibridni metod daje<br />dovoljno tačnu informaciju o osnovnom i višim<br />harmonicima samo ako su njihove učestanosti ceolobrojni<br />umnožak učestanosti osnovnog harmonika. U slučaju pojave<br />interharmonika, odnosno kada taj odnos više ne važi,<br />hibridni metod ne daje tačne rezultate. Za analizu takvih<br />signala predložen je novi metod, koji je baziran na<br />adaptivnom diskretnom pojasnom filteru (ANF) t.j. metod<br />koristi diskretni pojasni filter za modelovanje<br />harmonijskih komponenata u ulaznom signalu, dok se<br />prošireni Kalmanov filter (EKF) koristi kao adaptivni<br />mehanizam. Novi metod je preuzeo osobinu ANF-a da može<br />adaptivno da prati promene učestanosti i osobinu EKF-a<br />da ima bolji dinamički odziv. Metode su implementirane<br />na digitalnom procesoru za obradu signala i upoređene sa<br />postojećim metodama. Metode pokazuju prednosti u odnosu<br />na druge metode.</p> / <p>Scientific research in this thesis discusses power quality<br />analysis. High power quality assumes that both the voltage<br />power supply and the load current are ideal sinusoidal signals<br />with a precisely defined amplitude and frequency. Any<br />deviations from this ideal vaweform are considered as distortion<br />and are characterised by harmonics.<br />Over the last few decades, there has been a rapid development<br />of semiconductor components. Such components made an<br />impact on the fast development of power electronics devices.<br />These devices are nonlinear, introducing harmonics in both<br />voltage and current of the power grid. The first issue researched<br />in this thesis is the analysis of the rectifier voltage and current<br />waveforms. Methods used for the analysis are the wavelet<br />transform (WT) and the modulated overlapped transform (MLT).<br />The MLT overcomes the drawback of the WT, which<br />decomposes the signal into subbands that can contain more<br />harmonics, and gives accurate information about every<br />harmonic. Both methods are suitable for offline analysis. For<br />online analysis, a hybrid method is proposed, based on the<br />discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and the adaptive notch filter<br />(EPLL). The hybrid method retains a good dynamic response of<br />the DFT whereas the EPLL provides a synchronisation with the<br />fundamental system frequency. The hybrid method provides<br />accurate information on the fundamental and the higher<br />harmonics only if their frequencies are integer multiples of the<br />fundamental frequency. In the case of interharmonics, i.e. when<br />this integer ratio is not valid, the hybrid method does not provide<br />accurate results. In order to analyse such signals, a new<br />method is proposed. It is based on discrete adaptive notch filter<br />(ANF), i.e. the method uses a discrete notch filter for modeling<br />the harmonic components in the input signal, whereas an<br />Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used as an adaptation<br />algorithm. The adaptive notch Kalman filter inherited the<br />property of the ANF to adaptively track changes in the<br />frequency and the property of the EKF to have a faster dynamic<br />response. Methods have been implemented in a digital signal<br />processor and compared with the existing ones. The methods<br />show advantages compared to other methods.</p>

Nesta tese, foram desenvolvidas três metodologias para análise dos riscos de interrupções em processos eletro-eletrônicos provocadas por faltas nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Estas metodologias são: Monte Carlo, Enumeração de Estados e Híbrido. Com a utilização destas metodologias, são avaliados índices relativos às interrupções de longa duração e às variações de tensão de curta duração (afundamentos, elevações e disrupções de tensão) em cada consumidor da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. Em cada barra do sistema, as freqüências de ocorrências de cada índice são obtidas, classificadas por faixas de magnitude e duração dos eventos. Conhecendo informações sobre a configuração e parâmetros de rede e sobre os dispositivos de proteção, através de um conjunto de simulações, é possível mapear as áreas de risco relativas aos fenômenos de interrupção e variações de tensão de curta duração (VTCDs). Dispondo ainda do conjunto de curvas de sensibilidade dos processos industriais, avaliam-se as freqüências de disrupções de processos, esperadas por ano no ponto analisado, isto é, o número de vezes que um processo apresenta mau funcionamento e possivelmente interrupção devido a uma VTCD. Também é apresentada nesta tese uma formulação matemática que permite realizar a inclusão do custo do prejuízo pela falta da qualidade de energia nos consumidores em modelos clássicos para o tratamento de problemas de planejamento da operação e da expansão de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os métodos para avaliação das áreas de risco e custos de interrupção de processos por faltas nas redes de distribuição foram implementados em um sistema computacional. Resultados da aplicação em redes de distribuição reais permitem avaliar vantagens e desvantagens de cada um dos métodos. Para observar o impacto do prejuízo nos consumidores, são utilizados resultados obtidos na literatura para realizar a comparação e obter o custo total envolvendo custos de investimento de novas obras, custo de perdas de energia e custo do prejuízo pela falta da qualidade de energia nos consumidores existentes na rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. / Three methodologies for risk assessment of interruptions in electrical and electronic sensitive devices are herein developed. These interruptions are mainly due to faults in electric power distribution systems. The methodologies are herein named Monte Carlo Method, State Enumerating Method and Hybrid Method. These methods allow for the evaluation of indices related to long duration interruptions and voltages sags and swells in each customer supplied by the distribution network. The power quality indices (expected number of events per year) are classified according to voltage amplitude and event duration. The information regarding network configuration and parameters as well as protection devices are input for a set of simulations that result in mapping the indices related to long duration interruptions and short duration voltage variations along the network. By considering the sensitivity curves for industrial processes, the method determines the frequency of process disruptions, i.e. the number of events in which the customer process malfunctions, or it is damaged or it is interrupted due to voltage sags or swells. This thesis also shows a mathematical formulation that includes costs regarding customer losses caused by poor power quality to conventional models that deal with operation and expansion planning of electric power distribution systems. The proposed methods for assessing risks and interruption costs in customer processes due to faults in distribution networks were implemented in a computational system. Case studies in real distribution networks show advantages and disadvantages of each method. In order to determine losses in customer processes, some literature results are taken as a basis to determine the total planning costs, that include the parcels corresponding to the reinforcement capital, power losses and power quality costs, that consider customer interruptions and disruptions due to voltage sags and swells.

O presente trabalho visa a utilização da transformada Wavelet no monitoramento do sistema elétrico no que diz respeito a problemas de qualidade da energia com o intuito de detectar, localizar e classificar os mesmos. A transformada Wavelet tem surgido na literatura como uma nova ferramenta para análise de sinais, utilizando funções chamadas Wavelet mãe para mapear sinais em seu domínio, fornecendo informações simultâneas nos domínios tempo e freqüência. A transformada Wavelet é realizada através de filtros decompondo-se um dado sinal em análise multiresolução. Por esta, obtém-se a detecção e a localização de distúrbios relacionados com a qualidade da energia decompondo-se o sinal em dois outros que representam uma versão de detalhes (correspondente as altas freqüências do sinal) e uma versão de aproximação (correspondente as baixas freqüências do sinal). A versão de aproximação é novamente decomposta obtendo-se novos sinais de detalhes e aproximações e assim sucessivamente. Sendo assim, os distúrbios podem ser detectados e localizados no tempo em função do seu conteúdo de freqüência. Estas informações fornecem também características únicas pertinentes a cada distúrbio, permitindo classificá-los. Desta forma, propõe-se neste trabalho o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo classificador automático de distúrbios relacionados com a qualidade da energia baseado unicamente nas decomposições obtidas da análise multiresolução. / The aim of the present dissertation is to apply the Wavelet transform to analyze power quality problems, detecting, localizing and classifying them. The topic Wavelet transform, has appeared in the literature as a new tool for the analysis of signals, using functions called mother Wavelet to map signals in its domain, supplying information in the time and frequency domain, simultaneously. Wavelet transform is accomplished through filters decomposing a provided signal in multiresolution analysis. The detection and localization of disturbances are obtained by decomposing a signal into two other signals that represent, a detailed version (high frequency signals) and a smoothed version (low frequency signals). The smoothed version is decomposed again, and new detailed and smoothed signals are obtained. This process is repeated as many times as necessary and the disturbances can be detected and localized in the time as a function of its level frequency. This information also supplies characteristics to each disturbance, allowing classifying them. Thus, this research presents a way to develop an automatic classifying algorithm of power quality disturbances, based only on multiresolution analysis.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para estimação do conteúdo harmônico de corrente em transformadores de distribuição, utilizando como base de entrada os consumos registrados das diversas unidades consumidoras conectadas aos alimentadores de baixa tensão e campanha de medições de injeções harmônicas em amostra de transformadores de distribuição de uma empresa de distribuição de energia elétrica. A metodologia de análise proposta neste trabalho tem por objetivo, a partir de informações de percentagem de contribuição das diversas classes de consumo supridas por um transformador de distribuição, estimar a curva de carga de corrente harmônica ao longo de 7 dias da semana, incluindo dias úteis e final de semana. A aplicação e validação da metodologia é realizada por meio de medições em novos transformadores de distribuição selecionados aleatoriamente, para depois confrontar os valores estimados com os valores medidos. A metodologia se mostrou adequada para a aplicação a redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, apontando caminhos interessantes para desenvolvimentos futuros. / This MSc dissertation presents a methodology to estimate the harmonic content of currents in distribution transformers, using as input the amounts of consumption recorded over several consumer units connected to low voltage feeders as well as a measurement campaign of harmonic injections in a sample of distribution transformers in a power distribution company. The methodology proposed in this work aims at estimating the daily curve of load harmonic currents over a 7 day period, including weekdays and weekends, which is based on information from the contribution in power consumption from different consumer categories supplied by a distribution transformer. The methodology is applied and validated by comparing the estimated and measured values over a random selection of news distribution transformers. The methodology led to promising results showing that the application in electric power distribution networks should be successful and further developments are worthwhile being investigated.

A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) deverá estabelecer a regulamentação para distúrbios de qualidade de energia em um futuro próximo. Há ainda questões em aberto sobre os procedimentos de medição e limites máximos para os indicadores de qualidade de energia. Este trabalho aborda uma dessas questões, que é a conexão de transdutores e os impactos nos índices de qualidade de energia associados. Simulações em ATPDraw e campanhas de medição foram realizadas de modo a identificar o comportamento dos indicadores de distorção harmónica sob as duas configurações possíveis de conexão de transdutores: dois equipamentos com ligação entre fases ou três com ligação fase-neutro. Os resultados das simulações e os valores medidos mostram grandes discrepâncias entre ambas as configurações, e as diferenças tornam-se ainda mais significativas com o incremento do desequilíbrio do sistema elétrico. As causas subjacentes deste fenômeno são investigadas e discutidas / The Brazilian electricity regulatory agency (ANEEL) is expected to establish a legal framework for quality disturbances in the near future. There are still some open questions regarding metering procedures and maximum limits for Power Quality indicators. This work addresses one of such issues, namely the connection of the associated transducers and its impact on PQ indexes. Simulations in ATPDraw and on-field measurement campaigns were carried out so as to identify the behavior of harmonic distortion indicators under the two possible transducer configurations: two phase-to-phase or three phase-to-neutral transducers. Simulation results and measured values show large discrepancies between both configurations, and the differences become more significant as the electrical systems unbalance increases. The underlying causes of this phenomenon are investigated and discussed.

The present work deals with a comparative analysis of IEEE 1564 standardization and Module 8 of Distribution Procedures of the Brazilian Agency of Electrical Regulation, within the scope of voltage sags. For such comparison, a case study of monitoring is performed on an industrial consumer sensitive to the disturbance during 24 months. Additionally, since the main causes of the voltage sags are the electrical faults of the system to which the industry is inserted, the relations between both events are analyzed. From the simultaneity of these contingencies, a unique set of data was obtained through MATLAB R , which allowed the clustering of variables with K-means algorithm through WEKA software. Simultaneous events were also convenient for the validation of a simulation model in ANAFAS software. The results obtained with the application of such methodology allowed to know the impact of the events, to analyze the vulnerability area, to propose mitigations in the power system under study, as well as to validate a simulation model of sags with relative error less than 10 % to more than 70 % of cases.

Este trabalho aborda a conformidade dos medidores de energia em sistemas não senoidais, na busca do aumento de qualidade no faturamento de energia elétrica. Para tanto, enfoca a medição mais justa e um melhor relacionamento entre concessionária e consumidor. As análises foram realizadas nos laboratórios da Eletropaulo, do Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, e no Laboratório do Centro de Estudos em Regulação e Qualidade de Energia (Enerq), USP. Trata-se de um estudo que faz parte de um projeto maior de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Seu objetivo foi investigar se a distorção de tensão e corrente nos medidores de faturamento de energia elétrica provoca desvios na energia medida. Pretendeu-se ainda avaliar se as harmônicas inseridas nos medidores eletromecânicos possuem maior ou menor desvio na energia medida, em comparação aos medidores eletrônicos. A metodologia utilizada incluiu levantamento de estudos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, além de ensaios de laboratório com amostras de equipamentos de dois fabricantes nacionais. Como parâmetros para os ensaios, levantaram-se curvas, por meio de medições de cargas reais. Os resultados das medições obtidas em situações reais foram comparados com aquelas levantadas nos laboratórios. Os resultados dos ensaios laboratoriais foram analisados e comparados com os limites estabelecidos nas normas vigentes, dentre as quais, destacam-se: o Regulamento Técnico Metrológico do INMETRO e os Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional PRODIST. O presente estudo concluiu que os instrumentos ensaiados em conforme normas, quando parametrizados para não considerar a potência de distorção no cálculo de reativo, atendem os parâmetros de exatidão. Esses dados são válidos tanto para as funções de VArh quanto para Wh. / This work addresses the reliability of energy meters in nonsinusoidal systems, looking for the increase of quality in the electric energy billing. To that purpose, it focuses on a fairer metering and a better relationship between the concessionaire and consumer. The tests were carried through in the laboratories of Eletropaulo, of the Electro-Technology and Energy Institute in the University of São Paulo, and in the Laboratory of the Center of Studies in Power Quality Regulation (Enerq), USP. This study is part of a bigger project in Research and Development of the Electric Energy National Agency (Aneel). Its objective was to investigate whether the distortion of voltage and current in the electric energy billing meters had deviations in the metered energy. It was also intended to evaluate whether the inserted harmonics in the electromechanical meters have greater or minor deviation in the metered energy, in comparison to the electronic meters. The methodology used included a survey of studies, research and development of the electric sector, besides laboratory tests with two national equipment samples. As parameters for the tests, wave were formulated by means of real load metering. The results of the metering obtained in real situations were compared with those collected in the laboratories. The results of the laboratory tests were analyzed and compared with the limits established in the norms in force, amongst which one highlights: the Technical Metrological Regulation from Inmetro and the Electric Power Distribution Procedures in the National Electric System Prodist. The present study concluded the instruments analyzed under normalized conditions, when parameterized to not consider the distortion power in the calculation of reactive, meet the 60Hz frequency, within the accuracy parameters. These data are valid both for the VArh functions and the Wh.