FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O estudo para o desenvolvimento de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia com possibilidade de uso em sistema fotovoltaico, tem como motivaÃÃo que a larga escala da produÃÃo desse tipo de equipamento possa reduzir o custo dos conversores de eletrÃnica de potÃncia associados a uma instalaÃÃo fotovoltaica. O projeto proporem a uniÃo de topologias de conversores, resultando em uma UPS do tipo on-line com tensÃo de entrada e de saÃda de 220 Volts 60 Hz, potÃncia total de 715VA, rendimento de 88%, isolada em alta freqÃÃncia e com correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia na entrada. Sendo composta por um retificador na entrada com topologia de um conversor em ponte completa alimentado em corrente, esse conversor à responsÃvel por prover a correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia na entrada e da isolaÃÃo galvÃnica em alta freqÃÃncia. Um inversor em ponte completa com filtro LC e modulaÃÃo PWM unipolar, que à capaz de entregar uma tensÃo senoidal para a carga e um conversor boost de alto ganho que cumpre o papel de elevar a tensÃo de 24 Volts do banco de baterias para a tensÃo de 400 Volts do barramento de entrada do inversor. Cada conversor tem seu estudo teÃrico desenvolvido e ao final apÃs as especificaÃÃes e dimensionamentos sÃo mostrados os resultados experimentais do protÃtipo do projeto. Quando o sistema for aproveitado em uma instalaÃÃo fotovoltaica somente o inversor e o conversor boost de alto ganho sÃo utilizados. / The study of the development of initerruptible power supply to be used in a photovoltaic system has as motivation that the wide UPS production scale can reduce the cost of power electronics converters associated with a photovoltaic system. The project proposes a topology of an on-line UPS, with 220 Volts, 60 Hz input/output voltage, 715 VA power, 88% efficiency, High frequency isolation and Power factor correction. The Project consists on a rectifier, it is responsible for providing the input power factor correction and the high frequency isolation. An inverter, it supply the load with a output sinusoidal voltage and a high gain boost converter that increase the voltage from the battery pack up to the inverter. When the project is used in a photovoltaic system, it is only used the inverter and the high gain boost converter.

This work presents the direct torque control (DTC) techniques, implemented in four- and six-switch inverter, for brushless dc (BLDC) motors with non-sinusoidal back- EMF using two and three-phase conduction modes. First of all, the classical direct torque control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with sinusoidal back-EMF is discussed in detail. Secondly, the proposed two-phase conduction mode for DTC of BLDC motors is introduced in the constant torque region. In this control scheme, only two phases conduct at any instant of time using a six-switch inverter. By properly selecting the inverter voltage space vectors of the two-phase conduction mode from a simple look-up table the desired quasi-square wave current is obtained. Therefore, it is possible to achieve DTC of a BLDC motor drive with faster torque response while the stator flux linkage amplitude is deliberately kept almost constant by ignoring the flux control in the constant torque region. Third, the avarege current controlled boost power factor correction (PFC) method is applied to the previously discussed proposed DTC of BLDC motor drive in the constant torque region. The test results verify that the proposed PFC for DTC of BLDC motor drive improves the power factor from 0.77 to about 0.9997 irrespective of the load. Fourth, the DTC technique for BLDC motor using four-switch inverter in the constant torque region is studied. For effective torque control in two phase conduction mode, a novel switching pattern incorporating the voltage vector look-up table is designed and implemented for four-switch inverter to produce the desired torque characteristics. As a result, it is possible to achieve two-phase conduction DTC of a BLDC motor drive using four-switch inverter with faster torque response due to the fact that the voltage space vectors are directly controlled.. Finally, the position sensorless direct torque and indirect flux control (DTIFC) of BLDC motor with non-sinusoidal back-EMF has been extensively investigated using three-phase conduction scheme with six-switch inverter. In this work, a novel and simple approach to achieve a low-frequency torque ripple-free direct torque control with maximum efficiency based on dq reference frame similar to permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives is presented.

Reactive power is critical to reliable operation of the modern AC power system. There is a plethora of motor-loads, transformers, and power-electronic loads connected to the power grid, which consume reactive power for normal operation. Transmission lines also consume reactive power when they are loaded above their surge impedance loading (SIL). Reactive power can exact opportunity cost due to reduced capacity of the lines to carry real power, which in turn lowers revenue. Most transmission owners (TOs) levy large penalties against load serving entities (LSEs), industrial facilities, and other end-use customers, who consume more than their allotted amount, as measured by their power factor. These penalties are to incentivize their customers to meet their reactive power needs locally as well as to recuperate the TOs' financial losses. Harmonic pollution is another factor that prevents the optimal operation of the grid and the connected loads. Harmonics are attributable to proliferation of the diode-rectifier- or thyristor-rectifier-interfaced loads such as variable speed ac drives and power supplies in server farms, electric arc furnaces, and other non-linear loads, which are widely employed by the industrial sector. With wider adoption of harmonic-rich loads by the consumer sector as well, such as HDTVs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), greater level of triplen harmonics associated with single-phase loads are also increasingly seen on the distribution grid. The increasing penetration of renewable resources and electrification of light-duty vehicles are expected to further aggravate the stresses and congestion on the utility grid. Reactive power compensation is necessary for supporting the AC grid and maintaining a healthy voltage stability margin. Compensation can also enhance the utilization of system capacity, lower system losses, provide fault ride-through, and enable a quick fault recovery. Existing VAR and harmonic compensation technologies are either too expensive or inadequate to meet the dynamic needs of the modern and the future power system. This dissertation presents a novel class of Dynamic VAR and Harmonic Compensators (DVHCs) for supplying or absorbing reactive power and providing harmonic filtering, where the compensation is in shunt with the line and the load. The underlying concept is based on augmenting a static or passive component like a capacitor or an inductor with a direct AC converter and imbuing the passive component with dynamic properties. The direct AC converter can be configured as a buck, a boost, or a buck-boost. A `fail-normal' switch is an integral part of the DVHCs that bypasses the converter when it fails, preserving the original functionality and the reliability of the passive component. The DVHCs are modular and scalable such that they can be employed in applications ranging from residential and industrial with voltages less than 480 V, to power distribution level with voltages as high as 35 kV. The Dynamic Inductor (D-IND) and the Dynamic Capacitor (D-CAP) are subclasses of the DVHCs. As the applications for supplying leading VARs are more prevalent, the primary focus of this work is on the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP. To understand the characteristics and operation of the DVHCs, this work has developed time-domain models for analyzing the transient and dynamic behavior; frequency-domain models for understanding the harmonic interactions and the steady-state relationships between switch duty and current harmonics; and small-signal models for studying the dynamics of the converter due to various perturbations. The small-signal models also enable extraction of transfer functions in designing controllers and assessing stability margins. Control architectures and techniques are presented for effectively controlling the D-CAP when commutating the semiconductor devices with both high and low switching frequencies. In modularly scaling the DVHCs to higher voltages, three medium-voltage topologies are discussed. They are based on series-connecting fractionally-rated devices, AC flying capacitors, and series cascading multiple two-level cells. These implementations allow direct connect to the medium-voltage grid, thereby obviating the use of transformers, and subsequently reducing the losses, cost, complexity, and footprint. A novel AC snubber concept is proposed to provide safe commutation of the AC switches, fault tolerance by managing the energy trapped in parasitics and filters, and to enable dynamic and static voltage sharing when integrated around the series-connected devices. Design equations for selecting and rating the devices and components in the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP are presented. Three sets of example designs, with one at low-voltage and two at medium-voltage, are discussed to demonstrate the typical size and ratings of the various components under realistic operating conditions. Measurements and the related discussions of a 40 kVA buck D-CAP prototype built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed concepts are presented.

No description available.

Orientador: Falcondes José Mendes de Seixas / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um retificador trifásico boost semi-controlado, com correção ativa do fator de potência, que faça uso de técnicas de controle de razão cíclica variável, visando reduzir o conteúdo harmônico de corrente em baixa frequência. O conversor proposto opera em modo de condução descontínua, desta forma, a corrente de entrada segue uma envoltória senoidal. Além disso, devido ao modo de condução, o conversor apresenta a entrada em condução da chave com corrente nula, diminuindo assim, as perdas por chaveamento. Inicialmente, são apresentados, estudos teóricos da topologia em questão e, por meio de gráficos e equações, verifica-se a distorção harmônica imposta devida à operação com razão cíclica constante. Funções que permitam a variação permanente da razão cíclica, durante um ciclo da rede, serão apresentadas. Tais funções possuem o intuito de minimizar a distorção harmônica da corrente de entrada, com foco principal na 5ª componente harmônica. Resultados de simulação demonstram eficácia das técnicas de controle por razão cíclica variável e apontam redução no conteúdo harmônico de corrente. Resultados experimentais demonstram conteúdo harmônico de corrente em torno de 18% para operação do conversor com razão cíclica constante. A utilização de razão cíclica variável proporciona uma redução no conteúdo harmônico de corrente para 13%, resultando em um aumento do fator de potência. / Abstract: This work aims propose a three-phase rectifier boost half-controlled, with power factor correction, that makes use variable duty cycle control techniques, in order to reduce the harmonic content of current in low frequency. The proposed converter operates in a discontinuous current conduction mode, this way, the input current is naturally corrected. Moreover, due to the conduction mode, the converter presents entry in conduction of switch with null current, thus decreasing, the losses by switching. Initially, are presented theoretical studies of the topology in question and, through of graphs and equations, the harmonic distortion imposed by operation due constant duty cycle is verified. Functions that allow permanently the variation of duty cycle, during a network cycle, are presented. These functions have as main objective minimize the harmonic distortion in the input current, with focus in the 5th harmonic component. Simulation results demonstrate efficacy of techniques by variable duty cycle control and indicate a reducing of harmonic content of current. Experimental results demonstrate a reducing around 18% for operation with constant duty cycle. The use of variable duty cycle provides a reducing around 13%, resulting in an increase of the power factor. / Mestre

Les variateurs de vitesse modernes sont exclusivement basés sur l’utilisation de moteurs triphasés alimentés par des onduleurs à modulation de largeur d’impulsion (MLI). La plupart des applications modernes de la variation de vitesse, comme les ascenseurs, les grues et les machines-outils sont caractérisées principalement par un rapport élevé entre la puissance crête et la puissance moyenne et une forte demande de freinage à la puissance nominale. Dans les variateurs de vitesse ordinaires, l’énergie de freinage, qui est de l’ordre de 30 à 50% de l’énergie consommée, est dissipé dans une résistance. Outre les problèmes « énergétiques », les interruptions et dégradations de la tension d’alimentation ainsi que la qualité du courant d’entrée et la fluctuation de la charge, sont d’autres questions à aborder et à résoudre.Le super-condensateur dédié aux applications de conversion de puissance est ainsi proposé. Un variateur de vitesse équipé avec des super-condensateurs est présenté dans la thèse. Les super-condensateurs, interconnectés par un convertisseur DC-DC sont utilisés pour stocker et ré-injecter l'énergie de freinage. De plus, le convertisseur DC-DC contrôle le courant du redresseur et la tension du bus DC. Le THD du courant d’entrée est ramené à 30%. La tension du bus DC est élevée et en permanence contrôlée et lissée indépendamment de la charge et de la variation de la tension réseau. Pour terminer, les pics de puissance peuvent être lissés. La solution présentée est analysée théoriquement et vérifiée par un ensemble de simulations et expérimentations. Les résultats sont présentés et commentés / Modern controlled electric drives are exclusively based on three-phase motors that are fed from three-phase pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters. Most of modern controlled electric drive applications, such as lifts, cranes and tooling machines are characterized by high ratio of the peak to average power, and high demand for braking at the rated power. In ordinary drives, the braking energy, which represents 30-50% of the consumed energy, is dissipated on a braking resistor. Apart from the “energetic” issue, the mains interruption and degradation, the input current quality and the load fluctuation are additional issues to be addressed and solved.The ultra-capacitor dedicated for power conversion applications has been discussed. In comparison to electrochemical batteries, the ultra-capacitors have higher power density and efficiency, longer life time and greater cycling capability. This makes the ultra-capacitor an excellent candidate for power conversion applications.A new electric drive converter equipped with the ultra-capacitor is presented in the dissertation. The ultra-capacitor with an inter-connection dc-dc converter is used to store and recover the drive braking energy. Moreover, the dc-dc converter controls the rectifier current and the dc bus voltage. The drive input current THD is reduced to 30%. The dc bus voltage is boosted and controlled constant and ripple free regardless on the load and the mains voltage variation. Moreover, the drive input peak power can be smoothed. The presented solution is theoretically analysed and verified by set of simulations and experiments. The results are presented and discussed

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leandro_e_me_ilha.pdf: 1745578 bytes, checksum: 2db70f1465f9f7258fdbcda3cdebf72c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova proposta para sistema de refrigeração com controle dinâmico de temperatura, operando com estrutura de compressor aberto, acionado por motor de indução trifásico com velocidade variável, e estágio de entrada retificador com correção ativa do fator de potência. O estágio de entrada é composto por um retificador Boost monofásico com elevado fator de potência, com duas células entrelaçadas, operando no modo de condução crítica, empregando técnica de comutação não dissipativa e controlado por dispositivo FPGA, associado a um estágio de saída inversor de dois níveis convencional trifásico à IGBT, o qual é controlado por um Processador Digital de Sinais (DSP - Digital Signal Processor). A técnica de comutação não dissipativa para o estágio de entrada é baseada em células ZCS (Zero-current-switching). As principais características do retificador incluem a redução da ondulação da corrente de entrada, redução da ondulação da tensão de saída retificada, utilização de componentes com reduzidos esforços, reduzido volume do filtro de entrada para Interferências Eletromagnéticas (EMI - Electromagnetic Interference), elevado Fator de Potência (FP) e reduzida Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT) da corrente de entrada, atendendo os limites da norma IEC61000-3-2. O controle digital para o estágio de saída inversor foi desenvolvido usando duas diferentes técnicas, incluindo a técnica convencional controle escalar Volts/Hertz (V/Hz) e o controle Vetorial com Orientação pelo Fluxo do estator, com o propósito de verificar a aplicabilidade e a performance dos controles digitais propostos, para o controle contínuo da temperatura, aplicados a um protótipo de sistema de refrigeração. / This work presents a new proposal for refrigeration systems with dynamic control of temperature, working with structure of open compressor, driving a three-phase induction motor with variable speed, and input rectifier with active power factor correction. The proposed system is composed of a single-phase high-power-factor boost rectifier, with two cells in interleaved connection, operating in critical conduction mode, and employing a softswitching technique, controlled by a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), associated with a conventional three-phase IGBT bridge inverter (VSI - Voltage Source Inverter), controlled by a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The soft-switching technique for the input stage is based on zero-current-switching (ZCS) cells. The rectifier s features include reduction in input current ripple, reduction in output voltage ripple, use of low stress devices, low volume for the EMI input filter, high input power factor (PF), and low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the input current, in compliance with the IEC61000-3-2 standards. The digital controller for the output stage inverter has been developed using two different techniques, the conventional Voltage-Frequency control (scalar V/Hz control), and a simplified stator oriented vector control, in order to verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed digital controls, for continuous temperature control, applied at a refrigerator prototype.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Mariano Nodari.pdf: 2083674 bytes, checksum: f3c4bf3291e2d0a7c63bb7bea7118f85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work proposes a digital control system for a half-bridge boost rectifier, which composes the input stage of a single-phase transformerless double-conversion UPS. The proposed control system has an inner current loop and two outer voltage loops to maintain near unity input power factor and to regulate the dc bus voltages. The control loops operate with distinct sampling frequencies, so that current loop operates with high sampling frequency, and voltage loops operate with reduced sampling frequency and moving average filters to improve the dynamic response, without affecting the input power factor. Simulation and experimental results are included to demonstrate the performance of the closed-loop system even under severe load conditions. / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado propõe um sistema de controle digital para um retificador meiaponte monofásico, que integra o estágio de entrada de uma UPS não isolada de dupla conversão monofásica. O sistema de controle proposto tem uma malha de corrente interna e duas malhas de tensão externas para manter o fator de potência unitário e regular a tensão no barramento. O controle opera com frequências distintas de amostragem, sendo que a malha de corrente opera com alta frequência de amostragem, enquanto as malhas de tensão operam com baixas frequências e com filtros de média móvel para melhorar a resposta dinâmica das tensões de saída do retificador, sem afetar o fator de potência de entrada. Resultados de simulação e experimentais demonstram o bom desempenho do sistema de controle digital proposto mesmo em condições severas de carga.

Submitted by DOUGLAS CARVALHO MORAIS (morais.sccp.carvalho@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T20:36:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RETIFICADOR TRIFÁSICO BOOST SEM PONTE DE DIODOS, COM ELEVADO FATOR DE POTÊNCIA E CONTROLE POR RAZÃO CÍCLICA VARIÁVEL.pdf: 3578931 bytes, checksum: 59462e5e8af8153b4c38efb1636c59de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-27T12:43:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_dc_me_ilha.pdf: 3578931 bytes, checksum: 59462e5e8af8153b4c38efb1636c59de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T12:43:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_dc_me_ilha.pdf: 3578931 bytes, checksum: 59462e5e8af8153b4c38efb1636c59de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um retificador trifásico boost semi-controlado, com correção ativa do fator de potência, que faça uso de técnicas de controle de razão cíclica variável, visando reduzir o conteúdo harmônico de corrente em baixa frequência. O conversor proposto opera em modo de condução descontínua, desta forma, a corrente de entrada segue uma envoltória senoidal. Além disso, devido ao modo de condução, o conversor apresenta a entrada em condução da chave com corrente nula, diminuindo assim, as perdas por chaveamento. Inicialmente, são apresentados, estudos teóricos da topologia em questão e, por meio de gráficos e equações, verifica-se a distorção harmônica imposta devida à operação com razão cíclica constante. Funções que permitam a variação permanente da razão cíclica, durante um ciclo da rede, serão apresentadas. Tais funções possuem o intuito de minimizar a distorção harmônica da corrente de entrada, com foco principal na 5ª componente harmônica. Resultados de simulação demonstram eficácia das técnicas de controle por razão cíclica variável e apontam redução no conteúdo harmônico de corrente. Resultados experimentais demonstram conteúdo harmônico de corrente em torno de 18% para operação do conversor com razão cíclica constante. A utilização de razão cíclica variável proporciona uma redução no conteúdo harmônico de corrente para 13%, resultando em um aumento do fator de potência. / This work aims propose a three-phase rectifier boost half-controlled, with power factor correction, that makes use variable duty cycle control techniques, in order to reduce the harmonic content of current in low frequency. The proposed converter operates in a discontinuous current conduction mode, this way, the input current is naturally corrected. Moreover, due to the conduction mode, the converter presents entry in conduction of switch with null current, thus decreasing, the losses by switching. Initially, are presented theoretical studies of the topology in question and, through of graphs and equations, the harmonic distortion imposed by operation due constant duty cycle is verified. Functions that allow permanently the variation of duty cycle, during a network cycle, are presented. These functions have as main objective minimize the harmonic distortion in the input current, with focus in the 5th harmonic component. Simulation results demonstrate efficacy of techniques by variable duty cycle control and indicate a reducing of harmonic content of current. Experimental results demonstrate a reducing around 18% for operation with constant duty cycle. The use of variable duty cycle provides a reducing around 13%, resulting in an increase of the power factor.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T13:22:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrosantosalmeida.pdf: 19972618 bytes, checksum: 95d8213caa2ed63781c9a0e651a913c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T12:01:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrosantosalmeida.pdf: 19972618 bytes, checksum: 95d8213caa2ed63781c9a0e651a913c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrosantosalmeida.pdf: 19972618 bytes, checksum: 95d8213caa2ed63781c9a0e651a913c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o acionamento de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) a partir da rede elétrica. Este estudo envolve uma análise sobre as características térmicas, elétricas e fotométricas dos LEDs visando a adequada caracterização estática e dinâmica da carga. Em seguida, com o objetivo de propor conversores com uma eficiência global superior, propõe-se a utilização de conversores ressonantes como estágio de controle de potência. Este estágio é precedido de um estágio pré-regulador do fator de potência, de forma a garantir uma baixa distorção harmônica total da corrente drenada da rede. Um estudo sistemático acerca das topologias de correção do fator de potência e de conversores ressonantes que podem compor cada um destes dois estágios é feito, visando compilar as características, vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma para o acionamento de LEDs. A partir deste estudo, foi possível propor uma estrutura integrada de conversor ressonante com um pré-regulador de alto fator de potência, que se mostrou adequado para acionar uma carga de 72 LEDs associados em série, com uma potência nominal aproximada de 100 W. O protótipo do conversor proposto atingiu uma eficiência global acima de 92%, com um fator de potência superior a 0,97 e distorção harmônica da corrente de entrada de cerca de 20%, com total observância aos parâmetros de qualidade de energia impostas pelas normatizações nacional e internacional. O projeto deste conversor também permitiu a eliminação dos capacitores eletrolíticos no circuito de potência do protótipo através da redução da capacitância; somente foram empregados capacitores de filme metalizado, o que contribui para elevar a vida útil do conversor, compatibilizando-a com a vida útil dos LEDs sendo acionados. / This work presents a study regarding the driving of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fed from mains power. This study involves an analysis of the thermal, electrical and photometrical characteristics of the LEDs, aiming an adequate static and dynamical characterization of the load. Then, with the goal of proposing driving converters with a superior global efficiency, it is proposed the use of resonant conversion as the power control stage of the LED drivers. This stage is preceded by a power factor pre-regulator stage, so that a low total harmonic distortion on the input current can be achieved. A systematic study of the power factor correction topologies and resonant converters which might compose each of these two stages is done, therefore compiling the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each for the driving of LEDs. From this study, it was proposed an integrated converter structure of a resonant converter with a high power factor pre-regulator, which showed good compliance when driving an LED load composed of 72 series-associated LEDs, with nominal power of ca. 100 W. A prototype of the proposed converter has reached a global efficiency above 92%, with a power factor greater than 0.97 and total harmonic distortion of input current of ca. 20%, along with total compliance with the power quality parameters imposed by national and international standards. The design of this converter also permitted the elimination of the electrolytic capacitors from within the power circuitry of the prototype through capacitance reduction; only metalized film capacitors were employed, contributing to enhance the lifespan of the converter, making it compatible with the lifespan of the LEDs being driven.