In this thesis, a new approach for single-stage power factor correction converters is proposed to increase their power ratings to be in the multiple kilowatts levels. The proposed techniques are based on the utilization of modified three-level resonant converter topologies. These topologies provide low component stresses, high frequency operation, zero voltage switching, applicability under a wide range of input and output conditions as well as added control flexibility. The proposed control algorithms are based on a combination of variable frequency and asymmetrical pulse width modulation control or variable frequency and phase shift modulation control. In either case, the variable frequency control is used to tightly regulate the output voltage, whereas, pulse width or phase shift modulation is used to regulate the dc-bus voltage as well as the input power factor. New converter topologies, their operation and steady state and dynamic analyses are presented in details. A modelling approach based on average multiple frequency methods is also proposed. This approach leads to the development of a full order state space model with the two control variables explicitly separated allowing a better controller design. The model can be used either at high level of detail expressing the non-linearities of the system or it can readily be simplified to a linear decoupled model for approximate solutions. Finally, a discrete time controller for the proposed converters, which is suitable for FPGA implementation, is presented. Analytical, simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the proposed concepts. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-01-30 14:28:15.725

This work presents a study and a comparative analysis of high power single-phase converter applied to power factor correctioii in according to the international standards IEC 61000-3-4 (harmonics limitation) and CISPR 22 (electromagnetic interference limitation) for high power applications. The converters studied were the conventional boost converter, the interleaved boost converter, with two cell operating with a delay angle of 180" between each other, and the dual boost converter. Such converters are used in front-end modules of information technology equipment. AI1 converters have the same input and output voltage and the same input current. The converters were projected to provide the same total input harmonic distortion (THD), with the idea of using the same input filter. Implementation of the control laws was performed through a digital control with the use of a 16 bits microcontroller. A11 converters were, first of all, studied and presented in this dissertation. The analyzed parameters for comparison were: power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), semiconductor losses and magnetic losses, heat-sinks volume and magnetics volume, conducted electromagnetic interference, performance and costs. / Esse trabalho apresenta um estudo e uma análise comparativa de conversores monofásicos aplicados i correção de fator de potência que estejam de acordo com as normas internacionais IEC 61000-3-4 (limitação de harmônicos) e CISPR 22 (limitação dos níveis de interferência eletromagnética) para aplicações de alta potência. Os conversores estudados foram os conversores Boost, o conversor Boost Intercalado, com duas células operando com uma defasagem de 180" entre si, e o conversor Dual Boost. Tais conversores são utilizados como estágio de entrada em fontes de equipamentos da tecnologia da informação. Todos os conversores apresentam a mesma tensão de entrada e saída, e a mesma corrente de entrada. Os conversores foram projetados para apresentarem a mesma taxa de distorção harmônica da corrente de entrada (THD) para que, dessa forma, todos tenham o mesmo filtro de entrada. A implementação das leis de controle foi realizada através de um controlador digital com o uso de um microcontrolador de 16 bits. Todos os conversores foram primeiramente estudados e são apresentados nesta dissertação. Os parâmetros analisados para a comparação das topologias foram: fator de potência, taxa de distorção harmônica, perdas nos dispositivos semicondutores e magnéticos, volume dos dissipadores e materiais magnéticos, interferência eletromagnética conduzida, eficiência e custos.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents a study and design of an electronic power converter topology for on-board application in a battery charger for plug-in electric vehicles. The proposed topology is based on AC-DC converter Buck+Boost, which one is very attractive for this application due to its buck and boost characteristics in a single-stage power processing. Furthermore, this topology presents reduced weight and volume, since there is no transformer and only few components are presented in its structure. A theoretical study is performed through of qualitative and quantitative analysis, besides it is investigated the switching process and losses in the converter components. It is also performed a design example of a battery charger with rated output power of 1 kW, input voltage 220 Vac RMS and output voltage of 162 Vdc, corresponding to 12 batteries connected in series. A prototype for the indicated specifications was constructed in laboratory and tested experimentally. The simulation and experimental results obtained are used to validate the theoretical analysis and design. For rated load, it was obtained an efficiency of 96.5% and a power factor of 0.992, thus showing the effectiveness of the proposed converter. / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de uma topologia de conversor eletrÃnico de potÃncia para a aplicaÃÃo embarcada em um carregador de baterias para veÃculos elÃtricos recarregÃveis atravÃs da rede elÃtrica. A topologia escolhida à baseada no conversor CA-CC Buck+Boost, onde a mesma torna-se bastante atrativa para este tipo de aplicaÃÃo por apresentar as caracterÃsticas elevadora e abaixadora de tensÃo em um Ãnico estÃgio de processamento de energia. AlÃm disso, esta topologia apresenta reduzido volume e peso, devido ao fato de nÃo apresentar transformador e possuir poucos componentes em sua estrutura. Um estudo teÃrico à realizado atravÃs das anÃlises qualitativa e quantitativa, alÃm das anÃlises do processo de comutaÃÃo e das perdas nos componentes do conversor. Neste trabalho à realizado um exemplo de projeto do carregador de baterias para aplicaÃÃo em veÃculos elÃtricos de 1 kW de potÃncia de saÃda, tensÃo de entrada eficaz de 220 Vca e tensÃo de saÃda de 162 Vcc, correspondente a 12 baterias conectadas em sÃrie. Um protÃtipo com as especificaÃÃes indicadas foi construÃdo e testado experimentalmente em laboratÃrio. Os resultados de simulaÃÃo e experimentais obtidos validaram a anÃlise teÃrica e o projeto realizado. Para carga nominal, foi obtido rendimento de 96,5% e fator de potÃncia de 0,992, comprovando assim o funcionamento da topologia utilizada.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / This work deals with the theoretical analysis, design methodology and laboratory implementation of a 3kVA on-line mode Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) composed by a multilevel inverter based on a transformer with multiple secondaries and an active power factor correction input stage composed by a diode rectifier in series with a boost converter.The main motivation for this study is to assess the benefits of multilevel inverters in low power (<10kVA) applications. A 3kVA Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) with output and input voltage of 220V and 60Hz, has been implemented. Simulation and experimental results for a single phase prototype are conducted to validate the proposed idea. The utilization of low frequency operation inverters promotes low EMI, lower switches stresses, very low commutation losses and consequently higher efficiency. The multilevel converter here used isolates the load from the grid due to the multi-windings transformer intrinsic to the topology. The on-line mode of the UPS (no battery mode) has been implemented. Simulation and experimental results for a single-phase prototype are presented to validate the proposed converter. The UPS presented an efficiency of 90% / Este trabalho apresenta a anÃlise teÃrica, metodologia de projeto e implementaÃÃo do modo rede de um sistema ininterrupto de energia (UPS) na configuraÃÃo on-line, utilizando um inversor multinÃvel e um prÃ-regulador com correÃÃo de fator de potÃncia. O inversor baseia-se num transformador que opera em baixa freqÃÃncia com mÃltiplos secundÃrios isolados, em que a tensÃo multinÃvel na saÃda à formada atravÃs da combinaÃÃo dos enrolamentos secundÃrios do transformador por chaves de potÃncia estÃticas operando em baixa freqÃÃncia. O prÃ-regulador à composto por uma ponte completa de diodos em sÃrie com um conversor boost. A motivaÃÃo para este estudo consiste em avaliar os benefÃcios da utilizaÃÃo de inversores multinÃveis em baixas potÃncias (<10kVA) em UPS, com Ãnfase nos rendimentos das topologias. A utilizaÃÃo do inversor multinÃvel operando em baixa freqÃÃncia garante menores Ãndices de EMI, menores esforÃos de tensÃo e corrente nos semicondutores da estrutura, desprezÃveis perdas por comutaÃÃo e consequentemente maior rendimento. A estrutura utilizada possui ainda a caracterÃstica de garantir isolamento galvÃnico da rede elÃtrica com a carga atravÃs da utilizaÃÃo do transformador intrÃnseco desta topologia. O prÃregulador possui uma topologia que garante facilidade de implementaÃÃo e alto rendimento. O modo rede de um sistema ininterrupto de energia de 3kVA com tensÃo de entrada e saÃda de 220V e 60Hz, foi implementado. As simulaÃÃes e os resultados experimentais para um protÃtipo monofÃsico sÃo apresentados para a validaÃÃo da estrutura. O rendimento mÃximo obtido para o protÃtipo foi de 90%.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents the study and implementation of an ac-dc &#262;uk converter based on the three state switching cells applied in charger stations for electric vehicles. This converter has, as main characteristics, reduction of conducting power losses in the semiconductors, a single stage topology and current source behavior for both input and output terminals. As drawbacks, the topology presents: the voltage across the semiconductors is equal to the sum of the input and the output voltages, and a difference between the current values through the semiconductors caused by an inappropriate layout of the power prototypes or by a lack of symmetry between the control signals. The analysis of the converter is made through the qualitative and quantitative studies, beyond the analysis of the semiconductor losses which are presented as well. The current and voltage of the battery are controlled by the average current mode technique, which consist in a fast current control loop if compared with the terminals battery voltage control loop. The topology is design for 1 kW output power, 220 V in input voltage and 162 V in the output terminals (12 batteries in series connection). Experimental results for resistive load, as well batteries, are shown in order to verify the functionalities of the topology and its characteristics. / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de um conversor ca-cc &#262;uk baseado na cÃlula de comutaÃÃo trÃs estados para aplicaÃÃo em carregadores de baterias para veÃculos elÃtricos. As principais caracterÃsticas deste conversor sÃo: a reduÃÃo das perdas por conduÃÃo nos interruptores controlados, um Ãnico estÃgio de processamento de potÃncia e caracterÃstica de fonte de corrente na entrada e na saÃda. Como inconvenientes a topologia apresenta: a tensÃo sobre os semicondutores igual à soma das tensÃes de entrada e saÃda e o desequilÃbrio de corrente atravÃs dos componentes quando hà assimetria no layout da placa de potÃncia ou nos sinais de comando dos interruptores. Um estudo teÃrico à realizado atravÃs das anÃlises qualitativa e quantitativa, alÃm das anÃlises do processo de comutaÃÃo e das perdas nos componentes do conversor. Para controlar o fluxo de potÃncia da rede elÃtrica para as baterias à utilizada a estratÃgia de controle modo corrente mÃdia, sendo que, a mesma apresenta uma malha de corrente rÃpida que monitora a corrente de entrada e uma malha de tensÃo lenta que supervisiona a tensÃo sobre os terminais da bateria. Neste trabalho à realizado o projeto do carregador de baterias para aplicaÃÃo em veÃculos elÃtricos com 1 kW de potÃncia, tensÃo de entrada eficaz de 220 V e tensÃo de saÃda de 162 V, correspondente a 12 baterias conectadas em sÃrie. Um protÃtipo com as especificaÃÃes indicadas foi construÃdo e testado experimentalmente em laboratÃrio e os resultados de simulaÃÃo e experimentais obtidos sÃo utilizados para validar a anÃlise teÃrica e o projeto realizado. Foram realizados testes com carga puramente resistiva e em seguida com um banco de baterias, que comprovaram o funcionamento da topologia.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents the development of a methodology for design of inductor in singlephase PFC boost converters operating in CCM mode in agreement with international standards IEC 61000-3-2 and CISPR 22. Such converters are used in front-end modules of information technology equipment. This methodology is based on the investigation of the relationship among magnetic volume; switching frequency and input current ripple of the converter, presented in previous work and extended to allow the optimization of inductors with three magnetic materials: Kool Mμ, Molypermalloy and High-Flux. An analysis of some constructive characteristics of the inductors is performed, such as, magnetic materials and most appropriate type of winding, taking into account factors that can determine the lowest volume of the inductor, such as winding and magnetic losses, the flux density, and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). In construction of the inductors, it is discussed the use of single-layer winding, presenting their main haracteristics, advantages when seeking the reduction of conducted EMI, and considering the disadvantage of increasing of volume that this type winding may cause. An algorithm for this methodology is developed, that uses models able to estimate the differential mode conducted EMI for frequencies up to 30 MHz, as well the temperature rise of boost inductor by simulating the input current of the converter, considering soft saturation characteristics of magnetic materials and the use of commercial cores. Additionally, it is performed an experimental validation of the developed algorithm by construction of prototypes that uses three selected materials and operate at three different points of operation. / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de projeto do indutor em conversores boost PFC CCM monofásicos de acordo com as normas internacionais IEC 61000-3-2 e CISPR 22. Tais conversores são utilizados como estágio de entrada em fontes de equipamentos da tecnologia da informação. A metodologia é baseada na investigação da dependência existente entre o volume dos elementos magnéticos com a freqüência de comutação e a ondulação da corrente de entrada nestes conversores. O trabalho dá continuidade a trabalhos anteriores, ampliando a análise para a otimização de indutores de três materiais magnéticos: Kool Mμ, Molypermalloy e High-Flux. É realizada uma análise de algumas características construtivas destes indutores, entre elas, os materiais magnéticos mais apropriados e o tipo de enrolamento utilizado levando-se em consideração fatores que permitem a redução do volume do indutor, como as perdas magnéticas e nos enrolamentos, a densidade de fluxo magnético e a interferência eletromagnética (EMI) conduzida. Na implementação dos indutores, é discutida a utilização de enrolamentos de única camada, apresentando suas principais características, as vantagens de sua utilização quando se busca a redução da EMI conduzida, e considerando-se a desvantagem do aumento de volume do indutor que este tipo de enrolamento pode causar. Um algoritmo é desenvolvido para esta metodologia, no qual são utilizados modelos capazes de estimar a EMI conduzida DM para freqüências de até 30 MHz, assim como a elevação da temperatura do indutor, por meio de uma simulação da corrente de entrada do conversor que considera os efeitos da saturação suave dos materiais magnéticos e a utilização de núcleos com dimensões comerciais. É também realizada a validação experimental deste algoritmo, por meio da construção de protótipos que utilizam indutores dos três materiais escolhidos e operam em três pontos de operação distintos.

AC-DC converters find application in every day life as a front-end to DC-DC and DC-AC converters. Active three-phase converters shape the three-phase input current to be sinusoidal and to be in-phase with the input voltage, as well as to provide a steady DC output voltage. This thesis investigates various active three-phase rectifier and control topologies and identifies a rectifier and control topology most suitable for use in converting a variable voltage variable frequency generator output to a DC voltage. In this dissertation, design relations are derived for determining the plant transfer response (for the suitable topology/controller), design equations are derived for designing/choosing the filter components, and guidelines are derived that will assist in choosing the right semi-conductor components and to give an estimation of expected system efficiency. The dissertation investigates the implementation of both analogue and digital control and provides implementation methodologies for both controllers. Expected results are verified by simulation and a build-up prototype. It was shown that the VIENNA rectifier is able to convert a generator type input, with variable input voltage amplitude and variable frequency, to a constant DC-bus voltage whilst controlling the input current to be sinusoidal and in phase with the input voltage. The rectifier was able to maintain a constant DC voltage at the output for input voltages as low as half the rated input voltage and for an equivalent output power of half the rated output power. This suggests that the VIENNA rectifier, controlled as a dual-boost rectifier, is suitable for applications that require power factor corrections and simultaneously operate from a wide input voltage range. / Dissertation (MEng (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / unrestricted

This paper presents the design and development of a novel Arc Welding Power Supply utilizing a modified two-switch forward converter topology. The proposed design improves the power quality by improving power factor to near unity and reducing total harmonic distortion. State space analysis of the proposed circuit showed that the circuit followed a boost-buck input output relationship. Simulation of the circuit was first implemented in LTspice to verify the functionality of the new topology. Hardware implementation of the proposed design was built on a scaled-down prototype for a proof-of-concept of the new topology. The prototype specifications were created for a 5A, 20V output with a 20-24V, 60Hz input. This project demonstrated that the proposed new topology was successful in obtaining a near unity power factor and a total harmonic distortion of less than 2%. Additionally, the prototype followed the simulation and calculations of a boost-buck function while varying duty cycle, and the final measurements aligned well with waveforms from the simulation.

This master thesis deals with design of DC-DC converter for onboard charging of electric vehicle. Developed converter will mainly be used for charging stationary traction battery in laboratory. Output voltage of this charger will be adjustable by user in between 200 V and 450 V depending on the current charged battery configuration. Output current limit is set at 8 A. Since the converter will be supplied from standard household socket, the problem of power factor correction must be solved during the design. That is because a large part of this thesis is focused on describing the problematics of power factor correction. After that, active PFC module is designed, completed and performance of this module is verified. To achieve low overall losses and thus be able to keep small volume of the system, modern switching components based on Silicon Carbide were preferred. Beside laboratory use, completed system will be used to emphasize volumetric difference between onboard chargers based on old versus modern switching components.

This Diploma thesis deals with design of for power factor correction device for mid-frequency-range induction heating and also with assessment of correction device influence in harmonically distorted environment from the distribution net point of view. Research chapters contain of main characteristics of electrical power quality and theoretical background of reactive power, which is in our case caused by driven non-linear elements. Further, the heating power supply block is explained and simulations of power consumption in Matlab - Simulink is done, within the prove of corrective tools design. After the build of corrective tool assemblies, measurements are matched with the simulation results.