This thesis project aims to develop an embedded system that can measure real-time power consumption of a house and provide information for the user. System consists of a microcontroller unit, a light sensor, RS232 serial interface, battery and an LED. An 18F series 8bit PIC microcontroller was used for this project because PIC is known to be versatile and very low power-consuming. The goal was to get periodic signal from the sensor mounted on the power meter of a house, calculate the power usage and send this data to serial port for communication purposes. The system is connected to PC through RS232 interface as the first step of the project. The power usage information and a simple user interface sent from the PIC are displayed on the HyperTerminal of the PC. The second step was to communicate with a wireless module which is connected to the central unit of the alarm system in a house. This part of the project requires modification of the communication protocol to suit the one that the company uses in the wireless module. As the power source we chose a 9V battery since the system needs 5V to operate. However it is just the prototype. Therefore the power source choice can be changed in future due to company needs. The LED used in the prototype is for testing purposes and it is also due to changes if not needed. As the result of the project, the first step is finished with minimum requirements. The external hardware is built with all the components and the software is implemented successfully. The system can get signals from the photo sensor; the result is calculated according to the duration between two signals; it is sent to the PC via RS232 serial port and displayed on the PC terminal.

No description available.

No description available.

Irregularidades técnicas verificadas em medidores de energia elétrica, que caracterizam fraude, são responsáveis por grande parte das perdas de energia para o setor de distribuição de energia elétrica, ocasionando, também, perda de receita para o Estado referente aos tributos não recolhidos. O custo da energia furtada é repassado a todos os consumidores sob a forma de perdas não técnicas. Este trabalho foi motivado pela necessidade de mecanismos efetivos que auxiliem no combate a fraudes em medidores de energia elétrica para, assim, reduzir perdas no setor. Para isso, propõe-se um modelo de sistematização do reconhecimento de irregularidades que caracterizam fraude em medidores de energia elétrica, com a emissão de relatórios periciais. A partir dessa sistematização, busca-se a redução das perdas não técnicas de energia mediante o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de punição de fraudadores. Seu desenvolvimento foi estruturado por meio da automação de informações aplicada à padronização de serviços de perícia técnica, com foco na determinação do erro de medição e na inspeção técnica funcional dos medidores. A sistematização proposta foi baseada em um banco de dados hierarquicamente padronizado e em informações de verificações metrológicas que garantam a confiabilidade dos resultados. O modelo proposto foi testado em amostras de medidores fraudados fornecidas por concessionárias distribuidoras de energia elétrica da região sul do Brasil. Como principal resultado, destaca-se o REPEM, software que sistematiza o serviço de perícia técnica aplicada a medidores de energia elétrica e que possibilita a produção de relatórios periciais. A partir da análise dos medidores verificados com o uso do REPEM, foi possível o estabelecimento da capacidade de produção de relatórios periciais e o conhecimento dos valores de perdas ocasionadas pelas irregularidades pesquisadas. / Technical irregularities found in electrical power meters due to tampering, which are classified as fraud, are responsible for the most part of the energy loss experienced in the sector of electrical power distribution. These frauds also cause revenue losses to the society due to tax evasion. The cost of energy theft is shared with all consumers in the form of nontechnical losses. This work suits that context, by means of combating fraud in electric power meters in order to reduce losses due to the strengthening of effective punishment of cheaters. For that is proposed a systematization model of the process for verification of irregularities in electric power meters and the respective issuance of audit reports. Its development is based on the automation of information gathering applied to the standardization of such audits services, therefore focusing on the determination of the measurement error and on the technical audit of meters. The proposed systematization is based on a standardized database which were hierarchically arranged and also from information obtained from metrological calibration audits, thus ensuring the reliability of the results obtained. The proposed model was tested in samples of the power meters tampered provided by the electrical distribution companies in southern Brazil. A main outcome of this research is REPEM, a custom built software that organizes the procedures of technical audit in a legally binding basis as applied to power meters. From the results of analysis conducted on sample power meters audited by REPEM, it was possible to settle the software's report generation functions and the values of the losses arising from the irregularities investigated.

Irregularidades técnicas verificadas em medidores de energia elétrica, que caracterizam fraude, são responsáveis por grande parte das perdas de energia para o setor de distribuição de energia elétrica, ocasionando, também, perda de receita para o Estado referente aos tributos não recolhidos. O custo da energia furtada é repassado a todos os consumidores sob a forma de perdas não técnicas. Este trabalho foi motivado pela necessidade de mecanismos efetivos que auxiliem no combate a fraudes em medidores de energia elétrica para, assim, reduzir perdas no setor. Para isso, propõe-se um modelo de sistematização do reconhecimento de irregularidades que caracterizam fraude em medidores de energia elétrica, com a emissão de relatórios periciais. A partir dessa sistematização, busca-se a redução das perdas não técnicas de energia mediante o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de punição de fraudadores. Seu desenvolvimento foi estruturado por meio da automação de informações aplicada à padronização de serviços de perícia técnica, com foco na determinação do erro de medição e na inspeção técnica funcional dos medidores. A sistematização proposta foi baseada em um banco de dados hierarquicamente padronizado e em informações de verificações metrológicas que garantam a confiabilidade dos resultados. O modelo proposto foi testado em amostras de medidores fraudados fornecidas por concessionárias distribuidoras de energia elétrica da região sul do Brasil. Como principal resultado, destaca-se o REPEM, software que sistematiza o serviço de perícia técnica aplicada a medidores de energia elétrica e que possibilita a produção de relatórios periciais. A partir da análise dos medidores verificados com o uso do REPEM, foi possível o estabelecimento da capacidade de produção de relatórios periciais e o conhecimento dos valores de perdas ocasionadas pelas irregularidades pesquisadas. / Technical irregularities found in electrical power meters due to tampering, which are classified as fraud, are responsible for the most part of the energy loss experienced in the sector of electrical power distribution. These frauds also cause revenue losses to the society due to tax evasion. The cost of energy theft is shared with all consumers in the form of nontechnical losses. This work suits that context, by means of combating fraud in electric power meters in order to reduce losses due to the strengthening of effective punishment of cheaters. For that is proposed a systematization model of the process for verification of irregularities in electric power meters and the respective issuance of audit reports. Its development is based on the automation of information gathering applied to the standardization of such audits services, therefore focusing on the determination of the measurement error and on the technical audit of meters. The proposed systematization is based on a standardized database which were hierarchically arranged and also from information obtained from metrological calibration audits, thus ensuring the reliability of the results obtained. The proposed model was tested in samples of the power meters tampered provided by the electrical distribution companies in southern Brazil. A main outcome of this research is REPEM, a custom built software that organizes the procedures of technical audit in a legally binding basis as applied to power meters. From the results of analysis conducted on sample power meters audited by REPEM, it was possible to settle the software's report generation functions and the values of the losses arising from the irregularities investigated.

Irregularidades técnicas verificadas em medidores de energia elétrica, que caracterizam fraude, são responsáveis por grande parte das perdas de energia para o setor de distribuição de energia elétrica, ocasionando, também, perda de receita para o Estado referente aos tributos não recolhidos. O custo da energia furtada é repassado a todos os consumidores sob a forma de perdas não técnicas. Este trabalho foi motivado pela necessidade de mecanismos efetivos que auxiliem no combate a fraudes em medidores de energia elétrica para, assim, reduzir perdas no setor. Para isso, propõe-se um modelo de sistematização do reconhecimento de irregularidades que caracterizam fraude em medidores de energia elétrica, com a emissão de relatórios periciais. A partir dessa sistematização, busca-se a redução das perdas não técnicas de energia mediante o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de punição de fraudadores. Seu desenvolvimento foi estruturado por meio da automação de informações aplicada à padronização de serviços de perícia técnica, com foco na determinação do erro de medição e na inspeção técnica funcional dos medidores. A sistematização proposta foi baseada em um banco de dados hierarquicamente padronizado e em informações de verificações metrológicas que garantam a confiabilidade dos resultados. O modelo proposto foi testado em amostras de medidores fraudados fornecidas por concessionárias distribuidoras de energia elétrica da região sul do Brasil. Como principal resultado, destaca-se o REPEM, software que sistematiza o serviço de perícia técnica aplicada a medidores de energia elétrica e que possibilita a produção de relatórios periciais. A partir da análise dos medidores verificados com o uso do REPEM, foi possível o estabelecimento da capacidade de produção de relatórios periciais e o conhecimento dos valores de perdas ocasionadas pelas irregularidades pesquisadas. / Technical irregularities found in electrical power meters due to tampering, which are classified as fraud, are responsible for the most part of the energy loss experienced in the sector of electrical power distribution. These frauds also cause revenue losses to the society due to tax evasion. The cost of energy theft is shared with all consumers in the form of nontechnical losses. This work suits that context, by means of combating fraud in electric power meters in order to reduce losses due to the strengthening of effective punishment of cheaters. For that is proposed a systematization model of the process for verification of irregularities in electric power meters and the respective issuance of audit reports. Its development is based on the automation of information gathering applied to the standardization of such audits services, therefore focusing on the determination of the measurement error and on the technical audit of meters. The proposed systematization is based on a standardized database which were hierarchically arranged and also from information obtained from metrological calibration audits, thus ensuring the reliability of the results obtained. The proposed model was tested in samples of the power meters tampered provided by the electrical distribution companies in southern Brazil. A main outcome of this research is REPEM, a custom built software that organizes the procedures of technical audit in a legally binding basis as applied to power meters. From the results of analysis conducted on sample power meters audited by REPEM, it was possible to settle the software's report generation functions and the values of the losses arising from the irregularities investigated.

Orientador: Elnatan Chagas Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moro_JeffersonZortea_M.pdf: 4211036 bytes, checksum: df7a8907629ae3a423fc16dbd9f4783e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, grandes esforços vêm sendo feitos com a intenção de mostrar às pessoas o montante de energia gasto por cada eletrodoméstico, uma vez que essa informação leva consigo a principal base do programa de eficiência energética que pode ser feito pelos próprios usuários domésticos. Para ajudar o consumidor a monitorar seus gastos, foi desenvolvido um medidor de energia elétrica, capaz de informar o consumo de cada circuito que compõe a rede elétrica da residência, além de permitir a identificação em tempo real, do consumo de energia elétrica dos diversos equipamentos conectados nesses circuitos. Esse trabalho apresenta um simples e funcional método não intrusivo para se medir o consumo de energia elétrica, de tal forma que pode ser aplicado em programas de eficiência energética, sendo portando a interface que alimenta o consumidor com informações sobre os gastos das diversas cargas / Abstract: Currently a large effort are being done with the intention to educate people about how much energy each electrical appliance uses in their houses, since this knowledge is the fundamental basis of energy efficiency programs that can be managed by the household owners. To help the home consumer to monitor their electric power consumption, it was developed an electric power meter, in order to display the spending in each circuit, as well as the real time identification of all equipment plugged in each circuit. This paper presents a simple yet functional non-intrusive method for electric power measurement that can be applied in energy efficiency programs, in order to provide a better knowledge of the energy consumption of the appliances in a home / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

One of the most meaningful technical innovations in cycling over the past two decades was the development of mobile power meters. With the ability to measure the physical strain under “real world” outdoor conditions, the knowledge of the demand during cycling has improved enormously. Power output has been described as the most direct measure of intensity during cycling and consequently power meters becomes a popular tool to monitor the training and racing of cyclists. However, only limited research data are available on the utilisation of power meters for performance assessment in the field or the analysis of training data. Therefore, the aims of the thesis were to evaluate the ecological validity of a field test, to provide an extensive insight into the longitudinal training strategies of world-class cyclists and to investigate the effects of interval training in the field at difference cadences. The first study aimed to assess the reproducibility of power output during a 4-min (TT4) and a 20-min (TT20) time-trial and the relationship with performance markers obtained during a laboratory graded exercise test (GXT). Ventilatory and lactate thresholds during a GXT were measured in competitive male cyclists (n = 15; VO2max 67 ± 5 mL . min−1 . kg−1; Pmax 440 ± 38 W ). Two 4- min and 20-min time-trials were performed on flat roads. Strong intraclass-correlations for TT4 (r = 0.98; 95 % CL: 0.92-0.99) and TT20 (r = 0.98; 95 % CL: 0.95-0.99) were observed. TT4 showed a bias ± random error of −0.8 ± 23W or −0.2 ± 5.5%. During TT20 the bias ± random error was −1.8 ± 14 W or 0.6 ± 4.4 %. Both time-trials were strongly correlated with performance measures from the GXT (p < 0.001). Significant differences were observed between power output during TT4 and GXT measures (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between TT20 and power output at the second lactate-turn-point (LTP 2) (p = 0.98) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) (p = 0.97). In conclusion, TT4 and TT20 mean power outputs are reliable predictors of endurance performance. TT20 was in agreement with power output at RCP and LTP 2. Study two aimed to quantify power output (PO) and heart rate (HR) distributions across a whole season in elite cyclists. Power output and heart rate were monitored for 11 months in ten male (age: 29.1 ± 6.7 y; VO2max: 66.5 ± 7.1 mL . min−1 . kg−1) and one female (age: 23.1y; VO2max: 71.5 mL . min−1 . kg−1) cyclist. In total, 1802 data sets were sampled and divided into workout categories according to training goals. The PO at the RCP was used to determine seven intensity zones (Z1-Z7). PO and HR distributions into Z1-Z7 were calculated for all data and workout categories. The ratio of mean PO to RCP (intensity factor, IF) was assessed for each training session and for each interval during the training sessions (IFINT). Variability of PO was calculated as coefficient of variation (CV ). There was no significant difference in the distribution of PO and HR for the total season (p = 0.15), although significant differences between workout categories were observed (p < 0.001). Compared with PO, HR distributions showed a shift from low to high intensities. IF was significantly different between categories (p < 0.001). The IFINT was related to performance (p < 0.01), although the overall IF for the session was not. Also, total training time was related to performance (p < 0.05). The variability in PO was inversely associated with performance (p < 0.01). In conclusion, HR accurately reflects exercise intensity over a total season or low intensity workouts but is limited when applied to high intensity workouts. Better performance by cyclists was characterised by lower variability in PO, greater training volume and the production of higher exercise intensities during intervals. The third study tested the effects of low-cadence (60 rev . min−1) uphill (Int60) or high-cadence (100 rev . min−1) flat (Int100) interval training on PO during 20 min uphill (TTup) and flat (TTflat) time-trials. Eighteen male cyclists (VO2max: 58.6 ± 5.4 mL . min−1 . kg−1) were randomly assigned to Int60, Int100 or a control group (Con). The interval training comprised of two training sessions per week over four weeks, which consisted of 6 bouts of 5 min at the PO at RCP. For the control group, no interval training was conducted. A two-factor ANOVA revealed significant increases on performance measures obtained from GXT (Pmax: 2.8 ± 3.0 %; p < 0.01; PO and VO2 at RCP: 3.6 ± 6.3 % and 4.7 ± 8.2 %, respectively; p < 0.05; and VO2 at ventilatory threshold: 4.9 ± 5.6 %; p < 0.01), with no significant group effects. Significant interactions between group and the uphill and flat time-trials, pre vs. post-training on time-trial PO were observed (p < 0.05). Int60 increased PO during both, TTup (4.4 ± 5.3 %) and TTflat (1.5 ± 4.5 %), whereas the changes were − 1.3 ± 3.6 %; 2.6 ± 6.0 % for Int100 and 4.0 ± 4.6 %; − 3.5 ± 5.4 % for Con, during TTup and TTflat, respectively. PO was significantly higher during TTup than TTflat (4.4 ± 6.0 %; 6.3 ± 5.6 %; pre and post-training, respectively; p < 0.001). These findings suggest that higher forces during the low-cadence intervals are potentially beneficial to improve performance. In contrast to the GXT, the time-trials are ecologically valid to detect specific performance adaptations.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-03-23T13:48:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IVAN PEDROTTI LEMOS.pdf: 2401459 bytes, checksum: f02681540995cdcf4ae8524cff81fb9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T13:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IVAN PEDROTTI LEMOS.pdf: 2401459 bytes, checksum: f02681540995cdcf4ae8524cff81fb9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-08 / Inteligente. Tarifa Time-of-use tariffs are one way of encouraging consumers to carry out the transfer of load to off-peak intervals, thus making unnecessary new and high investments in generation and transmission and distribution infrastructure. This is therefore a tool for the expansion of energy efficiency, in a new concept of electricity grids, the Smart Grids. However, for this type of charging to be applied, new and modern meters are required, those with the capacity to differentiate consumption hours and that can inform the consumer properly. In this sense, this work is aimed at the development of a meter with an open source platform, in the case Arduino, associated to Analog Devices ADE7753 integrated circuit, transmitting information through IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) network, and through an IoT (Internet of Things) platform, to make an assessment whether adoption of the White Tariff is financially beneficial to the consumer in a simple and interactive way. / As tarifas hor?rias s?o uma das formas de incentivar os consumidores a realizarem a transfer?ncia de carga para intervalos fora de ponta, fazendo assim desnecess?rios novos e altos investimentos em gera??o e infraestrutura de transmiss?o e distribui??o. Sendo esta portanto uma ferramenta para a amplia??o da efici?ncia energ?tica, em um novo conceito de redes de energia el?trica, as Smart Grids. Entretanto, para que este tipo de tarifa??o seja aplicado, novos e modernos medidores s?o requeridos, aqueles com capacidade de diferencia??o de hor?rio de consumo e que possam informar devidamente ao consumidor. Neste sentido este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um medidor com plataforma open source, no caso o Arduino, associado ao circuito integrado para medi??o de energia el?trica ADE7753 da Analog Devices, transmitindo as informa??es atrav?s de rede IEEE802.11(Wi-Fi), e por meio de uma plataforma para IoT (Internet of Things), realizar uma avalia??o se a ado??o ? Tarifa Branca ? ben?fica financeiramente ao consumidor de forma simples e interativa.

birefringance, degreeofpolarization, polarization, Stokesvectors, Poincarésphere, state of polarization, optical power, sensoric fibre, polarization-maintaining fiber, polaroid, poalrimeter