Five sediment samples were collected in Bua on the Swedish west coast, near two industries, a paper mill, and a nuclear power plant. The two industries use water in their processes and have long been associated with releases of different substances, such as PCBs, and other chlorinated compounds. The environmental impact by the two industries is believed to be significant. The aim of the project was to examine the sediments close to both the water intake and water output to determine if these industrial activities have in any way changed the composition of the sediments. The sediments were extracted by Soxhlet extraction, followed by a deactivated silica and an acidic silica clean-up and then analysed by using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer, (GC-MS) with electron ionization, EI+, mode used in full scan mode. Each mass spectra were analysed by comparing them to the NIST database from 1998. The results were inconclusive since the peaks were not properly resolved, causing a poor correlation to the NIST database. One batch was specifically analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by using an atmospheric pressure gas chromatograph (APGC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). The PCB analysis provided accurate results, except for the Ringhals intake where the MS became saturated due to the high levels. The river Viskan also showed high levels of PCB. The congener pattern from PCBs found near Ringhals intake resembled an Aroclor pattern from Aroclor 1248. Since the Aroclor pattern is only seen in Ringhals intake, the source is most likely from the small harbour and not from either of the industries.

At a time when global environmental change is posing a growing challenge to the world’s economy and creating uncertainties to livelihood of its inhabitants, Coal thermal power plants are under pressure to meet stringent environmental regulations into achieving worldwide set millennial goals for mitigating the effect of emission gases on the atmosphere. Owing to its abundance, it is unlikely to see the use of coal completely missing from the global energy mix within the next hundred years to come. While innovative emission reduction technologies are evolving for the better, trendy technological solutions which require reintegration of these coal plants with alternative greener fuels are growing at the moment. Among these solutions, the following paper investigates possible means for repowering a coal steam power plant with indirect solar heating solutions to boost its annual outputs. Two widely deployable solar thermal technologies, parabolic trough and Central tower receiver systems, are introduced at different locations in the steam plant to heat working fluid thereby enhancing the thermodynamic quality of steam being generated. Potential annual energy output was estimated using commercially available TRNSYS software upon mass and heat balance to every component of solar and steam plant. The annual energy outputs are weighed against their plant erecting and running costs to evaluate the economic vitality of the proposed repowering options. The results show that parabolic trough heating method could serve as the most cost effective method generating electricity at competitive prices than solar only powered SEGS plants. While cost may be acceptable in the unit of energy sense, the scale of implementation has been proven to be technically limited. / Kriel Power Plant

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).

Submitted by DAIANE CARLOS HOHN null (mabdaiane@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-12T20:24:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DAIANE HOHN (2) versão final 2017.pdf: 4263302 bytes, checksum: 1731275c09f765162cfaa0fe5888c6cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-16T17:49:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hohn_dc_me_ippri.pdf: 4263302 bytes, checksum: 1731275c09f765162cfaa0fe5888c6cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T17:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hohn_dc_me_ippri.pdf: 4263302 bytes, checksum: 1731275c09f765162cfaa0fe5888c6cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A energia elétrica é uma modalidade da energia central para o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas na sociedade capitalista. O setor elétrico brasileiro tem como fonte principal de produção de energia elétrica, a hidroeletricidade, que no atual momento se tornou uma fonte de elevados lucros. As usinas hidrelétricas, inseridas no espaço geográfico, formam um conjunto de sistemas de objetos e ações construídos pelo trabalho dos trabalhadores, que na atualidade está sob o comando majoritário da iniciativa privada. A indústria da eletricidade é multiterritorial porque contém, dentro do território da energia, a geração, a transmissão, a comercialização e a distribuição e esta se liga ao território das demais matrizes construindo o território energético. Este texto busca entender o processo de instalação da Usina Hidrelétrica Estreito no rio Tocantins, localizado entre os estados do Tocantins e Maranhão. A implantação desta usina hidrelétrica é carregada de diversas estratégias por parte do consórcio empreendedor para ganhar o apoio da sociedade nas diversas escalas. Sua inserção provocou a desterritorialização de uma parcela de famílias, que anteriormente viviam na região e que, até hoje, buscam o reconhecimento como portadoras de direitos dos espaços ocupados. Esse processo trouxe conflitos entre as partes envolvidas e sua resolução vai depender da correlação de forças estabelecida no território. O conjunto de populações atingidas no Brasil formulou uma proposta que está em fase de análise por instituições do Estado, ligada ao setor elétrico, sobre como deveria ser o tratamento quando da instalação dessas obras. Essa proposta trata da definição de direitos, de um marco legal, de responsabilidades dos órgãos do Estado e tem a participação dos atingidos e conta com fontes de financiamento para garantir, além dos passivos deixados até então, uma política clara quanto à reterritorialização desse público. Entretanto, por uma série de razões a proposta vem sendo sistematicamente rejeitada. Dessa forma, a busca pelos direitos das populações atingidas seja pela UHE Estreito ou por qualquer outra hidrelétrica continua, assim como a busca pela soberania, pela distribuição da riqueza e pelo controle popular da energia. / Energy is central to the development of productive forces in capitalist societies. The Brazilian electrical sector has its major source of energy yield the hydroelectricity, which nowadays had become a commodity with high profits possibilities. The power plants inside the geographical space are a set of objects and actions performed by workers and the majority of that plants are under the command of private entrepreneurs, with significant remittances of dividends to shareholders. The electricity industry is multi territorial as it includes, inside its territory, the generation, the transmission, the commercialization and the distribution and it is bonded to the territory of all others matrices and it creates the “energy territory”. This text tries to understand the installation process of the Estreito power plant in the Tocantins River, between the Brazilian states of Tocantins and Maranhão. The settlement of this power plant is surrounded by many strategies by the entrepreneur consortium in order to gain support from the many strata of the local society. The settlement of this power plant had induced the desterritorialization of many families, that used to live in the region and that until nowadays are seeking recognition as having rights of occupied spaces. This process brought conflicts among the evolved parts and its resolution will depend on the balance of forces established in the territory. A lot of people affected in Brazil made a proposal which is being analyzed by state institutions, bonded to electrical sector, about how should look like treatment when installing these power plants. This proposal deals with the definition of rights, with a legal framework, with the responsibilities of government agencies and has the participation of those affected and has funding sources to ensure, plus the liabilities left by then, a clear policy on reterritorialization of that people. But this proposal has been systematically defeated, for many other reasons. Thus, seeking for the rights of the affected populations continues, as well as the quest for sovereignty, the distribution of wealth and popular control of power. / CNPq: 370355/2015-6

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gyori_dfs_me_guara.pdf: 1709694 bytes, checksum: 9bbf8bfbc8fba1f7d05b85cb38d2ca50 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O crescente aumento da demanda de energia elétrica, aliada ao aumento dos custos de produção de energia e à preocupação com questões ambientais e sociais, conduz o planejamento do setor energético mundial para uma estratégia de utilização mais eficiente das fontes de produção já existentes. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo de caso de repotenciação de uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH), com o objetivo de demonstrar que este tipo de empreendimento é viável para aumentar a oferta de energia elétrica do sistema, necessária para suprir a demanda futura. Do levantamento do potencial hidráulico do rio que alimenta a usina, verifica-se a possibilidade de elevar a capacidade de geração a fio d’água em aproximadamente 75%. A análise de viabilidade técnica-econômica apresentada não considera somente os custos de equipamentos e preços de mercado da energia elétrica, mas incorpora o benefício ambiental referente à comercialização dos créditos de carbono que podem ser obtidos com a repotenciação da PCH e que promovem a redução do tempo de amortização do investimento. Citam-se ainda diversas contribuições sociais que podem resultar de um projeto de repotenciação, principalmente no caso de usinas desativadas, tornando este tipo de empreendimento mais atrativo, tanto do ponto de vista técnico-econômico quanto sócio-ambiental. / The increase of the electrical energy demand associated with the high cost of the energy production and some concerns regarding social and environmental issues led the energy sector to develop new efficient ways of energy production. This work has analyzed the repowering of a Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (SHPP) of the ‘‘run-off river’’ type, aiming to demonstrate that such activity is feasible and able to increase the energy supply to handle future demands. It was verified, after an analysis of a river hydraulic potential, the possibility of a 75% increase of its own capacity to generate energy. The presented analysis of the technical-economical viability doesn’t only consider the value of the equipments and the current costs of the electrical energy, but it incorporates the environmental benefit regarding the commercialization of the carbon credits which can be obtained by the repowering of a SHPP and that it promote the reduction of the investment paying-off time. Several social contributions that can be resulted of a repowering project are mentioned, mainly in the disabled plants case, making this enterprise more attractive, so much of the standpoint technician-economical as socio-environmental.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da dinâmica de uma instalação propulsora a vapor através da técnica da modelagem e simulação. O modelo matemático é obtido das Leis da Termodinâmica e dos conceitos básicos da mecânica dos fluídos e transferência de calor, e a simulação é efetuada em um computador digital. Inicialmente cada componente do ciclo é modelado individualmente, determinando-se as suas variáveis de estado, de entrada e de saída. A seguir o modelo é simulado para analisar a influência dos diversos parâmetros nas respostas do elemento. O modelo matemático da instalação propulsora a vapor é obtido agrupando-se convenientemente os modelos dos vários componentes do ciclo. Com isso obtêm-se um sistema de 47ª ordem que pode simular diversos casos de interesse real. Neste trabalho são analisadas as respostas do ciclo para dois casos. A primeira corresponde ao fechamento parcial da válvula de controle da turbina e a segunda ao corte na vazão de óleo combustível. / This paper presents a study of the dynamics of a steam power plant using techniques of modelling and simulation. The mathematical model derives form the laws of Thermodynamics and basic concepts of fluid mechanics and heat transfer; the simulation is carried out in a digital computer. Each component is first modelled individually, and its state, input and output variables are determined. The model is then simulated for the analysis of the influence of the various parameters in the responses of the component. The mathematical model of the complete power plant is constructed by the convenient grouping of the various component models of the cycle. Thereby a 47th order system is obtained, which can simulate various cases of interest. The cycle\'s response for two cases are analysed. The first case correspond to the partial closing of the turbine control valve and the second to the fuel flow interruption .

Abstract Non-linear methods have been utilised in modelling the processes on a flue-gas oxygen-content control system of a power plant. The ultimate objective is to reduce NOx and CO emissions by enhancing the control system. By investigating the flue-gas emission control strategy, the major factors affecting the flue-gas emissions have been determined. A simulator has been constructed, and it emulates a real process automation system and its physical processes. The process models of the simulator are: a flue-gas oxygen-content model, a secondary air flow model, a primary air flow model and a fuel feeding screw model (a fuel flow). The effort has been focused on two plant models: the flue-gas oxygen-content model and the secondary air flow model. Combustion is a non-linear, timevariant, multi-variable process with a variable delay. The secondary air model is a non-linear, timeinvariant (in principle), multi-variable system. Both phenomenological modelling (mass and energy calculations) and black-box modelling (neural networks) have been utilised in the Wiener/Hammerstein structures. It is possible to use a priori knowledge in model modifying, and therefore the model of flue-gas oxygen-content can be tuned on site. The simulator with precalculated parameters was tested in a full-scale power plant and a pilot-scale circulating fluidised bed boiler. The results in the power plant were remarkable since NOx emissions decreased significantly without increasing CO emissions.

The global demands for water and power services are rapidly increasing. In this context, Saudi Arabia (SA) has one of the highest water consumption rates per capita worldwide, and its energy requirements continue to grow. In terms of producing drinking water, SA ranks first, representing 22.4% of world capacity. However, that production is not unproblematic, and typically, the Water and Power Plant (WPP) projects following the Independent Water and Power Plant (IWPP) approach have involved a plethora of risks, as they rely on long-term arrangements to transfer project risks traditionally borne by government, to the private sector. Additionally, some risk factors apply generally to all construction projects, others are specific to WPP projects, and yet others apply only to IWPP projects. Unfortunately, three of four IWPP projects in SA have failed to meet their specified objectives; hence, there is an urgent need to implement effective risk management (RM) within these projects, as this represents an important success factor in their on-time delivery. In this study, water and power practitioners in the Saudi public and private sectors, were interviewed as key informants, and related their experience. The Grounded Theory (GT) approach was adopted whereby three rounds of semi-structured interviews were performed to establish factors causing the poor implementation of RM in IWPP projects in SA. Whilst the research focused on IWPP projects, it also explored WPP projects (undertaken by government), due to the state’s long experience of such activities. After analysis, the interview data was presented in propositional diagrams, fully grounded according to the practitioners’ experiences. The findings indicate that all practitioners agree on the importance of RM in IWPP projects since these are complex undertakings that require effective RM for their success, but that currently, RM knowledge within this industry is lacking, and where RM is implemented, it is done so informally. Practitioners identified three clear factors that affect the behaviour of every single IWPP stakeholder in respect of risk, these being: the uniqueness of the Saudi Arabian culture, the high subsidies paid by the government to consumers and organisations, and the low attention paid to RM by top managements. An emergent model is proposed expressing the complex reality of IWPP projects in SA, and illustrating three major phenomena, nine categories, and 26 sub-categories affecting RM implementation in these projects. This provides a strong foundation for further research aimed at securing the effective RM implementation in IWPP projects, and developing greater insight into the risk factors involved.

The goals of this thesis are to create a comprehensive business plan manual from various business plan frameworks and to clarify project documentation necessary for the commencement of the biomass power plant. The theoretical part serves to the reader as a manual, how to write a business plan. In each section the thesis lists necessary questions to be answered, the theory and the recommendations what to include in the business plan. The practical part represents a complete business plan of the development and op-eration of the biomass power plant with focus on the political analysis, key resources and financial analysis. In the end of the thesis the investment decision criteria are pre-sented together with the risks analysis, providing a solid information base upon which a potential investor can decide, whether to invest into the project.

The aim of the Thesis is theoretical clarification of the issues of photovoltaic power plants, their diagnostics, inspection and performance measurement, including negative impacts on their operation and subsequent application of theoretical knowledge during practical inspection and diagnostics of PV power plants. In its introductory part, the Thesis deals with design, manufacturing and development of PV cells and panels and describes other necessary elements and components, including their use in individual types of photovoltaic systems. Another part describes electric parameters of PV cells and panels, especially the parameters that can be found out by measurement of V-A characteristics and also the parameters affecting the shape of the V-A characteristics. The third part is focused on failures of photovoltaic systems, which include various defects of photovoltaic cells and panels, it also provides for adverse factors affecting operation of the entire system, associated not only with weather influences but also with the actual design of the photovoltaic system. The fourth part deals with possibilities of increasing the cost-effectiveness of electricity generation by PV power plants on the basis of practical experience of their operators. The subsequent part determines, on the basis of technical standards, procedures for PV power plant inspections, the procedures for measurement and diagnostics of PV power plants and also other prerequisites connected with inspections and measurements. This part includes also a description of requirements for measuring devices, most frequent measurement errors, adverse impacts affecting measurements and methods of assessment of the data measured. The last part of the Thesis is practical. At first it deals with verification of the impact of defects of PV modules on the shape of their V-A characteristics, then with execution of inspections and diagnostics of a particular PV power plant, evaluation of the data identified and measured, as well as with a proposal of optimisation measures to increase cost-efficiency of the operation of that particular PV power plant.