Research in the field of random access protocols for narrow-band systems started as early as the 1970s with the introduction of the ALOHA protocol. From the research done in slotted narrow-band systems, it is well known that contention results in all the packets involved in the contention being unsuccessful. However, it has been shown that in the presence of unequal power levels, ore of the contending packets may be successful. Ibis is a phenomenon called capture. Packet capture has been shown to improve the performance of slotted narrow-band systems. Recently, much work has been done in the analysis of spread-spectrum ALOHA type code-division multiple access (CDMA) protocols. The issue of designing power control techniques to improve the performance of CDMA systems by reducing multiple access interference (MAl) has been a subject of much research. It has been shown that in the presence of power control schemes, the performance of spread-ALOHA CDMA systems is improved. However, it is also widely documented that the design of power control schemes capable of the ideal of compensation of radio propagation techniques is not possible for various reasons, and hence the imperfections in power control. None of the research known to the author has looked at capture in spread-ALOHA systems, and to a greater extent, looked at expressions for the performance of spreadALOHA systems in the presence of capture. In this thesis we introduce spread-ALOHA systems with capture as a manifestation of the imperfections in power control. We propose novel expressions for the computation of the perfonnance ofspread-ALOHA systems with capture. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

The object of this research is to optimize the overall power system performance using FACTS devices. Particularly, it is intended to improve the reliability, and the performance of the power system considering steady state operating condition as well as the system subjected to small and large disturbances. The methodology proposed to achieve this goal corresponds to an enhanced particle swarm optimizer (Enhanced-PSO) that is proven in this work to have several advantages, in terms of accuracy and computational effort, as compared with other existing methods. Once the performance of the Enhanced PSO is verified, a multi-stage PSO-based optimization framework is proposed for optimizing the power system reliability (N-1 contingency criterion). The algorithm finds optimal settings for present infrastructure (generator outputs, transformers tap ratios and capacitor banks settings) as well as optimal control references for distributed static series compensators (DSSC) and optimal locations, sizes and control settings for static compensator (STATCOM) units. Finally, a two-stage optimization algorithm is proposed to improve the power system performance in steady state conditions and when small and large perturbations are applied to the system. In this case, the algorithm provides optimal control references for DSSC modules, optimal location and sizes for capacitor banks, and optimal location, sizes and control parameters for STATCOM units (internal and external controllers), so that the loadability and the damping of the system are maximized at minimum cost. Simulation results throughout this research show a significant improvement of the power system reliability and performance after the system is optimized.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis studies current sensing techniques that are designed to meet the requirements for the next generation of power converters. Power converters are often standardised, so that they can be replaced with a model from another manufacturer without an expensive system redesign. For this reason, the power converter market is highly competitive and relies on cutting-edge technology, which increases power conversion efficiency and power density. High power density and conversion efficiency reduce the system cost, and thus make the power converter more attractive to the customer. Current sensing is a vital task in power converters, where the current information is required for monitoring and control purposes. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, existing current sensing techniques have to be improved in terms of cost, power loss and size. Simultaneously, current information needs to be increasingly available in digital form to enable digital control, and to allow the digital transmission of the current information to a centralised monitoring and control unit. All this requires the output signal of a particular current sensing technique to be acquired by an analogue-to-digital converter, and thus the output voltage of the current sensor has to be sufficiently large. This thesis thoroughly reviews contemporary current sensing techniques and identifies suitable techniques that have the potential to meet the performance requirements of the next-generation of power converters. After the review chapter, three novel current sensing techniques are proposed and investigated: 1) The usefulness of the resistive voltage drop across a copper trace, which carries the current to be measured, to detect electrical current is evaluated. Simulations and experiments confirm that this inherently lossless technique can measure high currents at reasonable measurement bandwidth, good accuracy and low cost if the sense wires are connected properly. 2) Based on the mutual inductance theory found during the investigation of the copper trace current sense method, a modification of the well-known lossless inductor current sense method is proposed and analysed. This modification involves the use of a coupled sense winding that significantly improves the frequency response. Hence, it becomes possible to accurately monitor the output current of a power converter with the benefits of being lossless, exhibiting good sensitivity and having small size. 3) A transformer based DC current sense method is developed especially for digitally controlled power converters. This method provides high accuracy, large bandwidth, electrical isolation and very low thermal drift. Overall, it achieves better performance than many contemporary available Hall Effect sensors. At the same time, the cost of this current sensor is significantly lower than that of Hall Effect current sensors. A patent application has been submitted. .... The current sensing techniques have been studied by theory, hardware experiments and simulations. In addition, the suitability of the detection techniques for mass production has been considered in order to access the ability to provide systems at low-cost.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The digital control of UPS systems has been difficult in the past due to a lack of DSP technology. It was for this reason not possible to establishing the necessary control to regulate the voltages and currents of the UPS systems. Recent advances in DSP technology have however provided the means of establishing central control of the UPS system as well as incorporating more complex closed-loop control algorithms by utilising a single floating-point DSP. Closed-loop control strategies are investigated and the central control of a line-interactive UPS is established in this study. Both the status of the physical system as well as various system parameters are controlled. The system both regulates and charges the storage batteries when the main utility supply is maintained. In the event that the utility fails, the converter instantaneously changes power flow towards the load with the aim of maintaining an uninterrupted voltage supply. Several closed-loop deadbeat based control strategies are investigated for the regulation of the inductor current. A solution for the regulation of the DC-link is also developed and implemented. Furthermore, an intensive study is done on the regulation of the voltage supplied to the load in the event that the utility supply fails. The investigation is initially approached by considering classical control theory. Although these control strategies provided sufficient results, a predictive strategy that is based on the physical conditions of the switching converter is finally investigated to establish closed loop control of the output voltage. This resulted in a high-bandwidth voltage controller capable of maintaining control under a wide-array of load conditions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die digitale beheer van UPS stelsels was moeilik in the verlede as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan DSP tegnologie. Dit was vir hierdie rede nie moontlik om beheer te kon bewerkstelling ten einde die spannings and strome in the UPS stelsels te kon reguleer nie. Onlangse vordering in DSP tegnologie het egter dit moontlik gemaak om sentrale beheer van die UPS stelsel te bewerkstellig sowel as om meer komplekse geslote lus beheer algoritmes te inkorporeer met behulp van 'n enkele DSP. Geslote lus beheer strategiëe word ondersoek en die sentrale beheer van die line-interaktiewe UPS word bewerkstellig in hierdie studie. Beide die huidige toestand van die fisiese stelsel sowel as die verskeie parameters word beheer. Die stelsel beide laai en reguleer die batterye terwyl die hooftoevoer onderhou word. In die geval dat die hooftoevoer faal, word die omsetter se rigting van drywingsvloei verander om die las te voorsien van 'n ononderbroke spannings toevoer. Verskeie geslote-lus “deadbeat” beheer strategiëe word ondersoek vir die regulasie van die induktor stroom. 'n Oplossing vir die regulasie van die GS-koppervlak word ook ontwikkel en geïmplementeer. Verder word 'n intensiewe studie gedoen op regulasie van die spanning wat aan die las gevoer word in die geval dat die hooftoevoer faal. Hierdie ondersoek word aanvanklik benader deur klassieke beheer teorie te bestudeer. Alhoewel hierdie beheer strategiëe voldoene resultate gebied het, was 'n voorspel beheerstrategie gebaseer op die fisiese toestand van die omsetter finaal ondersoek. Die resultaat is 'n hoë-bandwydte spannings beheerder wat daartoe instaat is om beheer te handhaaf onder 'n verskeidenheid van lastoestande.

O presente trabalho se propõe a elaborar algoritmos para controle robusto de sistemas de potência. O modelo de sistema de potência multimáquinas utilizado é o de pequenas perturbações, e o objetivo principal é aumentar o amortecimento dos autovalores críticos do sistema, garantindo sua estabilidade e desempenho em diversas condições operativas. Para isso, são utilizadas as Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares (ou LMI\'s), muito adequadas ao tratamento de problemas de controle robusto por sua flexibilidade e possibilidade de agrupamento de diversos requisitos de desempenho. São propostos, entre outros, três algoritmos fundamentais para controle robusto: dois estão relacionados ao controle descentralizado e com controladores de estrutura fixa, o que é muito comum na indústria de potência atualmente, e o outro está relacionado ao controle hierarquizado, que consiste na integração de várias camadas de controle utilizando sinais remotos. Os algoritmos de controle descentralizado propostos são inovadores, pois ambos os métodos permitem a utilização de controladores de estrutura fixa (qualquer que seja ela), e o algoritmo de controle hierarquizado propõe uma estrutura de controle inédita que utiliza aproximações de Padé de diversas ordens para representar os atrasos de comunicação no sistema. Durante a fase de projeto, pode-se escolher o atraso de comunicação, bem como a ordem da aproximação de Padé desejada. Nos algoritmos de controle robusto descentralizado, realizamos uma minimização da norma da matriz de ganhos estáticos do controlador, o que impede que o resultado do algoritmo sejam parâmetros de valores muito elevados e infactíveis para os controladores. A técnica utilizada para os três controladores propostos é o posicionamento de pólos, o que garante que os autovalores do sistema de potência em malha fechada estejam numa dada região do plano complexo, relacionada ao amortecimento mínimo desejado para os autovalores do sistema. Os testes e simulações realizados para validação dos algoritmos de controle robusto foram feitos em ambiente MATLAB, e foram utilizados diversos sistemas de potência: sistema New England de 39 barras e 9 geradores, sistema New England de 69 barras e 16 geradores e sistema New England de 39 barras utilizando modelos de termogeradores. Os testes sugerem que as técnicas propostas são eficazes, pois todas elas garantem boas taxas de amortecimento para os sistemas de potência utilizados. Ao final, simulações não-lineares comprovam a eficácia e a eficiência de um dos controladores projetados para o sistema New England de 39 barras. / The aim of this work is to elaborate robust control algorithms to power systems. The mathematical model employed to describe the multimachine power system is that used in small signal studies, and the main goal is to increase the damping of the critical eigenvalues of the system, guaranteeing its stability and performance in various operating conditions. To do this, we apply the Linear Matrix Inequalities (or simply LMI\'s), suitable to deal with robust control problems due to its flexibility and possibility to group many performance requisites. We propose three robust control algorithms: two of them are related to decentralized control with controllers of predefined structure, which are commonly used in the power industry, and the other one is related to the hierarchized control, which consists on the integration of various controllers layers using remote signals. The decentralized robust control algorithms proposed are novel, because both methods make possible the development of controllers of pre-defined structure, and the hierarchized control algorithm suggests a novel control structure that uses Padé approximations of different orders to represent the communication delays in the system. During the design, we can choose the communication delay, as well as the order of the Padé approximation desired. The decentralized robust control algorithms solve minimization problems over the controller gain matrix norm, which guarantees that the final values of the controller\'s parameters will not be much high and impracticable. The technique employed for the three types of controllers proposed is the pole placement, which ensures that the eigenvalues of the closed loop power system will be in a certain region of the complex plane, related to the minimum damping required for the system. Tests and simulations are done in MATLAB to validate the robust control algorithms, and we apply these algorithms to various power systems: 39-bus 9-machine New England power system, 69-bus 16-machine New England power systems and 39-bus New England power system with thermo machine models. The tests suggest that the proposed techniques work well, once all of them guarantee good damping rates to the power systems considered. To complete the tests round, nonlinear simulations proof the efficiency of the controllers designed for the 39-bus New England power system.

Orientadores: Vivaldo Fernando da Costa, Igor Kopcak / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valle_DaniloBassetodo_M.pdf: 1084356 bytes, checksum: c124be31abdb8f91a939c17ac7f6d8b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho é avaliada a influência do controlador IPFC (Interline Power Flow Controller ) no desempenho de sistemas elétricos de potência quanto à estabilidade a pequenas perturbações. Foi utilizado um modelo de injeção de potência para inclusão do IPFC em programas de fluxo de carga, considerando a representação das fontes de tensão do dispositivo em coordenadas retangulares e incorporando as equações que representam sua dinâmica. As análises de regime permanente atestam a capacidade do IPFC de gerenciamento e controle dos fluxos de potências ativa e reativa em linhas de transmissão. Entretanto, o ajuste de potência constante do modo de controle pode diminuir a margem de estabilidade de tensão, por não permitir o aumento dos fluxos nas linhas controladas quando o carregamento do sistema cresce. As análises dinâmicas da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações foram realizadas com a inclusão do IPFC e de um POD (Power Oscillation Damping) no Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência (MSP). Os resultados obtidos revelam que o IPFC possui um grande potencial para a manutenção da estabilidade de ângulo em sistemas de potência quando equipado com controladores POD. / Abstract: This work assess the impact of the IPFC (Interline Power Flow Controller) on the smallsignal stability performance of Power Systems. A power injection model is used to include the IPFC in a power flow routine. The modelling represents the IPFC source voltages in rectangular coordinates and incorporates its differential equations at steady-state. The power flow analysis shows the IPFC effectiveness for the management and control of active and reactive power flows of transmission lines. However, the constant power flow operation mode can decrease the voltage stability margin. The IPFC and a POD (Power Oscillation Damping) were included in the Power Sensitivity Model (PSM) to perform the small-signal stability analysis. Simulation results show that the IPFC with a POD can improve the angle stability of Power Systems. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Carlos Alberto de Castro Jr., Marcos Julio Rider Flores / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T05:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Muller_HeloisaHelena_M.pdf: 1272493 bytes, checksum: d78e9e8d9a329ccbf0cc8be6f666af25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A operação de um sistema de energia elétrica pode ser gerenciada remotamente através dos centros de controle utilizando sistemas de gerenciamento de energia (Energy Management Systems-EMS). Nesses centros de controle são realizadas e executadas freqüentemente muitas funções em tempo real e em modo de estudo. Dentre estas funções têm-se: o controle automático da geração, a estimação de estado, análise de topologia e análise estática de segurança entre tantas outras. A base da resolução destas funções é a execução e testes de um grande número de cálculos de fluxos de potência. A estimativa de estado de um sistema de potência pode ser determinada resolvendo as equações de um fluxo de carga, que matematicamente são representadas por um conjunto de equações algébricas não lineares. Este problema é conhecido como fluxo de potência ou fluxo de carga, e o seu objetivo principal é o cálculo das magnitudes das tensões e seus ângulos de fase, e consequentemente dos fluxos de potência nas linhas de transmissão. O objetivo deste estudo é usar redes neurais artificiais (RNA) na: (a) solução do fluxo de carga (FC); (b) solução do FC considerando controle de limites de tensão nas barras PV; (c) inicialização de um FC para sistema mal condicionados; e (d) cálculo de equivalentes externos estáticos para sistemas de energia elétrica. A idéia é que um fluxo de potência baseado em RNA seja mais rápido que o fluxo de potência convencional baseado no método de Newton-Raphson, particularmente nos casos envolvendo aplicações em tempo rela e em modo de estudo avançadas de fluxos de potência no EMS / Abstract: The operation of electric power systems can be managed remote and automatically from control centers using energy management systems (EMS). In these control centers many on-line and off-line functions are carried out periodically. Among those functions, we can list: the automatic generation control, state estimation, topological analysis, and static security analysis. These functions are based on the calculation of a large number of power flows. The operating state of power systems may be determined by solving power flow equations that are mathematically represented by a set of non-linear algebraic equations. This problem is known as the load flow or power flow problem and its main objective is the calculation of all bus voltage magnitudes and angles, and consequently the power flows through the transmission lines. The goal of this study is to propose an artificial neural networks (ANN) based methodology for (a) solving the basic load flow, (b) solving basic load flow considering reactive power limits of generation (PV) buses, (c) determining a good quality load flow starting point for ill-conditioned systems, and (d) computing static external equivalent circuits. The proposed ANN based power flow solver is intended to be faster than the conventional power flow problem solvers which use Newton-Raphson method, particularly in those cases involving advanced on-line applications of the power flow problem in the EMS / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

No description available.

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_AdrianoCosta_M.pdf: 2073375 bytes, checksum: e1c68a8598816ca4909e74ba53dee76d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A crescente demanda por energia elétrica, por vezes em ritmo mais acelerado que os investimentos em expansão das redes de distribuição, tem levado as distribuidoras a operarem próximo aos limites aceitáveis, o que torna toda a operação da rede mais complexa. Um dos desafios atuais é estabelecer um efetivo controle de tensão e potência reativa (Volt/var) na rede buscando melhorar o nível de operação e de eficiência energética da rede. Muitas propostas para encontrar a solução do problema partiram de uma abordagem de forma desacoplada: o controle de tensão e o controle de potência reativa foram resolvidos separadamente. Neste trabalho, porém, foram estudados métodos de solução do problema visando à segurança da operação e à otimização global dos recursos da rede de modo integrado, ou seja, considerando a dependência entre tensão e potência reativa. Na literatura, grande parte dos trabalhos reportam soluções baseadas em modelos elétricos da rede de distribuição. Os métodos estudados nessa dissertação são baseados em técnicas de aprendizado de máquina com o objetivo de construir um modelo capaz de utilizar apenas as medições de tensão e corrente provenientes dos medidores instalados ao longo da rede e obter o melhor despacho dos ajustes dos dispositivos de controle, sem a necessidade de um modelo elétrico do sistema. A grande vantagem de não depender dos dados e modelo elétrico do sistema está associada às imprecisões tipicamente existentes na base de dados elétricos das concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica. Neste contexto, primeiramente, propõe-se o uso de aprendizado por reforço, no qual o agente interage com a rede enquanto acumula experiência de operação dos controles. A implementação através do algoritmo Q-Learning permite a construção de um operador virtual da rede de distribuição a partir dos dados provenientes dos medidores instalados em determinadas barras do sistema, dos quais é extraído o estado corrente da condição de carregamento da rede. Os principais aspectos da aplicação do método ao problema de controle integrado de tensão e potência reativa são simulados em redes típicas e as capacidades de aplicação prática ao cenário atual do sistema elétrico são discutidas. Em uma segunda etapa, propõe-se utilizar um algoritmo de aprendizado supervisionado através de Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte (em inglês, Support Vector Machine ¿ SVM), uma técnica eficientemente aplicada a problemas de mineração de dados. O modelo é implementado através de técnicas de classificação, que extraem características relevantes nos conjuntos de dados, a fim de otimizar a operação da rede para cada condição de carregamento, eliminando a necessidade de repetir o treinamento do modelo ou calcular uma nova solução do problema de otimização a cada novo cenário. Discute-se o desempenho do método baseado em SVM para diferentes características de entrada. Investiga-se ainda a generalização do modelo proposto na presença de ruídos nos dados e no caso de reconfiguração da rede. Estudos em sistemas típicos de distribuição mostram que o método proposto é eficiente na solução de problemas práticos do dia-a-dia das concessionárias, principalmente em ambientes com grande volume de dados / Abstract: The growing demand for electricity, sometimes at a faster rate than investments in distribution network expansion, has led utilities operating close to acceptable limits, which makes the network operation more complex. One of current challenges is to establish an effective voltage and reactive power control, improving the operation as well as the efficiency of the distribution network. There are many methods reported to find a solutions for the voltage and reactive power problem. Most of them have adopted a decoupled form, solving the voltage control and reactive power (Volt/var) control separately. However, in this work, methods for the problem solution aiming the operation safety and the global assets optimization are approached in an integrated fashion, i. e., considering the dependence between voltage and reactive power. Most papers reports solution based on electrical models of distribution network. In this dissertation, the methods studied are based on machine learning techniques aiming to build a model with directly power meter data using capability, and set optimal dispatch of controls devices adjustments, without the need of an electrical model of the system and, therefore, not susceptible to inaccuracies of the model of the distribution network under study. Firstly, it proposes a reinforcement learning use, in which the agent interacts with the network while earns control operating experience. The implementation, thought de Q-Learning algorithm allows a construction of a distribution network virtual operation from data obtained from the meters installed on buses. From the meter data, is extracted the current state of the network loading condition. The main aspects of the application of the method to the integrated voltage and reactive power control are simulated in a typical network and the possibilities of practical application in the current scenario of the electrical system are discussed. In a second step, an algorithm for supervised learning via the Support Vector Machine (SVM), a technique applied efficiently to problems in data mining is proposed. The model is implemented by classification techniques, extracting relevant features in the data sets from the power meters in order to optimize the operation of the network for each loading condition. Thus it eliminates the need to retraining model or calculating a new optimization problem solution for each new scenario. Discusses the performance based on different features for SVM model input. Also the generalization capabilities of the proposed model in the presence of noise and in the case of network reconfiguration are studied. Studies in typical distribution systems show that proposed method is a good candidate to solve the practical problem of the system, especially in large networks with large amounts of data / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Conrado Orta, Jr. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science