Este trabalho tem o objetivo de quantificar os efeitos da manutenção periódica de motores de tratores agrícolas sobre a potência medida na sua tomada de potência - TDP, e sobre o consumo de combustível. Para isso, utiliza-se o método de planejamento de experimentos, com um fatorial completo 25 sem repetição, totalizando 32 ensaios independentes. Para o experimento, utiliza-se um trator agrícola de rodas, com motor 6 cilindros, de 6,8 litros, com sistema de combustível de injeção direta, com uma bomba injetora rotativa, turboalimentado e com intercooler. Os parâmetros de controle são escolhidos com base na experiência do autor e seus níveis são definidos experimentalmente. São eles: a) condição externa do radiador, b) condição do filtro de combustível, c) condição do filtro de ar, d) qualidade do combustível e e) condição do óleo de motor. É possível constatar que os parâmetros com maior influência na potência são a condição do filtro de ar, condição do óleo do motor e uma interação de segunda ordem entre a qualidade do combustível e o óleo do motor. Eles são responsáveis por variações na potência de, respectivamente, 2,7%, 2,4% e 1,7%, referenciados na condição ideal de teste. O consumo de combustível não apresenta variação significativa em relação a nenhum dos fatores estudados, o que leva a concluir que não existe relação entre ele e a manutenção periódica do trator nos termos propostos por este trabalho. Por fim, mostra-se que a correta manutenção, desde sua condição extrema até sua condição ideal, aumenta em até 7% a potência útil disponibilizada pelo equipamento para o trabalho do campo. / This study aims to quantify the effects of periodic maintenance of agricultural tractors’ engines on the power measured at its power takeoff - PTO, and its fuel consumption. To do this, we use the design of experiments method, 25 full factorial without replication, totaling 32 independent assays. For the experiment, we use an agricultural wheel tractor, with 6 cylinder engine, 6,8 liters, rotary fuel pump and direct injection fuel system, turbocharged with intercooler. The control parameters are chosen based on the author's experience and their levels are defined experimentally. They are: a) external condition of radiator, b) fuel filter condition, c) air filter condition, d) quality of the fuel and e) engine oil condition. It can be seen that the parameters with the greatest influence on power are the air filter condition, engine oil condition and a second-order interaction between fuel quality and engine oil. They are responsible for variations in power, respectively of, 2.7%, 2.4% and 1.7%, results based on ideal condition. Fuel consumption presents no significant variation in relation to any of the factors studied, which leads to the conclusion that there is no relation between it and the periodic maintenance of the tractor the way it is proposed by this work. Finally, it is shown that with the correct maintenance, since the extreme condition to the ideal condition, increases up to 7% the power provided by the equipment to work in the field.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de quantificar os efeitos da manutenção periódica de motores de tratores agrícolas sobre a potência medida na sua tomada de potência - TDP, e sobre o consumo de combustível. Para isso, utiliza-se o método de planejamento de experimentos, com um fatorial completo 25 sem repetição, totalizando 32 ensaios independentes. Para o experimento, utiliza-se um trator agrícola de rodas, com motor 6 cilindros, de 6,8 litros, com sistema de combustível de injeção direta, com uma bomba injetora rotativa, turboalimentado e com intercooler. Os parâmetros de controle são escolhidos com base na experiência do autor e seus níveis são definidos experimentalmente. São eles: a) condição externa do radiador, b) condição do filtro de combustível, c) condição do filtro de ar, d) qualidade do combustível e e) condição do óleo de motor. É possível constatar que os parâmetros com maior influência na potência são a condição do filtro de ar, condição do óleo do motor e uma interação de segunda ordem entre a qualidade do combustível e o óleo do motor. Eles são responsáveis por variações na potência de, respectivamente, 2,7%, 2,4% e 1,7%, referenciados na condição ideal de teste. O consumo de combustível não apresenta variação significativa em relação a nenhum dos fatores estudados, o que leva a concluir que não existe relação entre ele e a manutenção periódica do trator nos termos propostos por este trabalho. Por fim, mostra-se que a correta manutenção, desde sua condição extrema até sua condição ideal, aumenta em até 7% a potência útil disponibilizada pelo equipamento para o trabalho do campo. / This study aims to quantify the effects of periodic maintenance of agricultural tractors’ engines on the power measured at its power takeoff - PTO, and its fuel consumption. To do this, we use the design of experiments method, 25 full factorial without replication, totaling 32 independent assays. For the experiment, we use an agricultural wheel tractor, with 6 cylinder engine, 6,8 liters, rotary fuel pump and direct injection fuel system, turbocharged with intercooler. The control parameters are chosen based on the author's experience and their levels are defined experimentally. They are: a) external condition of radiator, b) fuel filter condition, c) air filter condition, d) quality of the fuel and e) engine oil condition. It can be seen that the parameters with the greatest influence on power are the air filter condition, engine oil condition and a second-order interaction between fuel quality and engine oil. They are responsible for variations in power, respectively of, 2.7%, 2.4% and 1.7%, results based on ideal condition. Fuel consumption presents no significant variation in relation to any of the factors studied, which leads to the conclusion that there is no relation between it and the periodic maintenance of the tractor the way it is proposed by this work. Finally, it is shown that with the correct maintenance, since the extreme condition to the ideal condition, increases up to 7% the power provided by the equipment to work in the field.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de quantificar os efeitos da manutenção periódica de motores de tratores agrícolas sobre a potência medida na sua tomada de potência - TDP, e sobre o consumo de combustível. Para isso, utiliza-se o método de planejamento de experimentos, com um fatorial completo 25 sem repetição, totalizando 32 ensaios independentes. Para o experimento, utiliza-se um trator agrícola de rodas, com motor 6 cilindros, de 6,8 litros, com sistema de combustível de injeção direta, com uma bomba injetora rotativa, turboalimentado e com intercooler. Os parâmetros de controle são escolhidos com base na experiência do autor e seus níveis são definidos experimentalmente. São eles: a) condição externa do radiador, b) condição do filtro de combustível, c) condição do filtro de ar, d) qualidade do combustível e e) condição do óleo de motor. É possível constatar que os parâmetros com maior influência na potência são a condição do filtro de ar, condição do óleo do motor e uma interação de segunda ordem entre a qualidade do combustível e o óleo do motor. Eles são responsáveis por variações na potência de, respectivamente, 2,7%, 2,4% e 1,7%, referenciados na condição ideal de teste. O consumo de combustível não apresenta variação significativa em relação a nenhum dos fatores estudados, o que leva a concluir que não existe relação entre ele e a manutenção periódica do trator nos termos propostos por este trabalho. Por fim, mostra-se que a correta manutenção, desde sua condição extrema até sua condição ideal, aumenta em até 7% a potência útil disponibilizada pelo equipamento para o trabalho do campo. / This study aims to quantify the effects of periodic maintenance of agricultural tractors’ engines on the power measured at its power takeoff - PTO, and its fuel consumption. To do this, we use the design of experiments method, 25 full factorial without replication, totaling 32 independent assays. For the experiment, we use an agricultural wheel tractor, with 6 cylinder engine, 6,8 liters, rotary fuel pump and direct injection fuel system, turbocharged with intercooler. The control parameters are chosen based on the author's experience and their levels are defined experimentally. They are: a) external condition of radiator, b) fuel filter condition, c) air filter condition, d) quality of the fuel and e) engine oil condition. It can be seen that the parameters with the greatest influence on power are the air filter condition, engine oil condition and a second-order interaction between fuel quality and engine oil. They are responsible for variations in power, respectively of, 2.7%, 2.4% and 1.7%, results based on ideal condition. Fuel consumption presents no significant variation in relation to any of the factors studied, which leads to the conclusion that there is no relation between it and the periodic maintenance of the tractor the way it is proposed by this work. Finally, it is shown that with the correct maintenance, since the extreme condition to the ideal condition, increases up to 7% the power provided by the equipment to work in the field.

Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy, including ocean waves, tidal current, ocean current and river current, has been recognized as a promising power source due to its full-day availability and high energy potential. At this stage, ocean current energy, tidal energy and ocean wave energy are currently the most competitive sourves among all the categories of MHK. The state of art MHK energy harvesting technology mainly focus on harvesting either ocean wave energy or current energy, but not both. However, a significant amount of ocean waves and tidal/ ocean current coexist in many sites and traditional devices that harvest from a single form of MHK energy, cannot make full use of the coexisting ocean energy. Furthermore, MHK energy harvesting devices need to advance to be cost-effective and competitive with other energy sources. This is difficult to achieve. Ocean wave excitation is irregular, which means that ocean wave height and wave periods are unpredictable and excitation forces on energy harvesting devices can have large variance in amplitude and frequency. Such problems/ restrictions can be possibly addressed by the concept of a hybrid energy converter. In this sense, a hybrid wave-current ocean energy conveter (HWCEC) that simutaneously harvests energy from current and wave with one single power takeoff (PTO) is designed.The wave energy is extracted through relative heaving motion between a floating buoy and a submerged second body, while the current energy is extracted using a marine current turbine (MCT). Energy from both sources are integrated by a hybrid PTO whose concept is based on a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR). In this study, different working modes are investigated together with switching criteria.Simulations were conducted with hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from computational fluid dynamics analysis and boundary element method. Tank tests were conducted for a HWCEC under co-existing wave and current inputs. For comparison, separate baseline tests of a turbine and a two-body point absorber, each acting in isolation, are conducted. Experimental results validate the dynamic modeling and show that a HWCEC can increase the output power with a range between 29-87 percent over either current turbine and wave energy converter acting individually, and it can reduce by up to 70 percent the peak-to-average power ratio compared with the wave energy converter on the tested conditions.Such results demonstrate the potential of the HWCEC as an efficient and cost-effective design. / Master of Science / Ocean energy has been recognized as a promising power source due to its full-day availability and high energy potential. At this stage, ocean current energy, tidal energy and ocean wave energy are currently the most competitive sources among all the categories of ocean energy. The state of art ocean energy harvesting technology mainly focus on harvesting either ocean wave energy or current energy, but not both. However, a significant amount of ocean waves and tidal/ ocean current coexist in many sites and traditional devices that harvest from a single form of ocean energy, cannot make full use of the coexisting energy resource. Furthermore, MHK energy harvesting devices need to advance to be cost-effective and competitive with other energy sources. This is difficult to achieve. Ocean wave height and wave periods are unpredictable and excitation forces on energy harvesting devices can have large variance in amplitude and frequency. Such restrictions can be possibly addressed by the concept of a hybrid energy converter. In this sense, a hybrid wave-current ocean energy converter (HWCEC) that simultaneously harvests energy from current and wave with one single power takeoff (PTO), which consists of ball screw, gearbox, and generator, is designed.The wave energy is extracted through relative heaving motion between a floating buoy and a submerged second body, while the current energy is extracted using a marine current turbine (MCT). Energy from both sources are integrated by a hybrid PTO whose concept is based on a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR). In this study, different working modes are investigated together with switching criteria.Simulations were conducted with hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from computational fluid dynamics analysis and boundary element method. Tank tests were conducted for a HWCEC under co-existing wave and current inputs. For comparison, separate baseline tests of a turbine and a two-body, wave-energy-harvesting structure, each acting in isolation, are conducted. Experimental results validate the dynamic modeling and show that a HWCEC can increase the output power with a range between 29-87 percent over either current turbine and wave energy converter acting individually, and it can reduce by up to 70 percent the peak-to-average power ratio compared with the wave energy converter on the tested conditions.Such results demonstrate the potential of the HWCEC as an efficient and cost-effective design.

Gas turbine engines provide thrust for aircraft engines and supply shaft power for various applications. They consist of three main components. That is, a compressor followed by a combustion chamber (burner) and a turbine. Both turbine and compressor components are either axial or centrifugal (radial) in design. The combustion chamber is stationary on the engine casing. The type of engine that is of interest here is the gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU). A typical APU has a centrifugal compressor, burner and an axial turbine. APUs generate mechanical shaft power to drive equipments such as small generators and hydraulic pumps. In airplanes, they provide cabin pressurization and ventilation. They can also supply electrical power to certain airplane systems such as navigation. In comparison to thrust engines, APUs are usually much smaller in design. The purpose of this research was to investigate the possibility of combining the three components of an APU into a single centrifugal rotor. To do this, a set of equations were chosen that would describe the new turbomachinery cycle. They either were provided or derived using quasi-one-dimensional compressible flow equations. A MathCAD program developed for the analysis obtained best design points for various cases with the help of an optimizer called Model Center. These results were then compared to current machine specifications (gas turbine engine, gasoline and diesel generators). The result of interest was maximum specific power takeoff. The results showed high specific powers in the event there was no restriction to the material and did not exhaust at atmospheric pressure. This caused the rotor to become very large and have a disk thickness that was unrealistic. With the restrictions fully in place, they severely limited the performance of the rotor. Sample rotor shapes showed all of them to have unusual designs. They had a combination of unreasonable blade height variations and very large disk thicknesses. Indications from this study showed that the single radial rotor turbomachinery design might not be a good idea. Recommendations for continuation of research include secondary flow consideration, blade height constraints and extending the flow geometry to include the axial direction. / Master of Science