This study investigated the effects of instructional cues on varied and stereotyped play responses of one typically developing 5-year-old child. Responses were observed across four sets of play materials: blocks, DUPLO® blocks, markers and paints. Training included praise contingent upon forms consistent with the instruction. Two instructions were each trained with corresponding instruction signs, "Try something different" (on blue paper) and "Do the same thing" (on yellow paper) for block and DUPLO block forms. Results show differentiated novel responding during the experimental phase. The same differential effect in marker forms occurred in the sign alone phase. When the sign plus instruction was introduced for painting sessions, novel forms in the same condition discontinued and began to occur in the different condition. These findings suggest stimulus control of behavioral variation and behavioral consistency. The implications for both science and society are discussed.

The problem of the present study was to investigate the effects of verbal praise and reproof on digit-symbol task performances of two groups of children.

Many efforts in teaching children with autism are focused on increasing the value of praise as a reward for work. Increasing the value of praise can help children with autism to work in a natural setting, without requiring constant rewards of food or toys for work. In this study, I analyzed a pairing method—a technique of providing verbal praise while simultaneously providing a food reward—to assess whether it would result in an increased value for praise for participants in the study. First, a baseline phase was conducted in which praise statements were provided as a reward for a certain task to see how quickly participants would engage in the task. In the next phase, a pairing condition was implemented in which participants were prompted to engage in the same task; food was provided along with praise as a reward for working on the given task. Finally, during the test phase, praise was again provided as the sole reward for the task, and I measured how quickly participants worked on the task to evaluate whether the value of praise had been increased. During the test phase two participants continued to engage in the task relatively quickly, suggesting that the value of praise had been increased for these two participants.

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Cette recherche est axée sur la langue et la littérature orale des Punu du sud du Gabon. Elle explore le champ littéraire punu et plus particulièrement la devise qui n’a que très rarement été étudiée. Définie comme une formule de louange que l’individu déclame pour s’identifier, elle lui permet de se distinguer et d’exprimer sa vision du monde. Cette thèse se divise en cinq chapitres et dresse un essai théorique sur ce genre dans la société. En prenant la notion de performance comme critère définitoire, elle met en évidence les propriétés discursives ainsi que les fonctions de la devise. A cela s’ajoute un corpus inédit de devises claniques et individuelles, transcrit, traduit et commenté. / This research study focuses on language and oral literature of the Punu people in the south of Gabon. The study explores the punu styles of literature in particular praise-poetry (devise), which has been, up to now, very rarely studied. Considered to be a form of praise by which an individual declaims his identity, praise-poetry allows an individual to stand out and express his vision of the world.This thesis is divided into five chapters which together provide a theoretical attempt of this literary genre in the society. Taking the notion of permanence as a defining criterion, the study highlights the discursive properties of praise-poetry and its functions. Added to this is a unique corpus of clan and individual praise poems, transcribed, translated and commented.

Cette recherche est axée sur la langue et la littérature orale des Punu du sud du Gabon. Elle explore le champ littéraire punu et plus particulièrement la devise qui n’a que très rarement été étudiée. Définie comme une formule de louange que l’individu déclame pour s’identifier, elle lui permet de se distinguer et d’exprimer sa vision du monde. Cette thèse se divise en cinq chapitres et dresse un essai théorique sur ce genre dans la société. En prenant la notion de performance comme critère définitoire, elle met en évidence les propriétés discursives ainsi que les fonctions de la devise. A cela s’ajoute un corpus inédit de devises claniques et individuelles, transcrit, traduit et commenté. / This research study focuses on language and oral literature of the Punu people in the south of Gabon. The study explores the punu styles of literature in particular praise-poetry (devise), which has been, up to now, very rarely studied. Considered to be a form of praise by which an individual declaims his identity, praise-poetry allows an individual to stand out and express his vision of the world.This thesis is divided into five chapters which together provide a theoretical attempt of this literary genre in the society. Taking the notion of permanence as a defining criterion, the study highlights the discursive properties of praise-poetry and its functions. Added to this is a unique corpus of clan and individual praise poems, transcribed, translated and commented.

Cette recherche est axée sur la langue et la littérature orale des Punu du sud du Gabon. Elle explore le champ littéraire punu et plus particulièrement la devise qui n’a que très rarement été étudiée. Définie comme une formule de louange que l’individu déclame pour s’identifier, elle lui permet de se distinguer et d’exprimer sa vision du monde. Cette thèse se divise en cinq chapitres et dresse un essai théorique sur ce genre dans la société. En prenant la notion de performance comme critère définitoire, elle met en évidence les propriétés discursives ainsi que les fonctions de la devise. A cela s’ajoute un corpus inédit de devises claniques et individuelles, transcrit, traduit et commenté. / This research study focuses on language and oral literature of the Punu people in the south of Gabon. The study explores the punu styles of literature in particular praise-poetry (devise), which has been, up to now, very rarely studied. Considered to be a form of praise by which an individual declaims his identity, praise-poetry allows an individual to stand out and express his vision of the world.This thesis is divided into five chapters which together provide a theoretical attempt of this literary genre in the society. Taking the notion of permanence as a defining criterion, the study highlights the discursive properties of praise-poetry and its functions. Added to this is a unique corpus of clan and individual praise poems, transcribed, translated and commented.