Este trabalho apresenta uma análise teórico-experimental do comportamento de juntas de argamassa solicitadas à compressão, usando para preenchimento da junta materiais comercialmente disponíveis e almofada de apoio de argamassa flexível, com o objetivo de propor recomendações de projeto que caracterizem a deformabilidade e a resistência da junta, visando um melhor aproveitamento da capacidade resistente do sistema pré-moldado. Inicialmente foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os principais parâmetros que influenciam o comportamento da junta e, posteriormente, foram realizadas algumas simulações numéricas utilizando-se o programa ANSYS 5.5.1. Em seguida, desenvolveu-se um programa experimental cujas variáveis foram: a espessura da camada de argamassa, a resistência do elemento pré-moldado e da argamassa, o material de preenchimento da junta, a presença de armadura de reforço na região adjacente à ligação e a rugosidade na superfície do elemento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a espessura de 20mm seria a mais indicada, pois, além de minimizar o efeito de descontinuidade provocado pela presença da junta, melhora o controle da uniformidade da espessura e o aparecimento de vazios. Observou-se também que o uso de concreto de alta resistência no elemento pré-moldado faz com que as tensões de fendilhamento tenham maior importância. Para um maior aproveitamento da capacidade resistente do sistema, o material de preenchimento também deve ser de alta resistência. Dos diversos materiais usados para o preenchimento da junta, a argamassa do tipo “Dry Pack" foi a que ofereceu melhores condições de execução. Além de proporcionar total aproveitamento da capacidade resistente do sistema, diminuiu a deformabilidade da junta e, conseqüentemente, a fissuração / In this thesis a theoretical-experimental analysis of the compression mortar joints behavior is presented. The joints were produced with commercially available materials and flexible support cushion. The purpose of this research was to obtain design recommendations that characterize the deformability and the strength of the joints, in order to have a better use of the precast system bearing capacity. Previous studies of this problem showed the main parameters related to the joint behavior and numerical simulations were carried out using ANSYS 5.5.1. An experimental program was developed considering as variables the thickness of the mortar layer, the strength of the precast concrete element and of the mortar, the joint material, the additional reinforcement in the connection area and the roughness of the element surface. The results showed that a 20mm thickness is most suitable, because besides minimizing the discontinuity effects, it improves the control of the uniformity of the thickness as well as the air retained in the joint. It was also observed that using high strength concrete precast elements the splitting stresses becomes more important. For a larger use of the bearing capacity of the system, the joint material should also be of high strength. The use of a "Dry Pack" mortar offered better execution conditions, improving the bearing capacity of the system, with less deformability as well as cracking

Neste trabalho é abordado o cisalhamento pela interface entre concreto pré-moldado e concreto moldado no local em vigas e lajes compostas. São apresentados os modelos analíticos e empíricos empregados na avaliação da resistência ao cisalhamento pela interface entre duas superfícies de concreto atravessadas por armadura. Esses modelos são utilizados para avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento pela interface de vigas compostas, disponíveis na literatura, sendo indicados os que melhor representaram os resultados experimentais. São apresentadas também as indicações das principais normas sobre o assunto e algumas indicações de detalhes construtivos para peças compostas. Na seqüência são apresentados os resultados de ensaios de cisalhamento direto e ensaios em vigas compostas realizados com o objetivo de avaliar de forma qualitativa a resistência da interface. Algumas das principais conclusões foram: a) existem divergências significativas entre os valores recomendados pelas normas; b) observou-se boa aproximação entre os modelos analíticos e alguns modelos empíricos, obtidos de ensaios de cisalhamento direto, com os resultados de ensaios de vigas compostas obtidos da literatura; c) é recomendável a inclusão de um limite máximo na expressão fornecida pela norma brasileira (NBR-9062) para avaliação da resistência da interface de peças compostas. / This work deals with the shear at interface between precast and cast-in-place concrete in composite beams and slabs. Analytical and empirical models to predict the shear strength of interface with steel cross the transversal section are showed. These models are used to predict the shear strength at interface in composite beams and are pointed the models that presented better approximation with experimental results. The main codes and some constructive details of the composite elements are showed. Push-out tests and tests in simply supported composite beams were carried on during this research and results are included in this work. Some of the main conclusions are: a) there are significant discrepancy among codes indication; b) the experimental results of composite beam showed a good agreement with the analytical models and some empirical models originate to push-out tests; c) it is recommended to define an upper limit in the expression indicated by Brazilian Code (NBR-9062) for estimation of the shear strength at interface in composite elements.

Thesis. 1978. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 155-156. / M.Arch.A.S.

Following development of rectangular prestressed, precast concrete panels (PCP) that could be used as stay-in-place formwork adjacent to expansion joints in bridge decks, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) initiated a research effort to investigate the use of PCP units at skewed expansion joints. The fabrication of trapezoidal PCP units was studied and the response of skewed panels with 45° and 30° skew angles was obtained. The panels were topped with a 4 in. thick cast-in-place (CIP) slab to complete the bridge deck. Specimens with 45° skew performed well under service and overload levels. The deck failed in diagonal shear at loads well over the design level loads. However, two 30° specimens failed prematurely by delamination between the topping slab and the PCP. The cause of the delamination was insufficient shear transfer capacity between the PCP and CIP topping slab. For the specimens tested at a square end, the failure mode was punching shear at high loads for all specimens. The surface condition of the PCP was specified to have a “broom finish” and the panel was to have a saturated surface dry (SSD) condition so that PCP units would not leach moisture from the CIP topping slab. Neither of these conditions was satisfied in the two panels that failed prematurely. Although the panels were specified to have a broom finish, the panel surface had regions that were quite smooth. The objective of this research project was to reinvestigate the response of 30° PCP at an expansion joint following specified procedures for finish and moisture conditions. One specimen was constructed with a rectangular panel placed between two 30° skewed panels. These panels had a much rougher surface texture than the previously tested panels that failed in delamination. The skewed ends of the specimen were subjected to monotonically increasing static loads at midspan of the panel ends. The panels failed in diagonal shear and the response of the tested specimen confirmed that the panel surface roughness, and not the skew angle, caused delamination with the previously tested specimens. While TxDOT does not currently specify a minimum panel surface roughness, a surface roughness of approximately 1/4 in. is required in some codes for developing composite action. In addition, wetting the panels to a SSD condition prior to placement of the topping slab further enhances shear transfer between the topping slab and the PCP. / text

Multiple experimental and computational tests are performed on precast concrete structures designed for damage avoidance. These structures accommodate non-linear behaviour by rocking at specially detailed connections. Unbonded prestress is employed to provide a restoring force and supplemental devices are used to dissipate energy. Tests are performed on a 30 percent scale bridge pier and an 80 percent scale 3D beam-column joint subassembly. Several detailing strategies are developed and tested. Straight and draped tendon profiles are considered. Supplemental energy dissipation is provided by yielding mild steel devices or lead-extrusion dampers. The lead-extrusion dampers are tested both externally and internally. Detailing at the joint region is refined in an effort to provide a cost-effective and simple solution. A closure pour is considered to simply the construction process. Results indicate it is possible to eliminate virtually all damage at the beam-column joint with minor increased cost from steel armouring. The lead-extrusion damper is shown to be 'resetable', and therefore would not have to be replaced following a seismic event. Two seismic financial risk methodologies are developed to investigate the enhanced performance inherent to ductile jointed structures. A rapid method is introduced which simplifies the intensive computational effort necessary to perform loss studies. A distribution-free computational method is also examined. The methods are demonstrated with a case study of bridge piers designed to different seismic design codes and a bridge designed for damage avoidance. The bridge pier designed for damage avoidance is shown to have an expected annual loss of approximately 25 percent that of the conventional ductile piers.

Conventional concrete is a poor insulating material but has good thermal mass, while lightweight concrete provides good insulation at the price of thermal mass. Precast concrete wall systems have not been widely used in residential homes due to poor thermal and acoustic performance, despite being high quality products that are easy to construct. The variable density concrete panel was designed to combine good thermal storage, insulation and high quality precast concrete. It is produced from a single concrete mix which is vibrated to get a lightweight top layer and a normal/heavyweight bottom layer. The lightweight layer is the wall exterior, having low thermal conductivity providing good thermal insulation while the normal/heavyweight layer is the dense wall interior, having high specific heat to provide good thermal mass and sufficient strength for construction handling and to withstand service loads. The intention of this research was to estimate the hardened performance; that is the structural, serviceability and durability performance of the variable density concrete panel. Further developments to the mix design were made where the fresh properties were measured and thermal performance estimated on hardened specimens. Most of the major technical concerns were proved not being as severe as first thought, making the production of variable density concrete panels promising. To ensure that the variable density concrete would stratify, the concrete mix had to have defined fresh properties. Defined rheological ranges gave a good indication of the stratification potential, but the degree of stratification was also found to be dependent on the intensity and time of vibration. Slump flow had to be within a certain range to achieve good stratification but this alone did not guarantee stratification. Variable density concrete was found to have adequate strength capacity both in axial compression and in tension for likely service loads but the strength required to withstand handling loads at early ages was not assessed. The strength of the variable density concrete was found to be affected by several factors such as; degree of stratification, relative strength and thickness of the layers, curing environment and amount of defects. As the stratification of the concrete increased the thermal insulation improved whereas the strength decreased. Warping was found not to significantly affect the serviceability of panels despite differential shrinkage within the element. The amount of warping was mainly related to the degree of stratification. Warping decreased with better stratification as more stress and strain was relieved in the lightweight layer. The lightweight concrete was significantly weaker as well as being less stiff than the structural concrete and therefore creeps to follow the structural concrete. The thermal properties aimed for were generally not reached, but these mixes were not designed to optimise the thermal performance and were tested before the concrete was fully dried. This increased thermal conductivity and therefore reduced the measured R-values. Stratified concrete had good absorption resistance, poor permeability properties and was highly porous. If the concrete was over-vibrated it tended to have a rough surface finish that would require a coating. Delamination of the panels was not assessed in this research but is a likely mode of failure.

For a pre-cast concrete manufacturing company to obtain a Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS) certification time, money and effort have to be spent and yet it is not known whether the consumers will use the BOBS certification as a buying decision factor. The Botswana Bureau of Standards certified pre-cast concrete manufacturing companies have to comply with rigorous inspections to ensure that standards are maintained. Competition in the concrete manufacturing industry is contested by certified companies and uncertified companies and yet the market is shared amongst these players. This dissertation will endeavour to analysis the effects of Botswana Bureau of Standards certification on buyer decision on pre-cast concrete products in Gaborone Botswana. Therefore, the research findings will establish whether BOBS certification can be used as marketing tool. A sample of forty was drawn from the population in Gaborone to represent the whole of Botswana. Date was collected using both semi-structured and structured questionnaires. Responses were sorted according to similarities and then interpreted. Results in this research indicated that BOB certification influences concrete consumers' decisions. It was also indicated that BOB certification is actually a marketing tool that sways positively concrete products buyers' decisions. Therefore, it was recommended that concrete manufacturers should exploit this marketing tool to gain a larger market share. Those concrete products manufacturers whose products are not certified should consider this marketing tool in their marketing strategy in order to remain competitive. BOBS must also launch a massive public awareness to popularise the use of the certification by the manufacturers. Lastly, It is recommended that the Botswana Government must continue supporting BOBS to improve quality standards in the country. / (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bertolucci_fs_me_ilha.pdf: 2860301 bytes, checksum: 3f3004f9d02861054ffe5fb10b1b2e7d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A indústria estruturas de concretos pré-moldados possui como grande preocupação a ligação entre seus elementos, tendo em vista que a mesma exerce grande influência no comportamento da estrutura, sendo responsável pela transmissão e redistribuição dos esforços na estrutura. A grande diferença entre estruturas pré-moldadas e estruturas de concreto moldadas “in loco” em relação ao seu comportamento estrutural está na ligação entre seus elementos. As ligações apresentam certa deformação quando solicitadas, recebendo na literatura técnica a denominação de ligações semi-rígidas. Dessa forma, buscou-se estudar todos os grautes existentes no mercado e desenvolver um compósito cimentício de fácil preparo e de baixo custo, do tipo calda de cimento e argamassa, que apresentasse características mecânicas similares aos grautes. Foram desenvolvidas duas caldas de cimento e uma argamassa, as quais foram submetidas juntamente com os grautes selecionados a ensaios específicos de propriedades adesão e aderência. Dentre as principais conclusões obtidas podem ser ressaltadas que a grande parte dos grautes possui problemas de fluidez dificultando o preenchimento total das ligações e sua aplicação. Em relação à aderência as duas caldas de cimento e a argamassa apresentaram comportamento semelhante indicando que há uma boa condição de aderência e, os grautes, devido à sua grande diferença de composição, tiveram comportamentos distintos / One of the concerns of the precast concrete industry is the connection among their different types of elements, in order that they strongly influence the behavior of the structural group, being responsible for the transmission and redistribution of the efforts in the structure. Among the differences between precast structures and concrete structures shaped “in loco” we have the concern about the structural behavior of the link between its elements. The links have shown some deformation when tested, receiving in the technical literature the name of semi-rigid connections. For that the concrete’s precast structure has the behavior of a monolithic structure it’s necessary the solidarization of the connection which is made by filling the vertical and horizontal niches with the aid of the grout. In this paper, we aimed to study some grouts of the Brazilian market and, at the same time, develop a cimentitius composite of easy prepare and low cost, of the cement paste and mortar types, with similar mechanical characteristics to industrialized grouts to be used in the filling of the precast structures. It was rheologically and mechanically created and evaluated two kinds of cement grout and one mortar composition that were submitted along with the selected grouts to an evaluation of their rheological behavior, and to specific tests of their mechanical properties of adhesion and bond. This study let us conclude that the cement paste and mortar developed showed a similar rheological behavior to the Herschel-Bulkley, besides to a good condition of bond and a good behavior in the structure link when compared to some industrialized grouts. Not all the evaluated grouts showed appropriate behaviors for joints’ filling

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4584.pdf: 5769301 bytes, checksum: 2194ade756fb1c1f5f2cfe564e4a2c3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-14 / This research is the systematization of the calculation and verification of a type of a very typical structural system of precast concrete in Brazil: the sheds. Through this research it is showed the main structural systems for this type of construction currently in use in Brazil. It also describes the component elements of these systems detailing the design techniques. Following it is a detailed the considerations of the actions over them and how to calculate the strain and displacement. With all previous data collected it is shown how the design is made with reinforcement of the roof s beam and how to guarantee that it meets with the relevant Brazilian standards. In the sequence, examples are made so that the reader can consolidate all the concepts involved in the previous sections. It shows the calculation and verification and finally points out the possibilities of improvement in some systems, detailing it. Finally, it highlights the points can still be studied to improve the design and the knowledge of sheds precast concrete. / Este trabalho trata da sistematização do cálculo e verificação de um tipo de sistema estrutural pré-fabricado em concreto com bastante uso no Brasil: os galpões com coberturas leves. Procura-se ao longo do trabalho mostrar os principais sistemas estruturais deste tipo de edificação usados no Brasil. Descreve-se também os elementos componentes destes sistemas com informações técnicas de projeto. Depois é feita uma análise detalhada das considerações das ações nos mesmos e como calcular os esforços solicitantes e deslocamentos. Com todos os dados anteriores levantados é mostrado como é feito o dimensionamento da armadura da viga de cobertura e como devem ser feitas as verificações para que as normas Brasileiras pertinentes possam ser atendidas. Finalmente, é feito um exemplo de maneira que o leitor possa consolidar todos os conceitos envolvidos no texto anterior. Mostra-se o cálculo e verificações e comenta-se as possibilidades de melhoria em alguns sistemas e detalhamento. Por fim são colocados os pontos que ainda podem ser estudados para melhorar o projeto e o conhecimento do funcionamento de galpões pré-fabricados de concreto.