Bibliography: leaves 228-262. / xxvi, 262, [xxvii] leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis reports on a fundamental investigation of a precessing jet flow which is analogous to that which emanates from the fluidic nozzle. A 'mechanical nozzle' is used to generate a well-defined PJ flow. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1997?

This thesis assesses the extent to which jet precession can be used to control the mean and instantaneous particle distributions in particle-laden jet flows. Investigations were conducted, providing quantitative, planar measurements of instantaneous particle distributions in the first 10 nozzle diameters of a particle-laden co-annular nozzle with centrally located Precessing Jet (PJ). Equipment was specifically designed to conduct the investigations, a laser diagnostic technique developed and a methodology to quantify particle clusters was devised. The experimental facilities are scaled to simulate the near burner region of a typical rotary cement kiln. The laser diagnostic technique, called planar nephelometry, enables non-intrusive, quantitative, instantaneous, planar measurements of particle distributions without the need to identify individual particles. The methodology to quantify particle clusters is designed to enable statistical comparison of clusters without ambiguity. Measurements of the influence of particle mass loading and jet precession on the distribution of particles emerging from an particle-laden co-annular nozzle, with a centrally located PJ nozzle, are presented. These data include mean and standard deviation of the particle distributions and statistics on particle cluster characteristics. The results indicate that small amounts of momentum through the PJ nozzle causes an elongation of the jet, but larger amounts of momentum through the PJ nozzle will result in a wider mean particle distribution and greater mean centreline decay rate. An increase in jet precession also results in an increase in the fluctuations in the particle distributions. The transition is determined by the interplay of momentum of the particle-laden and precessing streams. The physical characteristics of identified particle clusters in the instantaneous planar flow field are also influenced by jet precession. An initial increase in the amount of jet precession results in an overall decrease in the average number of both small- and large-clusters. The size of small-clusters generally reduces with increasing jet precession, whereas large-clusters reach maximum sizes for an intermediate relative momentum of jet precession. Analogous to the influence of jet precession on the mean distribution of particles, increasing jet precession also results in a greater spread of small- and large-clusters. Results also indicate that increasing the mass flow rate of particles results in an elongation of the jet. However, these variations correspond to an increase in annular jet momentum, rather than an addition of secondary phase. The particle mass flow rate has a minor influence on the general characteristics of particle clusters. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1370427 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2009

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is crucial for episodic and spatial memory, and shows rhythmicity in the local field potential and neuronal spiking. Gamma oscillations (>40Hz) are mediatepd by local circuitry and interact with slower theta oscillations (6-10 Hz). Both oscillation frequencies are modulated by cholinergic input from the medial septum. Entorhinal grid cells fire when an animal visits particular locations in the environment arranged on the corners of tightly packed, equilateral triangles. Grid cells show phase precession, in which neurons fire at progressively earlier phases relative to theta oscillation as animals move through firing fields. This work focuses on the temporal organization of spiking and network rhythms, and their modulation by septal inputs, which are thought to be involved in MTL function. First, I recorded grid cells as rats explored open spaces and examined precession, previously only characterized on linear tracks, and compared it to predictions from models. I identified precession, including in conjunctive head-direction-by-grid cells and on passes that clipped the edge of the firing field. Secondly, I studied problems of measuring single neuron theta rhythmicity and developed an improved approach. Using the novel approach, I identified diverse modulation of rat medial entorhinal neurons’ rhythmic frequencies by running speed, independent from the modulation of firing rate by speed. Under pharmacological inactivation of the septum, rhythmic tuning was disrupted while rate tuning was enhanced. The approach also showed that available data is insufficient to prove that bat grid cells are arrhythmic due to low firing rates. In the final project, I optogenetically silenced cholinergic septal cells while recording from hippocampal area CA1. I identified changes in theta rhythmic currents and in theta-gamma coupling. This silencing disrupted performance when applied during the encoding phase of a delayed match to position task. These data support hypothetical roles of these rhythms in encoding and retrieval and suggest possible mechanisms for their modulation. Together, evidence from these projects suggests a role for theta in the function of spatial and episodic memory. These oscillations have important implications for communication and computation, and they can provide a substrate for efficient brain function.

A aplicação de uma sequência de pulsos com tempo de repetição muito menor que os tempos de relaxação Tp << T2; T1, faz com que a magnetização atinja um estado estacionário descrito por H.Y. Carr como Estado Estacionário em Precessão Livre, Steady State Free Precession (SSFP). Nessa condição, o sinal é composto pela complexa sobreposição das componentes FID e eco. Sequências tipo SSFP são utilizadas na aquisição rápida de sinais, resultando em uma boa razão sinal ruído (s/r) em curto intervalo de tempo, porém introduzem fortes anomalias de fase e amplitude devido a complexa interação das componentes que formam o estado estacionário. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos sequências de pulsos tipo SSFP para RMN em alta e baixa resolução com alternância e incremento de fase. Em alta resolução desenvolvemos as sequências SSFPdx e SSFPdxdt com incremento de fase linear e quadrático respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que espectros de núcleos com baixa sensibilidade podem ser obtidos com mesma razão s/r em menor tempo experimental e as sequências desenvolvidas removem as anomalias espectrais. Em baixa resolução, os resultados mostram que a introdução de alternâncias de fase na Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) possibilita a remoção da dependência da sequência com o offset de frequência e com o tempo entre pulsos. Além disso, mostramos que a sequência CP-CWFPx-x com ângulo de refocalização pequeno (5&deg; a 10&deg;) possibilita a estimativa rápida do tempos de relaxação longitudinal. Apresentamos também resultados dos estudos e desenvolvidos no estágio de pesquisa no exterior, onde as sequências de pulsos no estado estacionário &ndash; DECPMG e Split 180&deg; &ndash; foram estudas numericamente e implementadas nos sistemas magnéticos compactos: mini-Halbach e MOUSE-NMR. Por fim, são apresentados resultados com os métodos de processamento de dados Krylov Basis Diagonalization Method (KBDM) e a Transformada Inversa de Laplace aplicados na análise de sinais SSFP. Resultados mostram que KBDM é uma ferramenta útil no processamento de dados em alta e baixa resolução, tanto na obtenção de espectros como na determinação da distribuição dos tempos de relaxação. / The application of a pulse sequence with repetition time much smaller than the relaxation times, Tp << T2; T1, causes the magnetization to reach a steady state, described by H. Y. Carr as a Steady State Free Precession (SSFP). In this condition, the signal is composed of the complex overlapping of the FID and eco components. SSFP type sequences are used in fast acquisition of NMR signals, resulting in a good signal to noise ratio (s/r) in a short time interval, however, they introduce phase and amplitude anomalies due to the complex interaction between the components of the steady state. In this work, we develop SSFP type pulse sequences for NMR in high and low resolution, with alternation and increment of phase. In high resolution, we develop SSFPdx and SSFPdxdt sequences, with linear and quadratic phase increment respectively. Results show that the low sensitivity nuclei spectra can be obtained with the same s/r ratio in smaller experimental time, about an order of magnitude, and the developed sequences can remove the spectral anomalies. In low resolution, the results show that the introduction of a phase alternation in the Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) allows the elimination of the dependence of the sequence with the offset frequency and the time between pulses. Besides, we show that the CP-CWFPx-x sequence with a small refocalization angle (5° to 10°) allows the fast estimative of the longitudinal relaxation time in a single experiment. The results of the studies conducted during an international research internship are also presented. Steady state pulse sequences &ndash; DECPMG and Split 180° &ndash; were studied and implemented in compact magnetic systems: mini-Halbach and MOUSE-NMR. Finally, the results of the application of the Krylov Basis Diagonalization Method (KBDM) and the Inverse Laplace Transform for the analysis of SSFP signals are presented. The results show that KBDM is a useful tool in data processing for low and high resolution, both for obtaining spectra and determining the relaxation times distribution.

No description available.

The effect of chamber length and Reynolds number on the stability and behavior of the flow field generated by a precessing jet nozzle was studied using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (StereoPIV). An algorithm was developed to determine the mode of the flow based on the distribution of axial velocity. The optimal chamber length for precession to occur was found to be between 2 and 2.75 chamber-diameters. There is no precession at a chamber length of one diameter, and the occurrence of precession was found to be strongly related to Reynolds number. Conditionally averaged velocity distributions for the flow in precessing mode were calculated. The effect of initial condition on downstream behavior of axisymmetric jets was examined. Variations in spread and decay rates were found for jets issuing from different nozzles. Self-similar solutions for axisymmetric jets are therefore not universal, and are instead dependent upon initial conditions at the source.

No description available.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo sobre a precessão livre de onda contínua (CWFP-continuous wave free precession), uma condição especial da precessão livre no estado estacionário (SSFP), e algumas aplicações. Os resultados experimentais, e de simulações, mostraram que este sinal é atingido após a passagem por dois estágios iniciais. O primeiro é dependente da não homogeneidade do campo magnético, relacionado a razão Tp/T2*. O segundo, o qual é chamado de estado quasi-estacionáio, é dependente ambos os tempos de relaxação do sistema em estudo, T1 e T2. Este segundo estágio é responsável por levar a magnetização do estado de equilíbrio térmico a um estado verdadeiramente estacionário. Tendo como informação a amplitude da magnetização no estado de equilíbrio térmico e no estado verdadeiramente estacionário, e também do decaimento do sinal durante o estado quasi-estacionário, é possível determinar, rápida e simultaneamente, ambos os tempos de relaxação do sistema, fazendo um único experimento. Esse método oferece aplicações interessantes para o estudo de processos dinâmicos, propostas também neste trabalho. Foi possível verificar que o sinal de CWFP pode ser utilizado para acompanhar cinética de reações, e também variações de viscosidade do meio, por exemplo, em reações de polimerização, associadas à mobilidade molecular em função de mudanças estruturais. Um método para avaliar a condutividade térmica de elastômeros foi proposto, com o fornecimento de resultados quantitativos muito próximos daqueles encontrados na literatura, e que utilizam outros métodos. A dependência do sinal de CWFP com a freqüência de offset também permitiu realizar um estudo, com aplicação em RMN de alta resolução, sobre a supressão de sinal de solvente. Os resultados demonstraram que é necessário fazer alguns ajustes na largura de pulsos, juntamente com o ciclo de fases, para minimizar as anomalias de intensidade e de fase dos sinais no espectro transformado. Essa técnica foi aplicada em espectroscopia ‘in vivo’, a qual permite resolver, por exemplo, problemas como a determinação de açúcares em frutas, onde o sinal é bastante próximo do intenso sinal da água. / In this work a study of the continuous wave free precession (CWFP), a special condition of the steady-state free precession (SSFP), and some applications, was developed. The experimental results, together with simulated ones, have shown that the CWFP signal is attained after two previous stages. The first one is dependent on the non-homogeneity of the magnetic field, related to Tp/T2* ratio. The second, which is called quasi-stationary state, is dependent of both relaxation times, T1 and T2. This second stage allows leading the magnetization in the thermal equilibrium to a truly stationary state. The information of the signal amplitude in the thermal equilibrium and in the steady state, and also the signal decaying during the quasistationary state, allows the fast and simultaneous determination of the relaxation times, performed in a single experiment. This method offers interesting applications for studying dynamical processes, also proposed in this work. It was possible to verify that the CWFP signal can be used to monitor kinetics of reactions, which variations of viscosity are involved, for example, in polymerization reactions, always associated to structural changes. A method for evaluating thermal conductivity in elastomers was proposed, with results in accordance to the literature, which uses other methods. The dependence of the CWFP signal with the offset frequency has permitted to study an application to the High-Resolution NMR, about the solvent suppression. The results demonstrated that it is necessary to perform some adjustments in the pulse width, together the phase cycle, to minimize some phase and intensity anomalies of the frequency-domain signal. This technique was applied in ‘in vivo’ spectroscopy, which can solve, for example, problems with the determination of the sugar content in fresh fruits, where the sugar signal is very close to the intense signal of the water.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo sobre a precessão livre de onda contínua (CWFP-continuous wave free precession), uma condição especial da precessão livre no estado estacionário (SSFP), e algumas aplicações. Os resultados experimentais, e de simulações, mostraram que este sinal é atingido após a passagem por dois estágios iniciais. O primeiro é dependente da não homogeneidade do campo magnético, relacionado a razão Tp/T2*. O segundo, o qual é chamado de estado quasi-estacionáio, é dependente ambos os tempos de relaxação do sistema em estudo, T1 e T2. Este segundo estágio é responsável por levar a magnetização do estado de equilíbrio térmico a um estado verdadeiramente estacionário. Tendo como informação a amplitude da magnetização no estado de equilíbrio térmico e no estado verdadeiramente estacionário, e também do decaimento do sinal durante o estado quasi-estacionário, é possível determinar, rápida e simultaneamente, ambos os tempos de relaxação do sistema, fazendo um único experimento. Esse método oferece aplicações interessantes para o estudo de processos dinâmicos, propostas também neste trabalho. Foi possível verificar que o sinal de CWFP pode ser utilizado para acompanhar cinética de reações, e também variações de viscosidade do meio, por exemplo, em reações de polimerização, associadas à mobilidade molecular em função de mudanças estruturais. Um método para avaliar a condutividade térmica de elastômeros foi proposto, com o fornecimento de resultados quantitativos muito próximos daqueles encontrados na literatura, e que utilizam outros métodos. A dependência do sinal de CWFP com a freqüência de offset também permitiu realizar um estudo, com aplicação em RMN de alta resolução, sobre a supressão de sinal de solvente. Os resultados demonstraram que é necessário fazer alguns ajustes na largura de pulsos, juntamente com o ciclo de fases, para minimizar as anomalias de intensidade e de fase dos sinais no espectro transformado. Essa técnica foi aplicada em espectroscopia ‘in vivo’, a qual permite resolver, por exemplo, problemas como a determinação de açúcares em frutas, onde o sinal é bastante próximo do intenso sinal da água. / In this work a study of the continuous wave free precession (CWFP), a special condition of the steady-state free precession (SSFP), and some applications, was developed. The experimental results, together with simulated ones, have shown that the CWFP signal is attained after two previous stages. The first one is dependent on the non-homogeneity of the magnetic field, related to Tp/T2* ratio. The second, which is called quasi-stationary state, is dependent of both relaxation times, T1 and T2. This second stage allows leading the magnetization in the thermal equilibrium to a truly stationary state. The information of the signal amplitude in the thermal equilibrium and in the steady state, and also the signal decaying during the quasistationary state, allows the fast and simultaneous determination of the relaxation times, performed in a single experiment. This method offers interesting applications for studying dynamical processes, also proposed in this work. It was possible to verify that the CWFP signal can be used to monitor kinetics of reactions, which variations of viscosity are involved, for example, in polymerization reactions, always associated to structural changes. A method for evaluating thermal conductivity in elastomers was proposed, with results in accordance to the literature, which uses other methods. The dependence of the CWFP signal with the offset frequency has permitted to study an application to the High-Resolution NMR, about the solvent suppression. The results demonstrated that it is necessary to perform some adjustments in the pulse width, together the phase cycle, to minimize some phase and intensity anomalies of the frequency-domain signal. This technique was applied in ‘in vivo’ spectroscopy, which can solve, for example, problems with the determination of the sugar content in fresh fruits, where the sugar signal is very close to the intense signal of the water.

Les instabilités inertielles sont des instabilités fluides excitées au sein de modèles physiques simplifiés de planètes ou d'étoiles. Elles peuvent générer un champ magnétique dynamo. Ce sont donc des alternatives aux écoulements forcés par la convection thermo-chimique pour générer les champs magnétiques dans les noyaux liquides des planètes et les enveloppes fluides des étoiles. Cependant, ces modèles simplifiés questionnent la pertinence des résultats, qui sont ensuite extrapolés aux contextes géo- et astrophysique. D'un point de vue fondamental, de récentes études numériques et expérimentales, réalisées à grande ellipticité pour compenser l'importance des effets visqueux dans les modèles, semblent en désaccord avec les prédictions théoriques (valides dans la limite asymptotique d'une diffusion négligeable et à faible déformation). De plus, de nombreux effets physiques sont négligés dans les modèles. Par exemple, seules les orbites circulaires ont été considérées. Bien que généralement de faible amplitude, l'excentricité induit une dépendance temporelle dans le forçage orbital, ce qui pourrait générer de nouveaux phénomènes. Enfin, l'existence des instabilités inertielles dans les enveloppes fluides stablement stratifiées en densité, comme les zones radiatives des étoiles chaudes de masse intermédiaire (dont la masse est comprise entre une et huit masses solaires), reste incertaine. La génération de champs magnétiques dynamos dans ces enveloppes stratifiées permettrait de réconcilier les modèles avec les observations astronomiques. Lors de cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à rapprocher les modèles (théoriques, numériques ou expérimentaux) des contextes géo et astrophysique. Nous avons combiné les approches théoriques (analyses de stabilité locale et globale) et numériques (simulations non linéaires) afin d'étudier les effets des forc cages mécaniques de rotation dans un ellipsoïde fluide. Nous montrons que la dissipation en volume n'est en fait pas négligeable dans les expériences de laboratoire et les simulations numériques, contrairement aux régimes planétaires et stellaires. Nous montrons aussi que l’excentricité orbitale peut, via la variation temporelle des axes de l’ellipsoïde, générer des instabilités fluides pour dans une gamme de paramètres où elles n’étaient pas attendues. Enfin nous avons étudié la capacité dynamo de l'instabilité de marée, dans les enveloppes stablement stratifiées en densité des étoiles chaudes de masse intermédiaire. Environ 10~% de ces étoiles ont un champ magnétique de surface, dont l’origine reste énigmatique. Nous montrons que l’instabilité de marée peut générer des dynamos de grande échelle dans les enveloppes fluides stablement stratifiées. En particulier, ce mécanisme serait susceptible d’expliquer le champ magnétique de faible intensité des étoiles en rotation rapide similaires à Vega et déformées par un compagnon orbital. / Inertial instabilities are fluid instabilities excited by mechanical forcings (e.g. tides, precession) in fluid bodies (e.g. planetary liquid cores or stellar envelopes) orbited by celestial companions. The nonlinear outcome of these instabilities can drive self-sustained, dynamo magnetic fields. Thus they could be an alternative to thermo-chemical convection to generate magnetic fields in geophysics and astrophysics. These instabilities have only been studied in idealised models, which challenges the extrapolation towards the relevant regimes in geophysics and astrophysics. Recent laboratory and numerical studies, performed in the achievable range of parameters (i.e. large deformations and overestimated diffusive effects), seem apparently not in agreement with theoretical predictions representative of celestial fluid bodies (i.e. extremely small deformations and vanishing diffusive effects). Several physical ingredients have been also neglected, such as the orbital eccentricity. This could drive additional tidal effects, as a result of the time-dependent forcing. Similarly, density variations have been largely neglected in these models. However, rotationally powered magnetic fields in stably stratified stellar envelopes could reconcile astronomical observations with dynamo models. In this thesis we have adopted more realistic models, by combining theoretical tools (linear stability analyses in unbounded and bounded fluids enclosed in ellipsoids) and numerical ones (direct numerical simulations) to study rotationally driven inertial instabilities. We show, with a linear stability analysis in bounded ellipsoidal geometry, that bulk diffusion cannot be neglected emph{a priori} compared to the boundary layer diffusion in laboratory experiments and simulations. This phenomena is not expected in celestial fluid bodies. We also show that an orbital eccentricity could generate additional instabilities in deformed bodies, for orbital configurations which were believed to be linearly stable. Finally, we have studied the dynamo capability of tidal flows in stably stratified fluid envelopes. These are idealised models of hot, intermediate-mass stars (i.e. with a mass ranging from one to eight solar masses). Approximatively 10~% of hot stars exhibit observable magnetic fields. We show that the tidal instability can drive dynamo magnetic fields of large wavelength in stably stratified fluids. Predictions obtained with this tidal model seem consistent with the ultra-weak magnetism of rapidly rotating, tidally deformed Vega-like stars.