This paper deals with the pricing differences between a mutual co-operative underwriting system and a fixed-premium underwriting system in providing coverage for marine liability. There has been much debate in recent years within the marine liability underwriting industry over which method fosters more competition, and hence, lower premiums for shipowners who are required to carry such coverage in order to operate. This paper will look at the current mutual marine insurance industry (Protection & Indemnity Associations or P&I Clubs) to compare its pricing both before and after the entry into the market of the fixed-premium underwriters, using data from 1985-2000 that encompasses both a major loss cycle and normal cyclical pricing variations. This analysis will hopefully provide information on whether mutual premium levels for the P&I Clubs differed substantially with the entry of the fixed-price competitors. This is important for the individual shipowners belonging to these mutual underwriting associations, because any variation in premium pricing could mean the potential for either great savings or tremendous losses. / Master of Arts

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Thesis--1948. / Bibliography: p. 76-78. Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1917. / Bibliography: p. 70-[72].

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1935. / Bibliography: p. 136-138.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1917. / Bibliography: p. 70-[72].

Thesis advisor: Richard McGowan / The Fair Trade movement is not new. Its roots go all the way back to the 1940s, and since its inception many Fair Trade organizations have arisen to offer this alternative strategy for doing business. Coffee is most commonly associated with Fair Trade, and it is the product this paper seeks to explore. In a broad sense, this investigation will look at how close Fair Trade Coffee certification programs actually come to being fair. The working definition of fairness is the ability to provide economic opportunities to marginalized workers. A fair economy would properly reward hard-working farmers for their intense labors. Many Fair Trade initiatives argue this is not what exists. As a result, they pay a living wage and offer opportunities to coffee farmers—some of the poorest people in the world—with hopes that this will help advance them out of poverty. To see if this successfully promotes fairness in economics, this paper will focus on the benefits of certification to small-scale farmers, mainly regarding income, and on the development of the Fair Trade Coffee market. Ultimately, this research will demonstrate that this movement is at least somewhat successful at improving the economic situation of marginalized workers. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics Honors Program. / Discipline: Economics.

This study uses corporate takeovers as a setting to examine how tax uncertainty affects managers' real investment decisions. Specifically, I investigate whether uncertainty about target firms' income taxes influences takeover premiums. Drawing on theories from finance, I predict that tax uncertainty leads to increased divergence of opinion among target shareholders about target value, which in turn leads to higher takeover premiums. I also predict a positive direct association between measures of target tax uncertainty and takeover premiums because investments with tax uncertainty provide flexibility in reporting book income that bidding managers value. Consistent with both predictions, I find a positive association between divergence of target shareholder opinion about taxes and takeover premiums as well as a positive association between target tax uncertainty and takeover premiums. The association between tax uncertainty and premiums is more positive when the acquiring firm faces greater capital market pressures. Finally, all positive associations persist in recent years despite newly required financial statement disclosures of tax uncertainty. / text

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This essay is focused on redistribution of wealth in Czech republic. The essay explained the role of public finance, state budget, tax system, social security and public health insurance. The goal is to analyze revenues and expenses of employees and self-employed.